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Silicon prepared by electro-reduction in molten salts as new energy materials

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020年第8期29卷 46-61,I0002页

作者： Tingting Jiang Xinyi Xu george z.chen The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy College of Materials and MetallurgyWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430081HubeiChina Electrochemical Technologies Group Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNottingham NG27RDUK Electrochemical Technologies Group Faculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo 315100ZhejiangChina

Silicon has a large impact on the energy supply and economy in the modern world. In industry, high purity silicon is firstly prepared by carbothermic reduction of silica with the produced raw silicon being further refined by a modified Siemens method. This process suffers from the disadvantages of high cost and contaminant release and emission. As an alternative, the molten salt electrolysis approach, particularly the FFC Cambridge Process(FFC: Fray-Farthing-chen), could realize high purity silicon products with morphology-controllable nanostructures at low or mild temperatures(generally 650–900 ℃). In this article, we review the development, reaction mechanisms, and electrolysis conditions of silicon production by the FFC Cambridge Process. Applications of the silicon products from electrolysis in molten salts are also discussed in terms of energy applications, including using them as the photovoltaic element in solar cells and as the charge storage phase in the negative electrode(negatrode) of lithium ion batteries.

关键词： Electrolysis Molten salt Silicon Nanomaterial Li ion battery Solar cell

Understanding supercapacitors based on nano-hybrid materials with interfacial conjugation

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2013年第3期23卷 245-255页

作者： george z.chen Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Energy and Sustainability Research DivisionFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNottingham NG7 2RDUK

The recent fast development of supercapacitors,also known scientifically as electrochemical capacitors,has benefited significantly from synthesis,characterisations and electrochemistry of ***,the principle of supercapacitors is explained in terms of performance characteristics and charge storage mechanisms,*** layer(or interfacial) capacitance and *** semiconductor band model is applied to qualitatively account for the pseudo-capacitance in association with rectangular cyclic voltammograms(CVs) and linear galvanostatic charging and discharging plots(GCDs),aiming to differentiate supercapacitors from rechargeable *** invalidity of using peak shaped CVs and non-linear GCDs for capacitance measurement is highlighted.A selective review is given to the nano-hybrid materials between carbon nanotubes and redox active materials such as electronically conducting polymers and transition metal oxides.A new concept,"interfacial conjugation",is introduced to reflect the capacitance enhancement resulting from π-π stacking interactions at the interface between two materials with highly conjugated chemical *** prospects of carbon nanotubes and graphenes for supercapacitor applications are briefly compared and ***,this article can help readers to understand supercapacitors and nano-hybrid materials so that further developments in materials design and synthesis,and device engineering can be more efficient and objective.

关键词： Supercapacitors Carbon nanotubes Graphenes Electronically conducting polymers Transition metal oxides Interfacial conjugation

Charge Storage Properties of Aqueous Halide Supercapatteries with Activated Carbon and Graphene Nanoplatelets as Active Electrode Materials

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2021年第3期4卷 481-491页

作者： Bamidele Akinwolemiwa Chaohui Wei Qinghua Yang george z.chen International Doctoral Innovation Centre Faculty of Science and EngineeringThe University of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo 315100China Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Science and EngineeringThe University of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo 315100China Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Advanced Materials Research GroupFaculty of EngineeringThe University of NottinghamNottingham NG72RDUK

Device level performance of aqueous halide supercapatteries fabricated with equal electrode mass of activated carbon or graphene nanoplatelets has been *** was revealed that the surface oxygen groups in the graphitic structures of the nanoplatelets contributed toward a more enhanced charge storage capacity in bromide containing redox ***,the rate performance of the devices could be linked to the effect of the pore size of the carbons on the dynamics of the inactive alkali metal counterion of the redox halide ***,the charge storage performance of aqueous halide supercapatteries with graphene nanoplatelets as the electrode material may be attributed to the combined effect of the porous structure on the dynamics of the non-active cations and a possible interaction of the Br^(-)/(Br_(2)+Br^(-)_(3))redox triple with the surface oxygen groups within the graphitic layer of the ***,it has been shown that the surface groups and microstructure of electrode materials must be critically correlated with the redox electrolytes in the ongoing efforts to commercialize these devices.

