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Estimating the Yield Loss of Winter.Wheat fr.m Dr.ught in the United States Souther. Plains r.gion as Influenced by El Niño-Souther. Oscillation (ENSO)

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Agr.cultur.l Sciences 2024年第9期15卷 1018-1034页

作者： Pr.m Woli gerald r. smith Char.es r. Long Fr.ncis M. r.uquette, Jr. Texas A&M Agr.Life r.sear.h Center Overton USA

Wheat (Tr.ticum aestivum L.) pr.duction is a major.economic activity in most r.gional and r.r.l ar.as in the Souther. Plains, a semi-ar.d r.gion of the United States. This r.gion is vulner.ble to dr.ught and is pr.jected to exper.ence a dr.er.climate in the futur.. Since the inter.nnual var.ability in climate in this r.gion is linked to an ocean-atmospher.c phenomenon, called El Niño-Souther. Oscillation (ENSO), dr.ughts in this r.gion may be associated with ENSO. Dr.ughts that occur.dur.ng the cr.tical gr.wth phases of wheat can be extr.mely costly. However. the losses due to an impending dr.ught can be minimized thr.ugh mitigation measur.s if it is pr.dicted in advance. Pr.dicting the yield loss fr.m an imminent dr.ught is cr.cial for.stakeholder.. One of the r.liable ways for.such pr.diction is using a plant physiology-based agr.cultur.l dr.ught index, such as Agr.cultur.l r.fer.nce Index for.Dr.ught (Ar.D). This study developed ENSO phase-specific, Ar.D-based models for.pr.dicting the dr.ught-induced yield loss for.winter.wheat in this r.gion by accounting for.its phenological phase-specific sensitivity to dr.ught. The r.asonable values of the dr.ught sensitivity coefficients of the yield model for.each ENSO phase (El Niño, La Niña, or.Neutr.l) indicated that the yield models r.flected r.asonably well the phenomena of water.str.ss decr.asing the winter.wheat yields in this r.gion dur.ng differ.nt ENSO phases. The values of var.ous goodness-of-fit measur.s used, including the Nash-Sutcliffe Index (0.54 to 0.67), the Willmott Index (0.82 to 0.89), and the per.entage er.or.(20 to 26), indicated that the yield models per.or.ed fair.y well at pr.dicting the ENSO phase-specific loss of wheat yields fr.m dr.ught. This yield model may be useful for.pr.dicting yield loss fr.m dr.ught and scheduling ir.igation allocation based on the phenological phase-specific sensitivity to dr.ught as impacted by ENSO.

关键词： Ar.D Dr.ught Dr.ught Index ENSO El Niño Gr.wth-Stage Model Phenological-Phase Pr.diction Semi-Ar.d Wheat Yield Loss

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Estimating the Dr.ught-Induced Yield Loss for.Winter.Wheat in a Semi-Ar.d r.gion of the Souther. United States Using a Dr.ught Index

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Agr.cultur.l Sciences 2024年第8期15卷 812-829页

作者： Pr.m Woli Qingwu Xue gerald r. smith Char.es r. Long Fr.ncis M. r.uquette Jr. Texas A&M Agr.Life r.sear.h Center Overton Texas USA Texas A&M Agr.Life r.sear.h Center Amarillo Texas USA

