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Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 airborne infection transmission risk in public buses

geoscience Frontiers 2022年第6期13卷 224-235页

作者： M.Bertone A.Mikszewski L.Stabile g.Riccio g.Cortellessa F.R.d'Ambrosio V.Papa L.Morawska g.buonanno Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering University of Cassino and Southern LazioCassinoFRItaly CIUS Building Performance Lab The City University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia Department of Industrial Engineering University of Naples“Federico II”Italy Department of Industrial Engineering University of SalernoItaly Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness University of Naples“Parthenope”Italy

Public transport environments are thought to play a key role in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 ***,high crowding indexes(*** numbers of people relative to the vehicle size),inadequate clean air supply,and frequent extended exposure durations make transport environments potential hotspots for transmission of respiratory *** the COVID-19 pandemic,generic mitigation measures(*** distancing)have been applied without also considering the airborne transmission *** is due to the lack of quantified data about airborne contagion risk in transport *** this study,we apply a novel combination of close proximity and room-scale risk assessment approaches for people sharing public transport environments to predict their contagion risk due to SARS-CoV-2 respiratory *** particular,the individual infection risk of susceptible subjects and the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2(expressed through the reproduction number)are evaluated for two types of buses,differing in terms of exposure time and crowding index:urban and long-distance *** risk and reproduction number are calculated for different scenarios as a function of the ventilation rates(both measured and estimated according to standards),crowding indexes,and travel *** results show that for urban buses,the close proximity contribution significantly affects the maximum occupancy to maintain a reproductive number ofg,whereas for an infected subject speaking,masking would be *** long-distance buses,full occupancy of the bus can be maintained only if specific mitigation solutions are simultaneously *** example,for an infected person speaking for 1 h,appropriate filtration of the recirculated air and simultaneous use of FFP2 masks would permit full occupancy of the bus for a period of almost 8 ***,a high percentage of immunized persons(>

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 Airborne transmission Bus Transport microenvironment Maximum occupancy Air exchange rate

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The effect of the ventilation retrofit in a school on CO2,airborne particles,and energy consumptions

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建筑节能(中英文) 2019年第6期 21-21页

作者： L.Stabile g.buonanno A.Frattolillo M.Dell'Isola 侯恩哲

The energy retrofit of existing buildings is a key strategy to reduce the energy costs of the building *** the retrofit solutions,the adoption of mechanical ventilation systems represents a necessary approach for buildings w ith high crow ding index,such as *** air quality in schools is a main issue since children spend a significant fraction of the year in such microenvironments. To date,the scientific literature has carried out several studies concerning the air quality in naturally ventilated schools worldwide,nonetheless most of the studies performed a general evaluation of the air quality just using the CO2as a comprehensive indicator. This is an oversimplified approach since the indoor air quality is affected by several pollutants,including airborne particles,whose behavior cannot be predicted by the *** aim of the research is the evaluation of the effect of the ventilation retrofit in a classroom on different indoor air quality parameters and energy consumption. To this end a mechanical ventilation system w ith a heat recovery unit w as installed in a testclassroom and tests w ith CO2-based demand controlled ventilation w ere performed. CO2levels and indoor-to-outdoor particle concentrations w ere measured and compared to the pre-retrofit ventilation conditions（ i. e. manual airing procedures）.Results showed that mechanical ventilation systems have simultaneous positive effects on the different pollutants investigated as well as on ventilation heat losses: indeed,lower indoor-to-outdoor concentration ratios,with respect to the airing approach,were detected simultaneously for CO2,sub-micron particles and PM10.

关键词： Mechanical ventilation systems Indoor air quality Retrofit Schools Airborne particles CO2

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The airborne contagiousness of respiratory viruses:A comparative analysis and implications for mitigation

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geoscience Frontiers 2022年第6期13卷 257-264页

作者： Alex Mikszewski Luca Stabile giorgio buonanno Lidia Morawska International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia CIUS Building Performance Lab The City University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering University of Cassino and Southern LazioCassinoFRItaly global Centre for Clean Air Research(gCARE) Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildford GU27XHUnited Kingdom

The infectious emission rate is a fundamental input parameter for airborne transmission risk assessment,but data are limited due to reliance on estimates from chance superspreading *** study assesses the strength of a predictive estimation approach developed by the authors for SARS-CoV-2 and uses novel estimates to compare the contagiousness of respiratory *** applied the approach to SARS-CoV-1,SARS-CoV-2,MERS,measles virus,adenovirus,rhinovirus,coxsackievirus,seasonal influenza virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis(TB)and compared quanta emission rate(ER)estimates to literature *** calculated infection risk in a prototypical classroom and barracks to assess the relative ability of ventilation to mitigate airborne *** median standing and speaking ERestimate for SARS-CoV-2(2.7 quanta h)is similar to active,untreated TB(3.1 quanta h),higher than seasonal influenza(0.17 quanta h-1),and lower than measles virus(15 quanta h).We calculated event reproduction numbers above 1 for SARS-CoV-2,measles virus,and untreated TB in both the classroom and barracks for an activity level of standing and speaking at low,medium and high ventilation rates of 2.3,6.6 and 14 L per second per person(L sp),*** predictive ERestimates are consistent with the range of values reported over decades of *** congregate settings,current ventilation standards are unlikely to control the spread of viruses with upper quartile ERqvalues above 10 quanta h,such as SARS-CoV-2,indicating the need for additional control measures.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19)airborne transmission Quanta emission rate Ventilation Measles Influenza

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确立的完全性脑梗塞病人的处理

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国外医学.神经病学神经外科学分册 1981年第5期 255-257页

作者： buonanno F 吕冰清

脑血管病的定义:由于脑血管病所致局限性神经功能缺失不超过24小时者称为短暂脑缺血发作(TlA),超过24小时者称为脑梗塞或脑出血.某些神经病学家认为神经功能缺失超过24小时但在3周以内者称为可逆性神经功能缺失(RIND),有人假定

关键词：脑梗塞病进行性脑梗塞卒中病人完全性完备性脑血管造影功能缺失 TIA 苯磺哇酮

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