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Metabolic liver disease of obesity and role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第26期13卷 3540-3553页

作者： Kamran Qureshi gary A abrams Department of Medicine University of Alabama at BirminghamUnited States

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is an increasingly recognized cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. It can develop secondary to numerous causes but a great majority of NAFLD cases occur in patients who are obese or present with other components of metabolic syndrome （hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes）. This is called primary NAFLD and insulin resistance plays a key role in its pathogenesis. Obesity is characterized by expanded adipose tissue, which is under a state of chronic inflammation. This disturbs the normal storage and endocrine functions of adipose tissue. In obesity, the secretome （adipokines, oytokines, free fatty acids and other lipid moieties） of fatty tissue is amplified, which through its autocrine, paracrine actions in fat tissue and systemic effects especially in the liver leads to an altered metabolic state with insulin resistance （IR）. IR leads to hyperglycemia and reactive hyperinsulinemia, which stimulates lipid-accumulating processes and impairs hepatic lipid metabolism. IR enhances free fatty acid delivery to liver from the adipose tissue storage due to uninhibited lipolysis. These changes result in hepatic abnormal fat accumulation, which may initiate the hepatic IR and further aggravate the altered metabolic state of whole body. Hepatic steatosis can also be explained by the fact that there is enhanced dietary fat delivery and physical inactivity. IR and NAFLD are also seen in various lipodystrophic states in contrary to popular belief that these problems only occur due to excessive adiposity in obesity. Hence, altered physiology of adipose tissue is central to development of IR, metabolic syndrome and NAFLD.

关键词： Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Obesity Adipose tissue Adipokines Insulin resistance

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Upper limb bilateral symmetric training with robotic assistance and clinical outcomes for stroke A pilot study

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International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 2016年第1期9卷 83-104页

作者： Matt Simkins Nancy Byl Hyunchul Kim gary abrams Jacob Rosen Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering and Sustainable Manufacture California State UniversityChicoCaliforniaUSA Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA Apple Inc. Santa ClaraCaliforniaUSA Department of Neurology University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA Department of Computer Engineering University of CaliforniaSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA

Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the physiotherapeutic benefits of bilateral symmetric training(BST)for stroke survivors affected by ***/methodology/approach–Other studies have investigated symmetric physiotherapy.A key difficulty in previous work is in maintaining mirror-imaged trajectories between the affected and less-affected *** obstacle was overcome in this work by using a two-armed robotic exoskeleton to enforce *** total,15 subjects,W6 months post stroke were,randomly assigned to bilateral symmetric robotic training,unilateral robotic training,and standard physical ***–After 12 training sessions(90 minutes/session),the bilateral training group had the greatest intensity of movement *** also had the greatest improvement in range of motion at the *** unilateral training group showed the greatest reduction in *** limitations/implications–The rationale for symmetric physiotherapy is that it might promote connections from the undamaged brain *** robot generated copious amounts of detailed kinematic *** though these data provided insights into the human to machine interface using different training modalities,it proved difficult to draw neurological *** is recommended that future research along these lines should include measures of neurophysiological change and/or changes in neurological *** implications–This research suggests that the advantage of bilateral symmetric movement over other modalities is slight,and that robotic training has comparable results with standard *** BSTis used,care is potentially needed toavoid exacerbation of ***,this research includes a novel quantitative approach for evaluating robotic ***/value–This study is of value to therapeutic researchers interested in new physiotherapy techniques,roboticists interested in developing rehabilitation devices,or for rehabilitatio

关键词： Robotics Virtual reality Data mining Real-time systems Stroke survivors Physical therapy Stroke Bilateral Symmetric

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Environmental enrichment preserves cortical inputs to the parahippocampal areas and reduces post stroke diaschisis

Environmental enrichment preserves cortical inputs to the pa...

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中国神经科学学会第九届全国学术会议暨第五次会员代表大会

作者： Bruno BONTEMPI Xavier LElNEKUGEL Edith LESBURGUERES Philip R.WEINSTEIN gary M.abrams Centre de Neurosciences Integratives et Cognitives CNRS UMR 5228Universite Bordeaux 1France Departments of Neurological Surgery San Francisco and SFVAMC San FranciscoCA Neurology University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA

＜正＞Objective Reduction in neuronal activity in remote brain regions after stroke is likely caused by a disruption of afferent excitatory input originating from distant infarcted *** induced neuroplasticity has been shown to be effective in reducing impairment in many experimental models of brain injury and *** current study sought to investigate the potential of enriched environment（EE） in resolving hippocampal diaschisis following experimental stroke and in reversing post stroke spatial memory deficits. Methods Stroke was induced by distal middle cerebral artery occlusion（dMCAO） in *** activation induced by spatial task was mapped by immediate early gene Fos and neuronal projections by anterograde tracer *** function was determined by the Barnes maze *** Although neuronal loss and microglia activation were restricted to the parietal cortex following dMCAO,a region-specific reduction in neuronal activation was observed in the hippocampus following pharmacological challenge with *** in the EE not only reduced post stroke impairment in spatial learning and memory,increased hippocampal neurogenesis,but also restored hippocampal activation during memory *** tracing indicated that the parietal cortex projected extensively to the parahippocampal *** to EE also restored the Fos expression in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices ipsilateral to infarct,suggesting that hippocampal hypoactivation could be an indirect consequence of altered cortical inputs to the parahippocampal region that acts like a key gateway for information exchange between cortex and ***,EE reduced neuronal loss in the peri-infarct area of the parietal cortex,suggesting that the beneficial effects of EE on neuronal activity and memory function was likely due to a partial preservation of the cortical inputs to the parahippocampal *** Our findings point to the potential of EE

关键词： brain injury cerebral ischemia enriched environment immediate early gene spatial memory

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