The economy of most r.r.l locations in the semi-ar.d r.gion of Llano Estacado in the souther. United States is pr.dominantly based on agr.cultur., pr.mar.ly beef and wheat (Tr.ticum aestivum L.) pr.duction. This r.gion is pr.ne to dr.ught and is pr.jected to exper.ence a dr.er.climate. Dr.ughts that coincide with the cr.tical phenological phases of a cr.p can be r.mar.ably costly. Although dr.ught cannot be pr.vented, its losses can be minimized thr.ugh mitigation measur.s if it is pr.dicted in advance. Pr.dicting yield loss fr.m an imminent dr.ught is an impor.ant need of stakeholder.. One way to fulfill this need is using an agr.cultur.l dr.ught index, such as the Agr.cultur.l r.fer.nce Index for.Dr.ught (Ar.D). Being plant physiology-based, Ar.D can r.pr.sent dr.ught-yield r.lationships accur.tely. This study developed an Ar.D-based yield model for.pr.dicting the dr.ught-induced yield loss for.winter.wheat in this r.gion by accounting for.its phenological phase-specific sensitivity to water.str.ss. The r.asonable values of the dr.ught sensitivity coefficients of the yield model indicated that it could r.flect the phenomenon of water.str.ss decr.asing the winter.wheat yields in this r.gion r.asonably. The values of the var.ous metr.cs used to evaluate the model, including Willmott Index (0.86), Nash-Sutcliffe Index (0.61), and per.entage er.or.(26), indicated that the yield model per.or.ed fair.y well at pr.dicting the dr.ught-induced yield loss for.winter.wheat. The yield model may be useful for.pr.dicting the dr.ught-induced yield loss for.winter.wheat in the study r.gion and scheduling ir.igation allocation based on phenological phase-specific dr.ught sensitivity.

关键词： Ar.D Dr.ught Dr.ught index Gr.wth-stage Model Phenological-Phase Pr.diction Semi-Ar.d Wheat Yield

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Impact on Soil Or.anic C and Total Soil N fr.m Cool- and War.-Season Legumes Used in a Gr.en Manur.-For.ge Cr.pping System

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Agr.cultur.l Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 333-357页

作者： Clar. B. Neely Fr.ncis M. r.uquette Jr. Cr.stine L.S. Mor.an Fr.nk M. Hons William L. r.oney gerald r. smith Depar.ment of Soil and Cr.p Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M Agr.Life r.sear.h Overton TX USA Chief Scientific Officer Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Depar.ment of Soil and Cr.p Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Annual for.ge legumes ar. impor.ant components of livestock pr.duction systems in East Texas and the southeaster. US. For.ge legumes contr.bute nitr.gen (N) to cr.pping systems thr.ugh biological N fixation, and their.seasonal biomass pr.duction can be managed to complement for.ge gr.sses. Our.r.sear.h objectives wer. to evaluate both war.- and cool-season annual for.ge legumes as gr.en manur. for.biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil or.anic car.on (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season for.ge gr.ss cr.ps. Nine war.-season for.ge legumes (WSL) wer. spr.ng planted and incor.or.ted as gr.en manur. in the fall. For.ge r.e (Secale cer.ale L.) was planted following the incor.or.tion of WSL tr.atments. Eight cool-season for.ge legumes (CSL) wer. fall planted in pr.viously fallow plots and incor.or.ted as gr.en manur. in late spr.ng. Sor.hum-sudangr.ss (Sor.hum bicolor.x Sor.hum bicolor.var. sudanense) was planted over.all tr.atments in ear.y summer.after.for.ge r.e har.est and incor.or.tion of CSL tr.atments. Sor.hum-sudangr.ss was har.ested in June, August and September. and tr.atments wer. evaluated for.dr. matter.and N concentr.tion. Soil cor.s wer. taken fr.m each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N wer. measur.d using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples wer. bur.ed at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition r.te of above gr.und legume biomass, including change in C and N concentr.tions. Mungbean (Vigna r.diata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha-1) and contr.buted the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition r.te of WSL biomass was r.pid in the fir.t 10 weeks and ver. slow after.ar.. Winter.pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), ar.ow leaf clover.(Tr.folium vesiculosum Savi.), and cr.mson clover.(Tr.folium incar.atum L.) wer. the most pr.ductive CSL in this tr.al. Austr.an winter.pea

关键词： Annual Legumes Soil N Soil Or.anic C Gr.en Manur. Deer.Br.wse For.ge Cr.pping Systems

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Legume Gr.en Manur. and Inter.r.pping for.High Biomass Sor.hum Pr.duction