关键词： carbon materials device engineering energy efficiency redox electrolyte supercapattery

Environmental and energy gains from using molten magnesium–sodium–potassium chlorides for electro-metallisation of refractory metal oxides

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2015年第6期25卷 650-653页

作者： Wei Li Yating Yuan Xianbo Jin Hualin chen george z.chen College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power SourcesWuhan University Department of Rare Metals State Key Laboratory for Separation and Comprehensive Utilization of Rare MetalsGuangdong Key Laboratory for Development and Application of Rare EarthsGuangzhou Research Institute of Non-ferrous Metals Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham

The molten eutectic mixture of magnesium,sodium and potassium chlorides(Mg Cl2–Na Cl–KCl) has inappreciable solubility for oxide ions,and can help disengage a carbon anode from the oxide ions generated at a metal oxide cathode,and effectively avoid carbon dioxide *** "disengaging strategy" was successfully demonstrated in electro-reduction of solid oxides of zirconium and *** has led to significantly higher current efficiency(93%),and lower energy consumption(1.4 k W h kg 1) in electrolysis of tantalum oxide to tantalum metal compared to the conventional electrolysis in molten calcium chloride(e.g.78% and 2.4 k W h/kg-Ta).

关键词： Electrometallisation Molten salt Tantalum Electro-reduction Magnesium chloride

Electrochemical study of different membrane materials for the fabrication of stable,reproducible and reusable reference electrode

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020年第10期29卷 33-41页

作者： Nawar K.Al-Shara Farooq Sher Sania z.Iqbal zaman Sajid george z.chen Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottingham NG72RDUnited Kingdom School of Mechanical Aerospace and Automotive EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringEnvironmental and ComputingCoventry UniversityCoventry CV12JHUnited Kingdom Department of Biochemistry University of AgricultureFaisalabad 38000Pakistan Department of Process Engineering Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt John’s Newfoundland A1B 3×5Canada

Fabrication of stable,reproducible and reusable reference electrodes for low energy and high-temperature steam splitting is of great interest for hydrogen fuel production without anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO2)*** study has been conducted for the detection of suitable material for the fabrication of novel reference *** the present scenario,this research is designed to fabricate a novel nickel reference electrode by using operating conditions of eutectic molten hydroxide(NaOH-KOH,49-51 mol%)at temperature 300℃in an ion-conducting membrane of alumina and mullite ***,the designed nickel reference electrode has been examined for its reusability and stability by using electrochemical technique and cyclic *** scans of cyclic voltammetry are performed for both membrane fabricated reference electrode.A slight positive shift in oxidation peaks is observed for mullite membrane electrode(64 mV from scan 1 to 5).The stability measurements are noted by changing the scan rate between 50 and 150 mV s−***,the results show that the Ni/Ni(OH)2 reference electrode covered with a mullite membrane is stable and reusable at 300℃temperature without any *** stability and reusability of prepared nickel reference electrode covered by mullite tube in the eutectic molten hydroxide were up to 9 days to carry out an electrochemical investigation,while for alumina tube reference electrode the stability and reliability were up to 3 *** internal electrolytic material and ionic conductance can play an important role for future studies with this reference electrode along with optimisation of temperature and scan rate parameters.

关键词： Renewable energy Hydrogen production Electrode process Cyclic voltammetry Reference electrode and Molten salts

Design and optimization of electrochemical cell potential for hydrogen gas production

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2021年第1期30卷 421-427,I0013页

作者： Nawar KAl-Shara Farooq Sher Sania zIqbal Oliver Curnick george zchen Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottingham NG72RDUK School of Mechanical Aerospace and Automotive EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringEnvironmental and ComputingCoventry UniversityCoventry CV12JHUK Department of Biochemistry University of AgricultureFaisalabad 38000Pakistan Institute for Future Transport and Cities Coventry UniversityCoventry CV15FBUK Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaUniversity ParkNingbo 315100China

This study deals with the optimization of best working conditions in molten melt for the production of hydrogen(H2) *** research has been carried out on how electrochemical process occurs through steam splitting via molten hydroxide.54 combinations of cathode,anode,temperature and voltage have been investigated for the optimization of best working conditions with molten hydroxide for hydrogen gas *** these electrochemical investigations were carried out at 225 to 300℃ temperature and 1.5 to 2.5 V applied voltage *** current efficiency of 90.5,80.0 and 68.6% has been achieved using stainless steel anodic cell with nickel,stainless steel and platinum working cathode *** nickel cathode,an increase in the current directly affected the hydrogen gas flow rate at *** can be hypothesized from the noted results that increase in current is directly proportional to operating temperature and applied *** values were noted when the applied voltages increased from 1.5 to 2.5 V at 300℃,the flow rate of hydrogen gas increased from 1.5 to 11.3 cm^(3) min^(-1),1.0 to 13 cm^(3) min^(-1) in case of electrolysis@stainless steel and@graphite anode *** is observed that the current efficiency of stainless steel anodic cell was higher than the graphite anodic ***,steam splitting with the help of molten salts has shown an encouraging alternate to current methodology for H2 fuel production.

