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Projection of precipitation extremes over South Asia from CMIP6 GCMs

Journal of Arid Land 2023年第3期15卷 274-296页

作者： Adnan ABBAS Asher S BHATTI Safi ULLAH Waheed ULLAH Muhammad WASEEM ZHAO Chengyi DOU Xin gohar ALI Land Science Research Center Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China Department of Geology Bacha Khan UniversityCharsadda 24420Pakistan Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences/Institute of Atmospheric Sciences Fudan UniversityShanghai 200438China Center of Excellence in Water Resources University of Engineering and TechnologyLahore 54890Pakistan Pakistan Meteorological Department Sector H-8/2Islamabad 44000Pakistan

Extreme precipitation events are one of the most dangerous hydrometeorological disasters,often resulting in significant human and socio-economic losses *** is therefore important to use current global climate models to project future changes in precipitation *** present study aims to assess the future changes in precipitation extremes over South Asia from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)Global Climate Models(GCMs).The results were derived using the modified Mann-Kendall test,Sen's slope estimator,student's t-test,and probability density function *** extreme precipitation indices were assessed,including wet days(RR1mm),heavy precipitation days(RR10mm),very heavy precipitation days(RR20mm),severe precipitation days(RR50mm),consecutive wet days(CWD),consecutive dry days(CDD),maximum 5-day precipitation amount(RX5day),and simple daily intensity index(SDII).The future changes were estimated in two time periods for the 21^(st) century(i.e.,near future(NF;2021-2060)and far future(FF;2061-2100))under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)scenarios(SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5).The results suggest increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation indices under the SSP5-8.5 scenario towards the end of the 21^(st) century(2061-2100).Moreover,from the results of multimodel ensemble means(MMEMs),extreme precipitation indices of RR1mm,RR10mm,RR20mm,CWD,and SDII demonstrate remarkable increases in the FF period under the SSP5-8.5 *** spatial distribution of extreme precipitation indices shows intensification over the eastern part of South Asia compared to the western *** probability density function of extreme precipitation indices suggests a frequent(intense)occurrence of precipitation extremes in the FF period under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,with values up to 35.00 d for RR1mm and 25.00-35.00 d for *** potential impacts of heavy precipitation can pose serious challenges to the study area regarding floodin

关键词： precipitation extremes extreme precipitation indices climate change Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6(CMIP6) Global Climate Model(GCM) South Asia

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Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants of Semi-Tribal Area of Makerwal &Gulla Khel (Lying between Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab Provinces), Pakistan

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2013年第1期4卷 98-116页

作者： Amin Shah Sarfaraz khan Marwat Faryal gohar Ameer khan Khizar Hayat Bhatti Muhammad Amin Noor Ud Din Mushtaq Ahmad Muhammad Zafar Department of Biological Sciences University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan Department of Botany Institute of Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Gujrat Gujrat Pakistan Department of Chemistry University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan University Wensam College Gomal University Dera Imail Khan Pakistan

This paper is based on the results of an ethnomedicinal research work conducted in the semi-tribal mountainous area lying between District Mianwali (PunjabProvince) and District Karak (KhyberPakhtunkhwaProvince),Pakistanduring June 2009-July 2011. During field survey, questionnaires were used to interview the local inhabitants of the area. The ethnomedicinal data consists of 131 plant species (2 Pteridophytes, 7 Monocots, 122 Dicots) belonging to 48 families (2 Pteridophytes, 4 Monocots, 42 Dicots). The most commonly represented families were Amaranthaceae (9 spp.), Mimosaceae (8 spp.), Asteraceae and Papilionaceae (7 spp.) each;Solanaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Scrophulariaceae (6 spp.) each, followed by Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae and Polygonaceae (5 spp.) each. Plant specimens were identified, preserved and vouchers were deposited in the Plant Taxonomy Lab. of Department of Biological Sciences,University of Sargodha,Pakistanfor future reference. The data collected through interviews with the local people indicates that these species are mostly used in respiratory tract infections (RTI), urinary tract infections (UTI), digestive disorders, sexual problems, skin diseases, liver ailments, wound healing, blood vomiting, malaria, piles, epilepsy, jaundice, gummosis, round worms, hepatitis etc. in the area. Due to lack of scientific approach regarding harvesting and utilization of this valuable medicinal flora, many plants are quickly going towards extinction;therefore, further work is needed to create awareness in the community conservation of the precious medicinal plants.