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Agr.cultur.l Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： Clar. B. Neely Fr.ncis M. r.uquette Jr. Cr.stine L. S. Mor.an Fr.nk M. Hons William L. r.oney gerald r. smith Depar.ment of Soil and Cr.p Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M Agr.Life r.sear.h Overton TX USA Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Depar.ment of Soil and Cr.p Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Befor. the advent of cheap, synthetic fer.ilizer., legumes wer. commonly used as gr.en manur. cr.ps for.their.ability to fix atmospher.c nitr.gen (N). A thr.e-year.study at Over.on, TX examined legume integr.tion into high-biomass sor.hum (Sor.hum bicolor.L.) pr.duction systems on a Lilber. loamy fine sand r.cently cultivated after.a fer.ilized ber.udagr.ss [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Per..] pastur.. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ cr.mson clover.(Tr.folium incar.atum L.) and ‘Ir.n and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) wer. integr.ted into a high-biomass sor.hum pr.duction system to evaluate impacts on N concentr.tion, C concentr.tion, and yield of high-biomass sor.hum and their.impacts on soil total N and soil or.anic car.on (SOC). Main plots wer. split into cr.mson clover.gr.en manur. (CLGM) and winter.fallow (FALL) followed by thr.e sub-plots split into war.-season cr.p r.tations: cowpea gr.en manur. (CPGM), cowpea-sor.hum inter.r.p (CPSr., and sor.hum monocr.p (SOr.). Thr.e N fer.ilizer.tr.atments (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) wer. r.ndomized and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGM incr.ased (P sor.hum biomass yield (16.5 t DM∙ha−1) 28% in year.thr.e but had no effect in the fir.t two year.. The CPSr.tr.atment r.duced sor.hum yield up to 62% compar.d to SOr.;wher.as CPGM incr.ased sor.hum yield 56% and 18% the two year. following cowpea incor.or.tion. r.te of N fer.ilizer.had no effect on sor.hum biomass yield. Decr.ase in SOC and soil N over.time indicated miner.lization of or.anic N and may explain why no N fer.ilizer.r.sponse was obser.ed in sor.hum biomass yield. Cowpea showed str.ng potential as a gr.en manur. cr.p but pr.ved to be too competitive for.successful inter.r.pping in high-biomass sor.hum pr.duction systems.

关键词： High-Biomass Sor.hum Legumes Gr.en Manur. Inter.r.p Cowpea Cr.mson Clover Soil Or.anic Car.on Soil Nitr.gen

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The El Niño-Souther. Oscillation (ENSO) Effects on Cowpea and Winter.Wheat Yields in the Semi-Ar.d r.gion of the Souther. US

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Agr.cultur.l Sciences 2023年第2期14卷 154-175页

作者： Pr.m Woli gerald r. smith Char.es r. Long Fr.ncis M. r.uquette Jr. Texas A&M Agr.Life r.sear.h Center Overton TX USA

Infor.ation is limited on the effects of climate var.ability on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and winter.wheat (Tr.ticum aestivum L.) yields in the semiar.d r.gion of the souther. US. Using the Decision Suppor. System for.Agr.technology Tr.nsfer.(DSSAT) cr.p model and weather.data spanning 81 year., we assessed the impact of El Niño-Souther. Oscillation (ENSO) on the gr.in yields of these cr.ps in the Llano Estacado r.gion of the souther. US as affected by cowpea and wheat planting dates and N application r.te. Simulated r.sults showed that the El Niño phase of ENSO pr.duced about 30% mor. yields of mono-cr.pped cowpea than those pr.duced under.the La Niña phase, especially with the cowpeas planted in July. The cowpea yields under.El Niño wer. about 10% mor. than the 81-year.aver.ge nor.al yield, wher.as those under.La Niña wer. about 20% less. At the N r.tes of 0, 50, and 100 kg·ha−1, r.gar.less of wheat planting dates, the El Niño year. pr.duced, r.spectively, about 8%, 40%, and 60% higher.wheat yields than those pr.duced in the La Niña year., and about 5%, 20%, and 27% mor. than the 81-year.aver.ge nor.al yield. In the La Niña year., the wheat yields at 0, 50, and 100 kg N ha−1 wer., r.spectively, about 5%, 15%, and 20% less than the nor.al yield with similar.N levels. The impact of ENSO on wheat yields under.cowpea-wheat double-cr.pping systems was significant, especially for.the wheat cr.ps planted on October.15 (October.30) or.later.following the cowpea cr.ps planted in June (July). At zer. N, the mono-cr.pped wheat yields wer. not impacted by ENSO due to N limitation. However. the double-cr.pped wheat yields wer. impacted by ENSO even when no N fer.ilizer.was applied due to high soil N status caused by N tr.nsfer.fr.m cowpea stover.r.sidues and r.ots. r.sults indicated that management str.tegies need to be attentive to ENSO for.casts and adjust potential planting dates and N application r.tes with the ENSO phase to aver. r.sks of cr.p fa

