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Toys, Décor, and More: Evidence of Haz.rdous Electronic Waste Recycled into New Consumer Products

Journal of Environmental Protection 2016年第3期7卷 341-350页

作者： gillian z. miller Meghanne E. Tighe Graham F. Peaslee Karla Peña Jeff Gearhart Ecology Center Ann Arbor MI USA hemistry Department Hope College Holland MI USA Chemistry Department Hope College Holland MI USA Department of Development Sociology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA

Haz.rdous chemicals used in electronic and electrical consumer products can re-enter commerce when these products are recycled. The objectives of this study were to 1) identify the possible sources of unexpected chemicals and elements in consumer products, including the use of recycled E-waste plastics and 2) demonstrate bromine detection with nondestructive spectroscopy as an indicator of brominated flame retardants contaminating new products via recycled waste streams. More than 1500 consumer products of diverse types purchased in 2012-2014 were examined using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for correlations between bromine and other elements. New electronic products were much more likely than new non-electronics to contain greater than 1000 ppm bromine, consistent with intentionally added flame retardants, while non- electronic products were more likely to contain between 5 and 100 ppm bromine, suggesting unintentional contamination. A typical suite of elements present in E-waste was found in a majority of plastic products. Two product categories, vinyl floor tiles and beaded necklaces/garlands, were explored in more detail. Specific flame retardant chemicals in bead samples were identified by mass spectrometry and their distribution in beads was studied using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Five brominated chemicals typically used as flame retardants, including BDE-209, were identified in 50 of 50 Mardi Gras beads analyz.d.

关键词： E-Waste Recycled Plastic Flame Retardant Bromine XRF

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Apoptosis is not an invariable component of in vitro models of cortical cerebral ischaemia

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Cell Research 2004年第3期14卷 241-250页

作者： Paul Alexander JONES,gillian Ruth MAY,Joyce Ann MCLUCKIE,Akinori IWASHITA,John SHARKEY Fujisawa Institute of Neuroscience Division of Neuroscience University of Edinburgh 1 George Square Edinburgh UK Medical Information Eli Lilly and Company Ltd Lilly House Priestley Road Basingstoke RG24 9NL UK Fujisawa Institute of Neurosdence Division of Neuroscience University of Edinburgh 1 George Square Edinburgh UK Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals Co.Ltd. 2-1-6 Kashima Yodogawa-ku Osaka 532-5814 Japan Fujisawa Institute of Neuroscience Division of Neuroscience University of Edinburgh 1 George Square Edinburgh UK

Characterising the mechanisms of cell death following focal cerebral ischaemia has been hampered by a lack of an in vitro assay emulating both the apoptotic and necrotic features observed in vivo. The present study systematically characterised oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) in primary rat cortical neurones to establish a reproducible model with components of both cell-death endpoints. OGD induced a time-dependent reduction in cell viability, with 80% cell death occurring 24 h after 3 h exposure to 0% O2 and 0.5 mM glucose. Indicative of a necrotic component to OGD induced cell death, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibition with MK-801 attenuated neuronal loss by 60%. The lack of protection by the caspase inhibitors DEVD-CHO and z.VAD-fmk suggested that under these conditions neurones did not die by an apoptotic mechanism. Moderating the severity of the insult by decreasing OGD exposure to 60 min did not reduce the amount of necrosis, but did induce a small degree of apoptosis (a slight reductio

关键词： oxygen-glucose-deprivation caspase cortical necrosis.

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Analysis of Gene Expression Patterns during Seed Coat Development in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2011年第6期4卷 1074-1091页

作者： gillian Dean YongGuo Cao DaoQuan Xiang Nicholas J. Provart Larissa Ramsay Abdul Ahad Rick White Gopalan Selvaraj Raju Datla George Haughn Department of Botany University of British Columbia 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada National Research Council of Canada Plant Biotechnology Institute 110 Gymnasium Place Saskatoon SK S7N owg Canada Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function University of Toronto 25 Willcocks St Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada Department of Statistics University of British Columbia 6356 Agricultural Road Vancouver BC V6T 1Z2 Canada

The seed coat is important for embryo protection, seed hydration, and dispersal. Seed coat composition is also of interest to the agricultural sector, since it impacts the nutritional value for humans and livestock alike. Although some seed coat genes have been identified, the developmental pathways controlling seed coat development are not completely elucidated, and a global genetic program associated with seed coat development has not been reported. This study uses a combination of genetic and genomic approaches in Arabidopsis thaliana to begin to address these knowledge gaps. Seed coat development is a complex process whereby the integuments of the ovule differentiate into specializ.d cell types. In Arabidopsis, the outermost layer of cells secretes mucilage into the apoplast and develops a secondary cell wall known as a columella. The layer beneath the epidermis, the palisade, synthesiz.s a secondary cell wall on its inner tangential side. The innermost layer （the pigmented layer or endothelium） produces proanthocyanidins that condense into tannins and oxidiz., giving a brown color to mature seeds. Genetic separation of these cell layers was achieved using the ap2-7 and tt16-1 mutants, where the epidermis/palisade and the endothelium do not develop respectively. This genetic ablation was exploited to examine the developmental programs of these cell types by isolating and collecting seed coats at key tran- sitions during development and performing global gene expression analysis. The data indicate that the developmental programs of the epidermis and the pigmented layer proceed relatively independently. Global expression datasets that can be used for identification of new gene candidates for seed coat development were generated. These dataset provide a comprehensive expression profile for developing seed coats in Arabidopsis, and should provide a useful resource and reference for other seed systems.

关键词： Seed coat microarray APETALA2 TRANSPARENT TESTA16 mucilage pectin secondary cell wall pigmentedlayer proanthocyanidin.

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A Novel Interpretation of Structural Dot Plots of Genomes Derived from the Analysis of Two Strains of Neisseria meningitidis

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Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2010年第3期8卷 159-169页

作者： Wilfred R. Cuff Venkata R.S.K. Duvvuri Binhua Liang Bhargavi Duvvuri gillian E. Wu Jianhong Wu Raymond S.W. Tsang Public Health Agency of Canada Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health Winnipeg Canada Center for Disease Modelling York Institute for Health Research York University Toronto Canada Department of Biology York University Toronto Canada Department of Medical Microbiology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences York University Toronto Canada Department of Mathematics and Statistics York University Toronto Canada.

Neisseria meningitidis is the agent of invasive meningococcal disease, including cerebral meningitis and septicemia. Because the diseases caused by different clonal groups （sequence types） have their own epidemiological characteristics, it is important to understand the differences among the genomes of the N. meningitidis clonal groups. To this end, a novel interpretation of a structural dot plot of genomes was devised and applied; exact nu- cleotide matches between the genomes ofN. meningitidis serogroup A strain z.491 and serogroup B strain MC58 were identified, leading to the specification of various structural regions. Known and putative virulence genes for each N. meningitidis strain were then classified into these regions. We found that virulence genes of MC58 tend more to the translocated regions （chromosomal segments in new sequence contexts） than do those of z.491, notably tending towards the interface between one of the translocated regions and the collinear region. Within the col- linear region, virulence genes tend to occur within 16 kb of gaps in the exact matches. Verification of these tendencies using genes clustered in the cps locus was sufficiently supportive to suggest that these tendencies can be used to focus the search for and understanding of virulence genes and mechanisms of pathogenicity in these two organisms.

关键词： structural dot plots virulence genes translocation match regions MUMmer Neisseria meningitidis

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