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Montology manifesto:echoes towards a transdisciplinary science of mountains

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Journal of Mountain science 2020年第10期17卷 2512-2527页

作者： Fausto O.sarmiento Neotropical Montology Collaboratory Department of GeographyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602USA

Mountains as archetype frame some metageographies of the vertical *** metaphors,thus,have remained as key guidance in developing not only animistic belief systems and religious cults,but also military strategies,economic potential,and scientific *** paper seeks to explain the need to integrate western knowledge,where mountains became known via natural history’s mechanistic explanations,with other *** scientists therein developed linear approaches that required exploration,experimentation,and pragmatic interpretation of generalizable mountain *** is known,however,about other civilizations’more encompassing cognition due to heuristic explanations of mountain *** knowledge holders therein developed approaches that required familiarization,observation,and romantic meditation about situated mountain *** a multimethod approach of human geography that includes onomastics,geocritical discourse analysis,political ecology,and critical biogeography,the author posits that there is a paradigmatic shift of geographic fad,when even"nature"is thought of as a"social construct"in the socioecological *** these tendencies of either Cartesian or spinozan dogmas about scientific objectives,methods and implications,mountains continue to elicit geographical *** author thus concludes that integrating narratives of mountain studies with geocritical analyses of political ecology that allow for transgressivity and referentialilty of mountain cognition can be done with transdisciplinary ***,henceforth,couples dialectic thinking with the trifecta of spatiality,complexity and historicity in highlighting mountain microrefugia for biocultural *** of montological approaches will bring mountain scientists to a new level,where the application of local ecological knowledge and cutting-edge technological instrumentation could render sustainable mountain communities,in dy

关键词： Montology geocriticism Biocultural Heritage Transdisciplinarity Mountain cognition Mountainscape

Localized Corrosion Characteristics of Nickel Alloys： A Review

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Acta Metallurgica sinica(English Letters) 2017年第4期30卷 296-305页

作者： Helmuth sarmiento Klapper Natalia s. Zadorozne Raul B. Rebak Center for Materials Research Baker Hughes 29221 CelleGermany Instituto de Materiales de Misiones (IMAM) UNaMCONICET 3300 Posadas Argentina gE global Research Schenectady NY 12309 USA

There are a great variety of commercial nickel alloys mainly because nickel is able to dissolve a large amount of alloying elements while maintaining a single ductile austenitic phase. Nickel alloys are generally designed for and used in highly aggressive environments, for example, those where stainless steels may experience pitting corrosion or environmentally assisted cracking. While nickel alloys are generally resistant to pitting corrosion in chloride-containing environments, they may be prone to crevice corrosion attack. Addition of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten increases the localized corrosion resistance of nickel alloys. This review on the resistance to localized corrosion of nickel alloys includes specific environments such as those present in oil and gas upstream operations, in the chemical process industry and in seawater service.

关键词： Nickel alloys Localized corrosion Oil and gas seawater Chemical process industry

In-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD induced by the first-dam reservoir filling

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Frontiers of structural and Civil Engineering 2018年第1期12卷 81-91页

作者： Neftali sarmiento-sOLANO Miguel P. ROMO l Institute of Engineering National University of Mexico Mexico City 0451 O Mexico

To evaluate the effects of dam height, valley narrowness and width of concrete slabs on the first-dam reservoir filling in-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD＇s, 3D finite difference analyses were carried out. Behavior of rockfiU dams considered in this study was defined from the monitoring of a number of 3D sets of pressure cells and extensometers installed in three large dams in Mexico. The 3D analyses results show that high in-plane transversal compressive stresses develop within the concrete panels located in the central concrete face zone upon dam reservoir filling loading. Likewise, in-plane induced tensile transversal stresses in the zones near the abutments increase the potential of slabs cracking and damaging the waterstops in-between the vertical and perimetral joints. From the results of the 3D finite difference analyses, a simple method to estimate in-plane normal stresses in the concrete face is advanced and through comparisons with the results of a 3D case numerical study, its accuracy assessed.

