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Presence of the Potato Late Blight Resistance Gene RBDoes Not Promote Adaptive Parasitism of Phytophthora infestans

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第3期3卷 360-367页

作者： Dennis A. Halterman gail Middleton US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Vegetable Crops Research Unit Madison USA Vegetable Crops Research Unit US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Madison USA

The gene RB is derived from the wild potato species S. bulbocastanum and confers partial resistance to late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. In order to investigate whether a single strain of P. infestans can adapt to overcome this partial resistance source, we subjected RB containing leaflets to multiple rounds of infection with P. infestans, with a culture isolated from a lesion used to infect the next leaflet (a passage). A parallel line of passages was done using susceptible leaflets as hosts. At the end of the experiment, P. infestans strains passaged through resistant or susceptible leaflets were compared for infection efficiency and lesion size. Variants of the P. infestans effector family IPI-O, some of which are recognized by the RB protein to elicit resistance, were cloned and sequenced to determine whether variation occurred during selection on the partially resistant host. Our results show that after 20 rounds of selection, no breakdown in RB resistance took place. In fact, the strain that was continually passaged through the partially resistant host produced smaller lesions on susceptible leaflets and had a lower infection frequency than the strain passaged through susceptible cultivar Katahdin. No changes within IPI-O coding regions were detected after selection on the hosts with RB. Our results indicate that individual strains of P. infestans are not capable of rapidly overcoming RB resistance even when it is the only host available.

关键词： Host Disease Resistance Pathogen Evolution Partial Resistance Pathogen Effector

Roles of the eye care workforce for task sharing in management of diabetic retinopathy in Cambodia

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2018年第1期11卷 101-107页

作者： Mufarriq Shah gail M.Ormsby Ayesha Noor Rahul Chakrabarti Manfred Morchen Fakir MAmirul Islam CAlex Harper Jill E Keeffe Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar 25000Pakistan Centre for Eye Research Australia Department of Ophthal-mologyUniversity of MelbourneRoyal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalMelbourneVIC 302Australia Faculty of Education Science and BusinessLifestyle Research CentreAvondale College of Higher EducationCooranbongNSW 2265Australia Vision and Dental Care Clinic Peshawar 25000Pakistan CARITAS Takeo Eye Hospital Krong Doun Kaev 21151Cambodia Regional office Asia South East CBM International Unit 604 Alabang Business Tower 1216 Acacia AveMuntinlupa City 1799Philippines Statistics Data Science and EpidemiologySwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVIC 3122Australia LV Prasad Eye Institute Hyderabad 500034India

AIM： To identify the current roles of eye and health care workers in eye care delivery and investigate their potential roles in screening and detection for management of diabetic retinopathy（DR） through task ***： Purposive sampling of 24 participants including health administrators, members from non-government organizations and all available eye care workers in Takeo province were recruited. This cross sectional mixed method study comprised a survey and in-depth interviews. Data were collected from medical records at Caritas Takeo Eye Hospital（CTEH） and Kiri Vong District Referral Hospital Vision Centre, and a survey and interviews with participants were done to explore the potential roles for task sharing in DR management. Qualitative data were transcribed into a text program and then entered into N-Vivo（version 10） software for data management and analysis. RESULTS： From 2009 to 2012, a total of 105 178 patients were examined and 14 030 eye surgeries were performed in CTEH by three ophthalmologists supported by ophthalmic nurses in operating and eye examination for patients. Between January 2011 and September 2012, 151 patients（72 males） with retinal pathology including 125（83%） with DR visited CTEH. In addition 170 patients with diabetes were referred to CTEH for eye examinations from Mo Po Tsyo screening programs for people with diabetes. Factors favouring task sharing included high demand for eye care services and scarcity of ***： Task sharing and team work for eye care services is functional. Participants favor the potential role of ophthalmic nurses in screening for DR through task sharing.

关键词： task sharing diabetes diabetic retinopathy human resources Cambodia

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2008：全球经济预测和中期展望

国际经济评论 2008年第1期 9-10页

作者： gail D. Fosler 世界大型企业联合会执行副总裁兼首席经济学家

一、全球经济展望实际上要想做得精确非常容易，但是要想做正确是很难的，经济学家在社会当中只会“正确”两字，所以我想给大家介绍各种各样的想法，并进行讨论，你们可以自己判断经济的前景到底如何，以及我们面临怎样的风险。首先，... 详细信息

一、全球经济展望实际上要想做得精确非常容易，但是要想做正确是很难的，经济学家在社会当中只会“正确”两字，所以我想给大家介绍各种各样的想法，并进行讨论，你们可以自己判断经济的前景到底如何，以及我们面临怎样的风险。首先，我们看一下全球经济的发展趋势。

关键词：经济预测经济展望中期经济学家发展趋势全球经济社会

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A Reason to Believe

语言教育 1998年第10期 50-51页

作者： gail Blank 姜建华

I had passed the crudely painted sign often on my way toand from *** bold red letters on a yellow background,itread simply“Peaches-U-Pick-3 mi.”Finally,driving with myhusband one day,I said,“Let’s check this out.... 详细信息