关键词： Sustainable energy Splitting steam Electrolysis Hydrogen gas production Electrochemical cell and Variable cathodes

Erratum to:Interactions of molten salts with cathode products in the FFC Cambridge Process

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2021年第3期28卷 511-511页

The copyright information of the print version for this article unfortunately is not the same with that of the online *** copyright information of the online version is right,which is“©The Author(s)2020”.

关键词： salts Cambridge cathode

提高电容性电化学储能装置能量容量的一些尝试(英文)

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电化学 2017年第5期23卷 533-547页

作者：余林颇陈政宁波诺丁汉大学理工学院化学与环境工程及可持续能源技术研究中心宁波315100 诺丁汉大学工程学部化学与环境工程系英国诺丁汉NG72RD

本文从作者所在的课题组在超级电容器和超级电容电池方向的研究内容为基础,在电极材料和装置层面综述了电容性电化学储能装置的发展.导电聚合物和过渡金属氧化物分别与碳纳米管复合后的复合物能显著提高前两者作为电容性法拉第储能电极... 详细信息

本文从作者所在的课题组在超级电容器和超级电容电池方向的研究内容为基础,在电极材料和装置层面综述了电容性电化学储能装置的发展.导电聚合物和过渡金属氧化物分别与碳纳米管复合后的复合物能显著提高前两者作为电容性法拉第储能电极的电容性能.活性碳和碳黑等一类碳材料则可作为非法拉第储能的电极材料.通过对超级电容器正负极电容做相应的匹配调整可以提高超级电容器的最大充电电压,从而提高超级电容器的能量容量.此外,为了与实际设备相匹配,超级电容可以以双极板的方式串联堆积,满足高电压的需求.超级电容电池作为新一代的电容性电化学储能装置,分别由具有电容性和法拉第电荷储存原理的电极组成,具有高比功率和高比能量的特点,也是近年来的研究热点.

关键词：超级电容器超级电容池赝电容碳纳米管活性碳

Clinical and socioeconomic determinants of survival in biliary tract adenocarcinomas

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2024年第4期16卷 1374-1383页

作者： Laura Sahyoun Kay chen Cynthia Tsay george chen Petr Protiva Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNY 10065United States Gastroenterology Section Jennifer Moreno VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCA 92161United States Division of Gastroenterology Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093United States Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology John Hopkins HospitalBaltimoreMD 21287United States Department of Digestive Diseases Yale New Haven HospitalNew HavenCT 06520United States Department of Gastroenterology VA Connecticut Health Care SystemWest HavenCT 06516United States

BACKGROUND Despite advances in detection and treatments,biliary tract cancers continue to have poor survival ***,there is limited data investigating the significance of socioeconomic status,race/ethnicity,and environmental factors in biliary tract cancer *** from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results database for biliary and gallbladder adenocarcinomas were extracted from 1975 to ***-conomic data included smoking,poverty level,education,adjusted household income,and percentage of foreign-born persons and urban *** was calculated with Cox proportional hazards models for death in the 5-year period following *** Our study included 15883 gallbladder,11466 intrahepatic biliary,12869 extrahepatic biliary and 7268 ampulla of Vater adenocarcinoma *** analyzing county-specific demographics,patients from counties with higher incomes were associated with higher survival rates[hazard ratio(HR)=0.97,P<0.05].Similarly,counties with a higher percentage of patients with a college level education and counties with a higher urban population had higher 5-year survival rates(HR=0.96,P=0.002 and HR=0.97,P=0.004,respectively).CONCLUSION Worse survival outcomes were observed in lower income counties while higher income and education level were associated with higher 5-year overall survival among gallbladder and biliary malignancies.

关键词： Biliary tract cancers Survival Outcomes research Socioeconomic factors Healthcare disparities