关键词： concrete face CFR dams reservoir filling slab in-plane stresses

Dynamic in-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD

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Frontiers of structural and Civil Engineering 2019年第1期13卷 135-148页

作者： Neftali sarmiento-sOLANO Miguel P.ROMO Institute of Engineering National University of MexicoMexico City04510Mexico

severe earthquakes can induce damages to Concrete Face Rocldill Dams (CFRDs)such as concrete cracking and joint's water stops distressing where high in-plane transversal normal stresses *** these damages rarely jeopardize the dam safety,they cause large water reservoir leakages that hinder the dam *** issue can be addressed using well know numerical methods;however,given the wide range of parameters involved,it would seem appropriate to develop a simple yet reliable procedure to get a close understanding how their interaction affects the CFRD's overall ***,once the physics of the problem is better understood one can proceed to perform a detailed design of the various components of the *** this end an easy-to-use procedure that accounts for the dam height effects,valley narrowness,valley slopes,width of concrete slabs and seismic excitation characteristics was *** procedure is the dynamic complement of a method recently developed to evaluate in-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD's due to dam reservoir filling [1].Using these two procedures in a sequential manner,it is possible to define the concrete slab in-plane normal stresses induced by the reservoir filling and the action of orthogonal horizontal seismic excitations acting at the same time upstream-downstream and cross *** procedures were developed from a data base generated using nonlinear static and dynamic three-dimensional numerical analyses on the same group of CFRD'***,the results were interpreted with the Buckingham Pi theorem and various relationships were *** the above reference,the method to evaluate the concrete face in-plane transversal normal stresses caused by the first reservoir filling was *** this paper,the seismic procedure is first developed and then through an example the whole method (dam construction,reservoir filling plus seismic loading)of analysis is assessed.

关键词： CFR dams dynamic analysis in-plane normal stresses concrete face

Risk Transfer for Populations in Precarious Urban Environments

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International Journal of Disaster Risk science 2020年第1期11卷 74-86页

作者： Juan Pablo sarmiento Ana María Torres-Munoz Extreme Events Institute/Disaster Risk and Resilience in the Americas(DRRA) Florida International UniversityMiamiFL 33199USA

This study explores risk transfer options that precarious and marginal urban communities could use to protect themselves from future damages and losses generated by socio-natural hazards and disasters at the individual and community levels. The design is framed within an evidence-based disaster risk reduction(DRR) strategy and follows the case study research approach. We analyze the2018 Neighborhood Approach for DRR programming evaluation carried out in four Latin American cities’ informal settlements and review relevant risk transfer experiences aimed at vulnerable populations. We calculate the pure risk premium for the four cases selected, using a previous catastrophe risk assessment for earthquakes and landslides. We propose three risk transfer options based on our analysis:(1) voluntary collective insurance;(2) structural reinforcement with a comprehensive housing insurance;and(3) hybrid parametric insurance. Risk transfer mechanisms conventionally focus on residual risk management. Here, due to the precariousness of the analyzed urban settings, the proposed alternatives go beyond the management of just residual risk to positively impact the beneficiaries’ quality of life and the reduction of the built environment’s physical vulnerability in the short and medium terms. Our study proposes a prospective estimation of future risk despite the limitations of data availability. This study opens a window to new approaches and proposes a systematic process to design DRR policy aimed at the poor and vulnerable strata of society.

关键词： Case study research Catastrophe risk assessment Informal settlements Risk transfer Urban precariousness Urban risk

Regulation of multidrug resistance by microRNAs in anti-cancer therapy

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Acta Pharmaceutica sinica B 2017年第1期7卷 38-51页

作者： Xin An Cesar sarmiento Tao Tan Hua Zhu state Key Laboratory of Oncology in south China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Department of surgery Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center

Multidrug resistance(MDR) remains a major clinical obstacle to successful cancer *** diverse mechanisms of MDR have been well elucidated, such as dysregulation of drugs transporters, defects of apoptosis and autophagy machinery, alterations of drug metabolism and drug targets, disrupti on of redox homeostasis, the exact mechanisms of MDR in a specific cancer patient and the cross-talk among these different mechanisms and how they are regulated are poorly *** RNAs(mi RNAs) are a new class of small noncoding RNAs that could control the global activity of the cell by post-transcriptionally regulating a large variety of target genes and proteins *** evidence shows that mi RNAs play a key regulatory role in MDR through modulating various drug resistant mechanisms mentioned above, thereby holding much promise for developing novel and more effective individualized therapies for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the various MDR mechanisms and mainly focuses on the role of mi RNAs in regulating MDR in cancer treatment.

关键词： Multidrug resistance miRNA Cancer Therapy Autophagy Redox Homeostasis

Changing mountain farmscapes: vulnerability and migration drivers in the Paute River watershed,southern Ecuador

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Journal of Mountain science 2021年第7期18卷 1902-1919页

作者： Mario E.DONOsO Fausto O.sarmiento Unit of Engineering Industry and ConstructionCatholic University of CuencaCuenca 010150Ecuador VLIR-IUC Program in Migration and Local Development University of Cuenca-Flemish UniversitiesCuenca 010150Ecuador Neotropical Montology Collaborator Department of GeographyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGa.30602USA