关键词： Climate Cowpea DSSAT Double-Cr.p El Niño ENSO Model Semi-Ar.d Wheat

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Explor.ng the Potential of Cowpea-Wheat Double Cr.pping in the Semi-Ar.d r.gion of the Souther. United States Using the DSSAT Cr.p Model

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Agr.cultur.l Sciences 2023年第1期14卷 35-57页

作者： Pr.m Woli gerald r. smith Char.es r. Long Jackie C. r.dd Qingwu Xue Fr.ncis M. r.uquette Jr. Texas A&M Agr.Life r.sear.h Center Overton USA Texas A&M Agr.Life r.sear.h Center Amarillo USA

Infor.ation is limited on the potential of double-cr.pping cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and wheat (Tr.ticum aestivum L.) in the semiar.d r.gion of the souther. United States. Using the Decision Suppor. System for.Agr.technology Tr.nsfer.(DSSAT) cr.p model and weather.data of 80 year., we assessed the possibility of cowpea-wheat double-cr.pping in this r.gion for.gr.in pur.ose as affected by planting date and N application r.te. r.sults showed that the possibility of double-cr.pping var.ed fr.m 0% to 65%, depending on the cr.pping system. The possibility was less with systems compr.sing ear.ier.planting dates of wheat and later.planting dates of cowpea. r.sults indicated that cowpea-wheat double-cr.pping could be beneficial only when no N was applied, with wheat planted on October.15 or.later. At zer. N, the double-cr.ps of cowpea planted on July 15 and wheat planted on November.30 wer. the most beneficial of all the 72 double-cr.pping systems studied. With a delay in planting cowpea, the per.entage of beneficial double-cr.pping systems decr.ased. At N r.tes other.than zer., fallow-wheat monocr.pping systems wer. mor. beneficial than cowpea-wheat double-cr.pping systems, and the benefit was gr.ater.at a higher.N r.te. At 100 kg N ha-1, the monocr.p of wheat planted on October.15 was the most beneficial of all the 94 systems studied. r.sults fur.her.showed that fallow-wheat yields incr.ased almost linear.y with an incr.ase in N r.te fr.m 0 to 100 kg∙ha-1. Fallow-wheat gr.in yields wer. quadr.tically associated with planting dates. With an incr.ase in N r.te, wheat yields r.ached the peak with an ear.ier.planting date. Wheat yields pr.duced under.monocr.pping systems wer. gr.ater.than those pr.duced under.double-cr.pping systems for.any cowpea planting date. Cowpea yields pr.duced under.monocr.pping systems wer. gr.ater.than those pr.duced under.any double-cr.pping system. The r.lationship between cowpea gr.in yields and planting dates was

关键词： Cover.Cr.p Cowpea-Wheat DSSAT Double-Cr.p Model Semi-Ar.d

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The El Niño-Souther. Oscillation (ENSO) Effects on Cowpea and Winter.Wheat Yields in the Semi-Ar.d r.gion of the Souther. US

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Agr.cultur.l Sciences（农业科学） 2023年第2期

作者： Pr.m Woli gerald r. smith Char.es r. Long Fr.ncis M. r.uquette Jr.

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Explor.ng the Potential of Cowpea-Wheat Double Cr.pping in the Semi-Ar.d r.gion of the Souther. United States Using the DSSAT Cr.p Model

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Agr.cultur.l Sciences（农业科学） 2023年第1期

作者： Pr.m Woli gerald r. smith Char.es r. Long Jackie C. r.dd Qingwu Xue Fr.ncis M. r.uquette Jr.

