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Extent of morbidity associated with schistosomiasis infection in Malawi: a review paper

Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2015年第1期4卷 185-192页

作者： Austin H N Mtethiwa gamba nkwengulila Jared Bakuza Daniel Sikawa Abigail Kazembe Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources(LUANAR) Bunda CampusPO Box 219LilongweMalawi Zoology Department University of Dar es SalaamCollege of Natural and Applied SciencePO Box 35064Dar es SalaamTanzania Biological Sciences Unit Dar es Salaam University College of Education(DUCE)PO Box 2329Dar es SalaamTanzania University of Malawi Kamuzu College of NursingPrivate Bag 1LilongweMalawi

Data on the extent of the burden due to schistosomiasis is sparse in most Sub-Saharan African ***,this data is crucial for triggering medical attention.A review of extent of morbidity and determinants associated with schistosomiasis in Malawi was therefore conducted to quantify the infection in order to concretise the need for medical intervention.A systematic and traditional search strategy was used to find literature for the review,whilst exclusion and inclusion criteria were used to identify appropriate *** regression curves of epidemiological model Y=(a+bxc)/(1+bxc)and the recommendation that schistosomiasis prevalence can be used to estimate morbidity were employed to quantify morbidity at various infection *** was quantified as a direct proportion of the population and the respective national schistosomiasis *** showed that both *** and *** are present in Malawi with the latter highly prevalent(50%).Furthermore,out of the estimated population of 16,829 million,approximately 8.4 million have schistosomiasis,with about 4.4 million of these aged 18 years and *** most frequent manifestation is Katayama syndrome,while ascites is the lowest,impacting about 3.0 million and 960 individuals,*** studies on association of schistosomiasis infection to risk factors such as occupation,age and gender found odds ratio(OR)ranging from 1.29 to *** due to schistosomiasis is high in *** is therefore recommended that a more detailed study on the determinants of high schistosomiasis and re-evaluation of the current control measures be conducted if the current morbidity statistics are to be remarkably reduced.

关键词： Schistosomiasis Morbidity Risk factors Quantification Burden Extent

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A Review of Human Cysticercosis and Diagnostic Challenges in Endemic Resource Poor Countries

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2014年第4期4卷 207-213页

作者： gamba gamba nkwengulila Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Human cysticercosis is a neglected tropical parasitic zoonotic disease with high public health concerns. Infection of Taenia solium cysticerci in the brain commonly known as neurocysticercosis is a cause to over 29% of all epileptic cases in endemic countries. Unfortunately, this infection can go unnoticed for over 10 years. The objective of this review was to characterize the diagnostic approaches accessible in endemic poor resource countries. The review sought literature from library catalogues and public databases for studies on epidemiology and diagnosis challenges of human cysticercosis. The search key words included “Taenia solium, T. solium cysticercosis, human cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis and diagnosis”. Most of the diagnostic procedures rely on serology. Neuroimaging tools which would confirm and thus enable the assessment of the burden of the disease in endemic countries are rarely used. Therefore assessing the estimate on prevalence and burden of the disease fallacious is owing to the low sensitivity of serological tools and the inhibition of humoral, cellular immune responses, inflammatory reaction and cytokines by the living cysticerci.

关键词： Taenia solium T. solium Cysticercosis Human Cysticercosis Neurocysticercosis Diagnosis and Challenges

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The Financial Costs Associated with Porcine Cysticercosis and Epilepsy in Iringa Rural District

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Health 2014年第21期6卷 2959-2965页

作者： gamba nkwengulila Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation University of Dar Es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Taenia solium cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease that poses serious public health risk and significant economic losses in the pig industry. Human neurocysticercosis is recognized as an important cause of epilepsy in regions where T. solium is endemic. The monetary burden caused by T. solium cysticercosis condemned pigs and epilepsy is under-reported in Tanzania, Iringa rural district being no exception. The aim of the present study was to estimate the financial costs associated with porcine cysticercosis (PCC) and epilepsy in Iringa rural areas. The study employed questionnaires and interviews to explore the public health and socio-economic impacts of T. solium cysticercosis. A total of 365 randomly selected participants comprising of 306 pig farmers and 59 families with epileptic patients were involved in the survey. The findings indicated that the average selling price was USD 84 for mature pigs and ranged from USD 13 - 27 for piglets. The estimated annual monetary loss due to PCC was USD 144,449. The estimated monetary burden due to epilepsy management in hospitals and/or by traditional healers was USD 78,592 per annum. It is concluded that the monetary burden incurred by pig farmers due to PCC caused economic loss at both the subsistence and commercial levels. Yet, epilepsy has serious potential economic impacts through direct and indirect costs incurred on the management of epileptic patients from family to national level. It is hence recommended to practice indoor pig keeping for the elimination of economic losses caused by PCC infection. There is an urgent need to raise awareness on the economic burden caused by porcine cysticercosis and epilepsy in Iringa rural district.