Abrupt changes in land use/land cover have often characterized Andean rural *** is particularly notorious in the Paute River watershed in southern *** seek to show how,under tenets of the global economy,rural mountain landscapes suffer constant modifications due to the agricultural practices of dwellers and *** of arable slopes takes center stage in analyzing vulnerability due to the high erodibility factor found in this *** using remote sensing and gIs applications,we analyzed the potential erodibility with intersections of rural development constraining of ecosystem services,including the production of water,food,and cultural values in the Paute River *** found six sources of migratory flows and analyzed topographic and elevation effects in potential erodibility indexes of agroecological options to ameliorate the environmental *** identified factors associated with migration trends observed in the area and assessed vulnerability issues of resource management that could prevent deforestation,soil erosion,and acculturation amidst the pressures of development in the *** conclude that sustainable development options can be implemented with a watershed management approach oriented to diminish *** approach shall be integrative,inclusive,and respectful of the rich biocultural diversity heritage conservation of southern Ecuador.

关键词： Farmscapes Erodibility Migration Rurality Paute-Ecuador

Preliminary assessment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma incidence in the Philippines: a second look at published data from four centers

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Chinese Journal of Cancer 2014年第3期33卷 159-164页

作者： Mario Paulus Cesar B.sarmiento Michael Benedict A.Mejia Department of Radiation Oncology Benavides Cancer InstituteUniversity of Santo Tomas Hospital

In endemic regions such as southern China and southeast Asia, the annual incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) ranges from 3 to 30 per 100,000. In the Philippines, the estimated incidence in 2010 was 1.2 per 100,000. However, this rate is based on data collected from registries covering only two regions in the country. Here, we report the findings from our study to better approximate the incidence of NPC in the Philippines. Between september 1, 2011 and August 31, 2012, data were collected from 49 patients from 4 different institutions—University of santo Tomas, Makati Medical Center, Philippine Oncology Center Corporation, and Cardinal santos Memorial Medical Center—using a NPC screening questionnaire. Crude incidence was 0.09 per 100,000. Age-standardized incidences using segi and WHO standards were 2.08 and 1.79 per 100,000, respectively. Of the 49 patients, 31 were males and 18 were females, and 71% of patients were between 30 and 59 years old. WHO types II and III represented 22% and 78% of the subjects, respectively, and 75.5% of cases were locally advanced(stages III–IVB). Although the age-standardized incidence from the 4 institutions was numerically higher than the published age-standardized incidence(2.07 per 100,000 vs. 1.2 per 100,000), two-proportion z-test showed no significant difference between them(P = 0.68). A more concerted effort is needed for a better approximation of the country's NPC disease burden.

关键词： Nasopharyngeal carcinoma incidence Philippines

Key factors determining biochar sorption capacity for metal contaminants:a literature synthesis

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Biochar 2020年第2期2卷 151-163页

作者： Evert Thomas Nils Borchard Christian sarmiento Rachel Atkinson Brenton Ladd Bioversity International c/o CIP Avenida La Molina 1895La MolinaLima 12Peru Natural Resources Institute Finland(Luke) Latokartanonkaari 900790 HelsinkiFinland Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Universidad Científica del SurLima 33Peru

The sorption capacity and affinity of biochar for metals are both important attributes that determine biochar’s suitability as a soil amendment for contaminant mitigation,yet few analyses have considered both characteristics *** present a systematic review of literature published between 2010 and 2018 to test the hypothesis that sorption capacity and affinity are affected by biochar properties,attributes of the metal contaminant,and experimental conditions,in that *** used random forest(RF)and multi-objective optimization to analyze data of 559 individual Langmuir adsorption isotherms extracted from 133 studies covering the sorption capacity(C_(max))and affinity(K_(L))of biochar for 17 different metals,elabo-rated from six different feedstock classes,three different types of feedstock pretreatment,and five types of post-pyrolysis *** sorption values were obtained for Pb(II),Cr(IV),and Cd(II).The feedstock used was the key determinant influencing biochar’s capacity and affinity to sorb metal contaminants(first and fourth most important variable in RF mod-els for C_(max) and K_(L),respectively)with best results obtained for biochar elaborated from nutrient-dense feedstocks(animal biowaste,sludge,and manure).Biochars that had both high sorption capacity and affinity were the result of a longer dura-tion of pyrolysis;they had lower C and higher N and O content,as well as lower C/N and higher O/C and H/C ratios,higher pore volumes and higher *** some form of pretreatment was better than none,whereas chemical modification was the best of the post-treatment methods *** review demonstrates clearly that multiple parameters during the preparation process influence the effectiveness of biochar to immobilize metal *** research that focuses on mechanisms and the underlying factors for the correlations observed should allow the development of biochar formulations that are even more effective at immobilizing metal

关键词： Biochar sorption affinity Maximum sorption capacity Metal Aluminum Arsenic Langmuir absorption coefficients