关键词： yellow pointing letters arrow Believe Reason today passed simply looking

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幼兒保育事業

Identity Processes, Depression, and the Aging Self —A Norwegian Study

2006年

作者： gail Jack

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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Advances in Aging Research 2015年第6期4卷 212-224页

作者： gail Low Mary Kalfoss Liv Halvorsrud University of Alberta Edmonton Canada Diakonova University College Oslo Norway Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences Oslo Norway

The Identity Process Theory is a theory of how people adapt to aging. According to this theory, older people attribute their physical functioning to a more variable state of health or to their age. Health attributions per se help older people avoid negative thoughts and feelings about themselves and their own process of aging. We explored health versus age attributions, and their effects upon depressive symptoms and negativity toward aging among 359 older Norwegians (age range = 60 - 91 years of age). Aging pertained to psychosocial loss, physical change, and psychological growth. Data collected in the 2004 WHOQOL-OLD Norwegian Field Study were analyzed by using a MANOVA and a validatory path analysis. Our findings consistently supported health attributions in relation to psychosocial loss (X2 = 20.37, df = 10, p = 0.03;GFI = 0.98, AGFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.05), physical change (X2 = 35.03, df = 14, p = 0.000;GFI = 0.97, AGFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.06), and psychological growth (X2 = 22.22, df = 13, p = 0.05;GFI = 0.98, AGFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.04). Health attributions increased participants’ depressive symptoms and negativity toward aging, especially toward psychosocial loss (β= -?0.45, p = 0.000) and physical change (β= - 0.48, p = 0.000). We relate these theoretically contradictory findings to Norwegian cultural beliefs and values. We make recommendations for research, including normalizing depressive symptoms and cross-cultural investigations.

关键词： Aging Identity Depression Norway MANOVA AMOS

Reciprocal Association between Psychological Distress and PTSD and Their Relationship with Pre-Displacement Stressors among Displaced Women

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International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2023年第5期25卷 699-710页

作者： Erhabor S.Idemudia Babatola D.Olawa gail E.Wyatt Norweeta G.Milburn Faculty of Humanities North-West UniversityMafikeng Campus34151South Africa Department of Psychiatry&Behavioural Sciences Jane&Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience&Human BehaviourUniversity of California Los AngelesLos Angeles90095USA

It is established in the psychological literature that pre-displacement stressors,PTSD symptoms,and psycholo-gical distress are associated among internally displaced ***,existing studies have not demonstrated the mechanism underlying these *** study compared two explanatory models;one with PTSD symptoms severity explaining the indirect association between pre-displacement stressors and psychological dis-tress,and the other with psychological distress explaining the indirect relationship between pre-displacement stressors and PTSD symptoms *** a cross-sectional design,631 women(Mean age=31.18±8.59)were conveniently and purposely selected from the displaced women harboured in two camps in Borno State,Nigeria,due to the Boko-Haram *** were collected utilizing structured questionnaires and subjected to path *** demonstrated that PTSD symptoms severity and psychological distress indirectly explained their respective and independent association with pre-displacement ***,PTSD symptoms had a statis-tically larger standardized indirect effect size,greater indirect effect percentage,and bigger kappa-squared(k2)effect size than psychological *** symptoms and psychological distress may have a reciprocal inﬂuence on each other from pre-displacement ***,PTSD symptoms can better explain the association between pre-displacement stressors and psychological distress than the other way *** outcomes have important implications for the psychological treatment of displaced persons.

关键词： PTSD symptoms psychological distress traumatic stress internally displaced persons

An Occupational Perspective of Occupational Therapy and the Medical Hegemony System in Malaysia—Exploration for Further Research

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Health 2021年第11期13卷 1285-1302页

作者： Siew Yim Loh gail Boniface Sharon Brintnell Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia School of Occupational Therapy University of Wales Cardiff UK Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada

Occupational Therapy is critically underdeveloped in many developing countries in Asia. There are many internal and external barriers to the growth of the profession, including lack of willpower and lack of professional representation in the government. This article aims to communicate the postulations for its stagnation across developing countries in Asia. An analytical reflection and historical review of the barriers to the growth of occupational therapy in Malaysia was conducted. Leaders in the field who met the inclusion criteria, collaborated to shape the reconstructions using an occupational reconstruction approach. The reconstruction guided key critical reflections on the roots of daily experiences to relive the cooperative action to problem solve the issues encountered by the profession in Malaysia. Medical hegemony was found as the active suppressor of the health professions, and can be seen as being beyond reproach in the Asian’s medical model that created occupational injustices. These occupational injustices hinder the growth of Occupational Therapy, do not serve the patients, science or the overall healthcare system. Autocratic governance has a debilitating impact on health sciences and its workforce especially around badly oppressed Asian countries. A greater systematic approach is needed to examine the extent, effect, problem solve and remediate the magnitude of injustices over the last decade—to make way for an inclusive and affordable care system.

关键词： Medical Hegemony Professional Autonomy Occupational Therapy Elitism Healthcare Communication Literacy Asia

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倒霉蛋布拉德