关键词： Ethnobotanical Study Medicinal Plants Makerwal & Gulla Khel Pakistan

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Integrated Effects of Rhizobial Inoculum and Inorganic Fertilizers on Wheat Yield and Yield Components

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第13期5卷 2066-2073页

作者： Muhammad Adnan Zahir Shah Asif khan Muzamil shah gohar Ali khan Azaz Ali Nisar Ali khan Nouman Saleem Shah Nawaz Saba Akbar Sonia Samreen Kanwal Zaib Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan

An experiment was conducted in pots under natural condition with two factor factorial completely randomized design (CRD) (CRD) to investigate the integrated effect of rhizobia inoculums and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of wheat crop at The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during 2012-2013. The experiment was comprised of four inoculums (no, lentil, peas and chickpeas) and two NPK levels (recommended 120:90:60 kg·ha-1 & 20% less of recommended). It was observed that inoculation of wheat by rhizobia significantly increased tillers per plant by a maximum of 42%, plant height by 13%, grain per spike by 16%, 100 grain weight by 10%, biological and grain yield by 10% over un-inoculated (control) treatment. Among inoculums, peas inoculum was found to be the most efficient for all traits except plant height where chickpea inoculum performed better. Similarly recommended NPK significantly increased tillers per plant by 33%, plant height by 19%, grain per spike by 9%, 100 grain weight by 10%, biological yield by 8% and grain yield by 10% compared with 20% less of recommended NPK. Interactive effect of inoculum x NPK was significant for tillers per plant, grain per spike, grain yield and non-significant for plant height, 100 grain weight and biological yield. However, it was evident from the results that inoculation improved all traits both under recommended and 20% less of recommended NPK. The persistent good performance of peas and lentil rhizobial inoculation in wheat growth exhibited that this could be used as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for wheat and other cereal crops in prevailing soil and climatic conditions.

关键词： Yield Components Rhizobial Inoculum Wheat Recommended NPK Inorganic Fertilizer

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Diagnostic imaging advances in murine models of colitis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第3期22卷 996-1007页

作者： Markus Brückner Philipp Lenz Marcus M Mücke Faekah gohar Peter Willeke Dirk Domagk Dominik Bettenworth Department of Medicine B University Hospital of MünsterAlbert-Schweitzer-Campus 1D-48149 MünsterGermany Department of Paediatric Rheumatology and Immunology University Hospital of MünsterAlbert-Schweitzer-Campus 1D-48149 MünsterGermany Department of Medicine D University Hospital of MünsterAlbert-Schweitzer-Campus 1D-48149 MünsterGermany Department of Medicine I Josephs-Hospital WarendorfAcademic Teaching HospitalUniversity of MünsterAm Krankenhaus 2D-48231 WarendorfGermany

Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic-remittent inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract still evoking challenging clinical diagnostic and therapeutic situations. Murine models of experimental colitis are a vital component of research into human IBD concerning questions of its complex pathogenesis or the evaluation of potential new drugs. To monitor the course of colitis, to the present day, classical parameters like histological tissue alterations or analysis of mucosal cytokine/chemokine expression often require euthanasia of animals. Recent advances mean revolutionary noninvasive imaging techniques for in vivo murine colitis diagnostics are increasingly available. These novel and emerging imaging techniques not only allow direct visualization of intestinal inflammation, but also enable molecular imaging and targeting of specific alterations of the inflamed murine mucosa. For the first time, in vivo imaging techniques allow for longitudinal examinations and evaluation of intra-individual therapeutic response. This review discusses the latest developments in the different fields of ultrasound, molecularly targeted contrast agent ultrasound, fluorescence endoscopy, confocal laser endomicroscopy as well as tomographic imaging with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and fluorescence-mediated tomography,discussing their individual limitations and potential future diagnostic applications in the management of human patients with IBD.

关键词： confocal laser endomicroscopy contrastenhanced ultrasound Dextran Sodium Sulphate colitis experimental colitis fluorescence imaging endoscopy Imaging Inflammatory bowel disease Tomography

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Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Potato Starch Gel Films

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Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 2016年第2期4卷 22-31页

作者： Karen Khachatryan gohar Khachatryan Maciej Fiedorowicz Department of Chemistry and Physics Agricultural University Cracow Poland

Facile and environmentally friendly method of the preparation of silver and gold nanoparticles embedded in potato starch matrix (Sp) was developed. UVVIS spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed formation of ball shaped Ag and Au nanoparticles situated within the polysaccharide template. EDS spectra confirm presence of silver and gold nanocrystals in the obtained composites. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that Sp/Au composite started to decompose earlier. The decomposition is slower and two-step, in contrast to Sp and Sp/Ag. NanoAg accelerates carbonization. Molecular weights of polysaccharide chains of the matrix were estimated with the size exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle laser light scattering and refractometric detectors (HPSEC-MALLS-RI). Formation of nanosilver containing composites led to partial depolymerisation of polysaccharides from the amylose fraction. In the case of nanogold we observed depolymerisation of polysaccharide chains from both fractions.

