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Hepatitis C virus in the new era:Perspectives in epidemiology,prevention,diagnostics and predictors of response to therapy

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第29期20卷 9633-9652页

作者： Filippo Ansaldi Andrea Orsi Laura Sticchi Bianca Bruzzone giancarlo icardi Department of Health Sciences University of Genoa Hygiene Unit I.R.C.C.S."A.O.U.San Martino-IST"16132 GenoaItaly

Despite the great successes achieved in the fields of virology and diagnostics,several difficulties affect improvements in hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection control and eradication in the new *** HCV infections still occur,especially in some of the poorest regions of the world,where HCV is endemic and long-term sequelae have a growing economic and health *** HCV vaccine is still no available,despite years of researches and discoveries about the natural history of infection and host-virus interactions:several HCV vaccine candidates have been developed in the last years,targeting different HCV antigens or using alternative delivery systems,but viral variability and adaption ability constitute major challenges for vaccine *** new antiviral drugs for HCV therapy are in preclinical or early clinical development,but different limitations affect treatment *** predictors are important tools,as they provide some guidance for the management of therapy in patients with chronic HCV infection:in particular,the role of host genomics in HCV infection outcomes in the new era of direct-acting antivirals may evolve for new therapeutic targets,representing a chance for modulated and personalized treatment management,when also very potent therapies will be *** the present review we discuss the most recent data about HCV epidemiology,the new perspectives for the prevention of HCV infection and the most recent evidence regarding HCV diagnosis,therapy and predictors of response to it.

关键词： Hepatitis C virus epidemiology Hepatitis C virus diagnosis Hepatitis C virus vaccine Direct-acting antivirals Predictors of response to hepatitis C virus therapy

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Assessing Ebola-related web search behaviour: insights and implications from an analytical study of Google Trends-based query volumes

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2015年第1期4卷 474-486页

作者： Cristiano Alicino Nicola Luigi Bragazzi Valeria Faccio Daniela Amicizia Donatella Panatto Roberto Gasparini giancarlo icardi Andrea Orsi Department of Health Sciences(DISSAL) University of GenoaGenoa 16132Italy Hygiene Unit IRCCS AOU San Martino–IST of GenoaGenoa 16132Italy

Background:The 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa has attracted public interest worldwide,leading to millions of Ebola-related Internet searches being performed during the period of the *** study aimed to evaluate and interpret Google search queries for terms related to the Ebola outbreak both at the global level and in all countries where primary cases of Ebola *** study also endeavoured to look at the correlation between the number of overall and weekly web searches and the number of overall and weekly new cases of ***:Google Trends(GT)was used to explore Internet activity related to *** study period was from 29 December 2013 to 14 June ***’s correlation was performed to correlate Ebola-related relative search volumes(RSVs)with the number of weekly and overall Ebola *** regression was performed using Ebola-related RSV as a dependent variable,and the overall number of Ebola cases and the Human Development Index were used as predictor ***:The greatest RSV was registered in the three West African countries mainly affected by the Ebola *** queries varied in the different *** quantitative and qualitative differences between the affected African countries and other Western countries with primary cases were noted,in relation to the different flux volumes and different time *** the affected African countries,web query search volumes were mostly concentrated in the capital ***,in Western countries,web queries were uniformly distributed over the national *** terms of the three countries mainly affected by the Ebola epidemic,the correlation between the number of new weekly cases of Ebola and the weekly GT index varied from weak to *** correlation between the number of Ebola cases registered in all countries during the study period and the GT index was very ***:Google Trends showed a coarse-grained nature,strongly correlating with global

关键词： Ebola Google Trends Human Development Index Internet Relative search volume Web West Africa

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Overview of hepatitis B virus mutations and theirimplications in the management of infection

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第1期22卷 145-154页

作者： Patrizia Caligiuri Rita Cerruti giancarlo icardi Bianca Bruzzone Department of Health Sciences University of Genoa16132 GenoaItaly Hygiene Unit I.R.C.C.S.A.O.U.San Martino-IST16132 GenoaItaly

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)affects approximately two billion people worldwide and more than 240 million people in the world are currently chronic carrier that could develop serious complications in the future,like liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular *** an extended HBV immunization program is being carried out since the early‘80s,representing effective preventive measure,leading to a dramatic reduction of HBV hepatitis incidence,globally HBV infection still represents a major public health *** HBV virus is a DNA virus belongs to the Hepadnaviridae *** HBV-DNA is a circular,partial double strand *** coding information is on the minus DNA strand and it is organized into four open reading *** hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus,it has a high mutation rate due to its replicative strategy,that leads to the production of many nonidentical variants at each cycle of *** fact,it contains a polymerase without the proofreading activity,and uses an RNA intermediate(pg RNA)during its replication,so error frequencies are comparable to those seen in retroviruses and other RNA viruses rather than in more stable DNA *** to the low fidelity of the polymerase,the high replication rate and the overlapping reading frames,mutations occur throughout the genome and they have been identified both in the structural and not structural *** arise of mutations being to develop of a whole of viral variants called"quasi-species"and the prevalent population,which favors virus replication,was selected by viral fitness,host’s immune pressure and external pressure,i.e.,vaccination or antiviral *** occurring mutations were found both in acute and chronic *** the present review we examine and discuss the most recent available data about HBV genetic variability and its significance.

关键词： Hepatitis B virus Mutations Open readingframes Molecular biology tools Liver disease

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