关键词： Taenia solium Costs Porcine Cysticercosis Epilepsy

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Indigenous Knowledge, Practices, Beliefs and Social Impacts of Porcine Cysticercosis and Epilepsy in Iringa Rural

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Health 2014年第21期6卷 2894-2903页

作者： Mwita Chacha Coletha Yohana gamba nkwengulila Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Porcine Cysticercosis (PCC) and Human Cysticercosis (HCC)/Neurocysticercosis (NCC) are a burden to the community owing to the reduced value of animals, associated costs of treatment, decreased labour productivity and social discrimination. There is limited knowledge on the management and prevention of PCC and epilepsy in Iringa rural. Therefore, the present study aimed at assessing indigenous knowledge, practices, attitudes and social impacts of PCC and epilepsy in Iringa rural district. A total of 588 people participated in the survey whereby 306 were pig farmers, 223 non-pig farmers and 59 families with epileptic individuals. It was found that 49.8% (χ2 = 0.003, DF = 1, p = 0.954) of pig keepers were aware of PCC, whereas the remaining 50.2% were not aware (χ2 = 25.5, DF = 1, p χ2 = 3.814, DF = 1, p = 0.51). People in Iringa rural believe epilepsy is caused by evil spirits, witchcraft and/or inheritance. It was concluded that there was limited knowledge on T. solium cysticercosis and epilepsy. This ignorance is the cause of poor practices, negative beliefs and attitudes that negatively affect the social life of People with Epilepsy (PWE) in communities. This study recommends that health education to raise awareness on cysticercosis/taeniosis and epilepsy should be one of the intervention measures for elimination of cysticercosis and epilepsy in Iringa rural district.

关键词： Neurocysticercosis Knowledge Beliefs Practices Stigmatization Segregation

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A Review of Agricultural Pesticides Use and the Selection for Resistance to Insecticides in Malaria Vectors

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Advances in Entomology 2014年第3期2卷 120-128页

作者： Anitha Philbert Sylvester Leonard Lyantagaye gamba nkwengulila Department of Life Sciences Mkwawa University College of Education Iringa Tanzania Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Most national malaria control programmes rely extensively on pyrethroid insecticides to control mosquito vectors of this disease. Unfortunately, the intensive use of this class of insecticides both in public health and agriculture has led to its reduced efficacy. The objective of this review was to assess the role of agricultural pesticides use on the development of resistance to insecticides in malaria vectors and the potential impact of this resistance on control activities. We searched library catalogues and public databases for studies that included data on resistance to the major classes of insecticides: organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids, in the malaria vectors of Anopheles genera. There is a strong geographical bias in published studies many originating from West African countries. Several studies demonstrate that resistance to pyrethroids is widespread in the major malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus complexes. Assessing the impact of insecticide resistance on vector control is complicated owing to the lack of studies into the epidemiological consequences of resistance on the control of malaria and other vector borne diseases.

关键词： Insecticide Resistance Malaria Vectors Resistance Patterns Agro Pesticide Pyrethroids

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The Serological Survey for Human Cysticercosis Prevalence in Mbulu District, Tanzania

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2012年第3期2卷 62-66页

作者： Beda J. Mwang’onde gamba nkwengulila Mwita Chacha Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Human cysticercosis, a zoonotic disease due to Taeniasolium, is of the highly debilitating and stigmatizing neglected tropical diseases due to epilepsy, ophthalmia and dermatological disorders in endemic developing countries. Tanzania is among the sub-Saharan African countries with an average prevalence of porcine cysticercosis 17.2% [1], which increases the risk of human cysticercosis infection. Studies on people with epilepsy in northern zone of Tanzania show a 16.2% [2] to be suffering from neurocysticercosis. While this was the case, there were no single report on the prevalence of human cysticercosis neither to regular hospital visitors, admissions, and nor general public that result to insufficient deployment of intervention strategies. Study was performed to assess the prevalence of human cysticercosis in general public in Mbulu district. The cephalic venous blood was collected from assorted community members. Serum was extracted and then subjected to Cysticercus IgG Western Blot Assay for human cysticercosis sero-screening. It was found that about 16.3% of the community members had antibodies signifying infection by human cysticercosis. This is the first ever study to assess the prevalence of human cysticercosis in the country and it has revealed the problem to be very high. This study can be valuable for deployment of appropriate intervention measures on human cysticercosis in the study area and extend to the entire country.

关键词： Human Cysticercosis Taeniasolium Mbulu-Tanzania Prevalence

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The Serological Survey for Human Cysticercosis Prevalence in Mbulu District, Tanzania

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Advances in Infectious Diseases（传染病进展） 2012年第3期

作者： Beda J. Mwang’onde gamba nkwengulila Mwita Chacha

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