关键词： Nanocomposites Polysaccharide Foils Potato Starch Matrix Potato Starch Template Metal Nanoparticles

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Genetic Polymorphisms of Nervous System Development and the Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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American Journal of Molecular Biology 2018年第1期8卷 58-68页

作者： Diana Avetyan Arsen Arakelyan gohar Mkrtchyan Laboratory of Human Genomics and Immunomics Institute of Molecular Biology Armenian National Academy of Sciences Yerevan Armenia Group of Bioinformatics Institute of Molecular Biology Armenian National Academy of Sciences Yerevan Armenia

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex severe polygenic psychiatric disease, influenced by environmental and genetic factors. PTSD development and progression is characterized by cognitive impairment, which may result in altered processes of nervous system development and synaptic plasticity, where a number of growth factors and their receptors were shown to play important role. Since neurotrophins play an essential role in the development of central nervous system, it is widely implicated in psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential association functional polymorphisms of genes encoding netrin G1 (NTNG1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptor (NGFR) with PTSD. Methods: Study groups consisted of 200 combat veterans with PTSD and an equal number of controls with no family or past history of any psychiatric disorders. The DNA samples were genotyped for NTNG1 rs62811;BDNF rs6265;NGF rs6330, rs4839435;NGFR rs11466155, rs734194 SNPs using polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers. Results: According to the results, NGF rs6330 was overrepresented in patients with PTSD compared to controls. Furthermore, negative association for BDNF rs6265, NGF rs4839435 and NGFR rs734194 was observed in PTSD patients. Conclusions: In summary, BDNF rs6265, NGF rs6330, rs4839435 and NGFR rs734194 are implicated in PTSD in Armenian population. However, further research is required to provide the definitive evidence of selected polymorphism association with gene expression.

关键词： BDNF NGF NGFR NTNG1 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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Identification of Temporal Shifting Trends of Submarine Indus Canyon, Pakistan

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2013年第5期5卷 520-528页

作者： gohar Ali Mahar Nayyer Alam Zaigham Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology Karachi Pakistan

Indus Canyon is one of the most prominent sub-aqueous features of the Indus Delta. Indus River, originating from the Manasarovour Lake, hosting at the foot of high Himalayan Mountains Glaciers, forms a huge delta after travelling more than 300 km at the north eastern coastline of the Arabian Sea. In view to assess the temporal geomorphic change associated with the Indus Canyon, a study has been carried out based on the bathymetric surveyed data compiled in 1895 and satellite data compiled in 1998. The result of the study shows distinct changes in the orientation of the Indus submarine Canyon. Moreover, significant erosional activities have also been identified, associated with the Canyon channel and the channel’s walls. Canyon’s head has shifted westward rotating about 22°. In addition, the chronological study of the water flow and sediment discharge of the Indus River shows a drastic decline in the flow of river water into the Indus Delta and the sea. This phenomenon appears to modify the fluvial as well as marine dynamics of Indus River consequently affecting the Indus Canyon on a significant scale.

关键词： Indus Canyon Indus Delta Indus River System Erosion Thalweg Indus Fan

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Association of Bax and Bcl-2 Functional Polymorphisms and Protein Levels with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2018年第2期6卷 23-32页

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disease influenced by both environmental and genetic factors, which affects a patient’s quality of life and social stability. Recent studies have shown that the pathogenesis of PTSD is associated with apoptosis;however, the molecular mechanisms that cause such damage are not well-understood. Also it is unclear whether these pathologic alterations are genetically determined or caused by other factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic association of functional polymorphisms in genes coding for apoptosis-related Bcl-2 and Bax proteins with PTSD as well as proteins levels in the blood of affected subjects. Methods: The study groups consisted of 200 combat veterans with PTSD and an equal number of healthy subjects with no family- or past-history of any psychiatric disorders. Bax and Bcl-2 proteins levels in blood were measured by ELISA. DNA samples were genotyped for SNPs using PCR-SSP. Results: According to our results, PTSD patients are characterized by increased levels of apoptotic proteins and the imbalance in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio compared to healthy subjects. Our results also demonstrate that rs956572*A minor allele of the BCL2 gene was overrepresented in patients with PTSD compared to healthy subjects. Conclusions: The results implicate Bcl-2 and Bax in pathogenesis of PTSD on genetic and protein levels, though further studies on enlarged cohort and in different populations are required.