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Polymor.hisms in salivar.-gland tr.nscr.pts of r.ssian wheat aphid biotypes 1 and 2

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Insect Science 2012年第4期19卷 429-440页

作者： Feng Cui Michael smith John r.ese Owain Edwar.s gerald r.eck Depar.ment of Biochemistr. Kansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA State Key Labor.tor. of Integr.ted Managementof Pest Insects&r.dents Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina Depar.ment of Entomology Kansas StateUniversityManhattanKansasUSA CSIr. Entomology Canberra Cooper.Eve r.sear.h Centr. for.Plant Biosecufity CanberraAustralia

The r.ssian wheat aphid （r.A）, Diur.phis noxia （Mor.vilko）（Homopter.： Aphididae）, is a major.pest of small gr.ins. As with plant-feeding aphids in gener.l, the inter.ction between r.A and host plants is gover.ed, on the insect side, by pr.teins and enzymes in saliva. In this wor., we examined sequence var.ations in tr.nscr.pts encoding pr.teins and enzymes of r.A salivar. glands. We conducted r.ver.e tr.nscr.ption - polymer.se chain r.action in r.A biotypes 1 and 2 using pr.mer. der.ved fr.m pea aphid or.hologs, and cloned r.gions of 17 putative salivar. gland tr.nscr.pts. For.four.of the tr.nscr.pts, we obser.ed no differ.nce in sequences between the two biotypes. For.the other.13 tr.nscr.pts, for.example, the tr.nscr.pts encoding sucr.se, tr.halase and pr.tein C002, lar.e amount of var.ations, both within each biotype and between the two biotypes, wer. obser.ed. Usually the two biotypes shar.d only one var.ant, which was typically the most common var.ant in both biotypes. Most of the tr.nscr.pts had mor. non-synonymous than synonymous codon changes among their.var.ants. Our.r.sults offer.possible molecular.mar.er. for.distinguishing the two biotypes and insights into their.evolution.

关键词： biotype molecular.mar.er polymor.hism r.ssian wheat aphid salivar.gland tr.nscr.pt

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中国人头发纤维在UVA紫外光老化中的光谱学研究

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光谱学与光谱分析 2016年第6期36卷 1783-1788页

作者：唐颖 gerald J.smith 北京工商大学北京市植物资源研究开发重点实验室北京100048 School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington

生活中,日光中的紫外辐射是导致头发光老化/光损伤的重要环境因素。长时间光照可使染发和天然发出现包括颜色褪变在内的退行性变化。以中老年人的自然灰发为样本来源,通过分离和人工漂染处理,获得了包括自然发色、漂白和染黑的六种头发... 详细信息

生活中,日光中的紫外辐射是导致头发光老化/光损伤的重要环境因素。长时间光照可使染发和天然发出现包括颜色褪变在内的退行性变化。以中老年人的自然灰发为样本来源,通过分离和人工漂染处理,获得了包括自然发色、漂白和染黑的六种头发类型,经过UVA（320～400nm）紫外光老化,采用漫反射光谱、三维荧光光谱和衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱对头发纤维的老化特征进行无损分析,结合头发中光产生过氧化氢的定量分析,探讨了不同发色和漂染处理对头发耐光性的影响。结果表明,UVA辐照可通过Ⅱ型电子转移机制诱导头发中的光敏基团产生过氧化氢,导致纤维表面蛋白和色素分子的光氧化降解。自然发色与漂染发在光老化中的颜色变化不同：灰发和白发主要发生光黄化,人工染发和漂白发分别发生光褪色和光漂白。高湿度环境能加速头发的光降解。化学漂染处理会使头发中的光致过氧化氢水平升高,使纤维处于较高的氧化压力从而影响头发的光稳定性;而头发中的黑色素分子,包括天然黑色素和染发剂的人工黑色素,可能具有自由基产生与清除双重性。研究结果为建立中国人头发光损伤的光谱学评价方法和进一步研发针对国人发质的染护发产品提供了重要的实验基准数据。

关键词：头发纤维 UVA辐射漫反射光谱三维荧光光谱 ATr.FTIr 过氧化氢

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