关键词： Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Apoptosis BCL2 BAX Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

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Detection and characterization of murine colitis and carcinogenesis by molecularly targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第16期23卷 2899-2911页

作者： Markus Brückner Jan Heidemann Tobias M Nowacki Friederike Cordes Jorg Stypmann Philipp Lenz Faekah gohar Andreas Lügering Dominik Bettenworth Department of Medicine B University Hospital of MünsterD-48149 MünsterGermany Department of Gastroenterology Klinikum Bielefeld MitteAcademic Teaching HospitalUniversity of MünsterD-33604 BielefeldGermany Department of Cardiology and Angiology University Hospital of MünsterD-48149 MünsterGermany Department of Palliative Care University Hospital of MünsterD-48149 MünsterGermany Department of Paediatric Rheumatology and Immunology University Hospital of MünsterD-48149 MünsterGermany Medical Care Center Portal 10 D-48155 MünsterGermany

AIM To study mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1(MAd CAM-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-targeted contrast enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) for the assessment of murine colitis and carcinogenesis. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were challenged with 3% dextran sodium-sulfate(DSS) for three, six or nine days to study the development of acute colitis. Ultrasound was performed with and without the addition of unspecific contrast agents. MAd CAM-1-targeted contrast agent was used to detect and quantify MAd CAM-1 expression. Inflammatory driven colorectal azoxymethane(AOM)/DSS-induced carcinogenesis was examined on day 42 and 84 using VEGF-targeted contrast agent. Highly specific tissue echogenicity was quantified using specialized software. Sonographic findings were correlated to tissue staining, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry to quantify the degree of inflammation and stage of carcinogenesis. RESULTS Native ultrasound detected increased general bowel wall thickening that correlated with more progressed and more severe DSS-colitis(healthy mice: 0.3 mm ± 0.03 vs six days DSS: 0.5 mm ± 0.2 vs nine days DSS: 0.6 mm ± 0.2, P < 0.05). Moreover, these sonographic findings correlated well with clinical parameters such as weight loss(r2 = 0.74) and histological damage(r2 = 0.86)(P < 0.01). In acute DSS-induced murine colitis, CEUS targeted against MAd CAM-1 detected and differentiated stages of mild, moderate and severe colitis via calculation of mean pixel contrast intensity in decibel(9.6 d B ± 1.6 vs 12.9 d B ± 1.4 vs 18 d B ± 3.33, P < 0.05). Employing the AOM/DSSinduced carcinogenesis model, tumor development was monitored by CEUS targeted against VEGF and detected a significantly increased echogenicity in tumors as compared to adjacent healthy mucosa(healthy mucosa, 1.6 d B ± 1.4 vs 42 d, 18.2 d B ± 3.3 vs 84 d, 18.6 d B ± 4.9, P < 0.01). Tissue echogenicity strongly correlated with histological analysis and immunohistochemistry findings(VEGF-posi

关键词： Colitis Dextran sodium-sulfate AOMDSS Carcinogenesis Ultrasound Contrast-enhanced ultrasound Vascular endothelial growth factor Mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1

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Synthesis of ZnS, CdS and Core-Shell Mixed CdS/ZnS, ZnS/CdS Nanocrystals in Tapioca Starch Matrix

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Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 2015年第11期3卷 30-38页

作者： Karen Khachatryan gohar Khachatryan Maciej Fiedorowicz Department of Chemistry and Physics Agricultural University Cracow Poland

Gel of tapioca starch (TS) is a suitable matrix for the formation of ZnS, CdS and core-shell ZnS/CdS as well as CdS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). These QDs reside in the matrix as non-agglomerating 3 - 10 nm nanocrystals. It is demonstrated that amylopectin is responsible for the QDs formation rather than amylose. Combination of ZnS with CdS in the core-shell QDs results in the increase in the intensity of emission without any shift of its wavelength.

关键词： Bilayered Quantum Dots Luminescent Biocomposites Quantum Dots Tapioca Starch

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