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Smaller and bolder prey snails have higher survival in staged encounters with the sea star Pisaster giganteus

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current Zoology 2017年第6期63卷 633-638页

作者： William c. foster connor M. ARMSTRONG Gregory T. cHISM Jonathan N. PRUITT Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA93180 USA

Temporally consistent individual differences in behavior, also known as animal personality, can have large impacts on individual fitness. Here, we explore the degree to which individual differences in anti-predator response （or boldness） influence survival rates in groups of snails chlorostoma funebralis when they encounter a predatory sea star Pisaster giganteus. The snail c. funebralis shows consistent individual variation in predator response where some fearful snails actively flee bodies of water occupied by predators whereas bolder snails consistently do not. We show here that bold snails are significantly more likely to survive encounters with a predatory sea star and, somewhat counterintuitively, fearful snails actually suffer higher mortality rates. We also found that smaller snails and those occurring at higher experimental densities experienced higher per capita survival rates. Positive effects of prey boldness on survival are not uncommonly reported in the animal personality literature; however, such results are inconsistent with classic animal personality theory borrowed from the optimal foraging literature. The findings herein add to the growing body of evidence that consistent individual differences in behavior can impact predator-prey interactions and that boldness is potentially under positive predator-driven selection in some systems.

关键词： behavioral syndrome behavioral type predation risk personality survival selection temperament.

Observations of the step-like accelerating processes of cold ions in the reconnection layer at the dayside magnetopause

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Science Bulletin 2018年第1期63卷 31-37页

作者： Qinghe Zhang Michael Lockwood John c.foster Qiugang Zong Malcolm W.Dunlop Shunrong Zhang Joran Moen Beichen Zhang Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment Institute of Space SciencesShandong UniversityWeihai 264209China Department of Meteorology University of ReadingReading RG6 6BBUK MIT Haystack Observatory WestfordMA 01886USA School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100087China Space Sciences Division SSTDRutherford Appleton LaboratoryDidcot OX11 OQXUK Department of Physics University of OsloBlindern 0316OsloNorway SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science Polar Research Institute of ChinaShanghai 200136China

cold ions of plasmaspheric origin have been observed to abundantly appear in the magnetospheric side of the Earth's magnetopause. These cold ions could affect the magnetic reconnection processes at the magnetopause by changing the Alfvén velocity and the reconnection rate, while they could also be heated in the reconnection layer during the ongoing reconnections. We report in situ observations from a partially crossing of a reconnection layer near the subsolar magnetopause. During this crossing, step-like accelerating processes of the cold ions were clearly observed, suggesting that the inflow cold ions may be separately accelerated by the rotation discontinuity and slow shock inside the reconnection layer.

关键词： cold ions Magnetic reconnection Ion accelerations Magnetopause

组织研究中的网络范式:文献综述和一个分类框架

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管理世界 2011年第8期27卷 155-165页

作者： Stephen P.Borgatti Pacey c.foster 任博华董春艳 Department of Organization Studies Carroll School of Management 东北财经大学工商管理学院

在这篇文章中,我们综述并分析了组织研究中新兴的网络范式。首先,我们围绕着现有的研究领域组织文献,对近期研究成果进行了常规的综述。然后,我们对这些研究进行分析,建立了一组区别网络研究的维度,包括因果关系的方向、分析的层次、解... 详细信息

在这篇文章中,我们综述并分析了组织研究中新兴的网络范式。首先,我们围绕着现有的研究领域组织文献,对近期研究成果进行了常规的综述。然后,我们对这些研究进行分析,建立了一组区别网络研究的维度,包括因果关系的方向、分析的层次、解释目标和解释机制。在此基础上,我们用后两个维度建立了一个2×2的表格,把网络结果研究交叉分类成4个典型:结构性社会资本,资源的社会可得性,蔓延和环境塑造。我们注意到,与网络领域的传统研究相比,越来越多的研究更关注于对主体的理解。

关键词：网络范式文献综述分类框架组织两个维度社会资本研究成果因果关系

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LTV钢公司c—5和c—6号高炉的改建

国外钢铁 1994年第6期19卷 11-15页

作者： foster,c 苏蔚

在成功地改造两座大型高炉的前提下，克服计划重叠所积累的经验将有助于完善未来主要项目的规划。最初的目标是提高产量，通过改每座高炉的日产量已由３４００－３６００ｔ提高到４０００－４２００ｔ。

关键词：高炉改建设计寿命

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排空容器内液体所需时间的计算

化工装备技术 1982年第1期 66-67页

作者： Thomas c.foster ,严培德

图中说明了如何计算排空四种普通几何形状的容器内液体所需要的时间。排出系数(cd)对于湍流状态的各种牛顿流体来讲,都是不变的,但是它受排放口形状的影响,通过刃形出口(直径为1/4吋或更大些)的水流总是呈湍流状态,因此排出常数cd的设定... 详细信息

图中说明了如何计算排空四种普通几何形状的容器内液体所需要的时间。排出系数(cd)对于湍流状态的各种牛顿流体来讲,都是不变的,但是它受排放口形状的影响,通过刃形出口(直径为1/4吋或更大些)的水流总是呈湍流状态,因此排出常数cd的设定,对于大多数实际应用条件来说是有效的。该图例举了通用的cd数值。

关键词：牛顿流体粘性流体排放口出口

Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis c genotype 3 infection:A systematic review

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2024年第4期16卷 1596-1612页

作者： Hamzah Z Farooq Michael James Jane Abbott Patrick Oyibo Pip Divall Naheed choudhry Graham R foster Blizard Institute Queen Mary University of LondonLondon E12ATUnited Kingdom School of Health and Psychological Sciences University of LondonLondon EC1V 0HBUnited Kingdom University Hospitals of Leicester Library University Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester LE39QPUnited Kingdom

BAcKGROUND Hepatitis c virus(HcV)is a blood-borne virus which globally affects around 79 million people and is associated with high morbidity and *** infection leads to cirrhosis in a large proportion of patients and often causes hepatocellular carcinoma(Hcc)in people with *** the 6 HcV genotypes(G1-G6),genotype-3 accounts for 17.9%of *** genotype-3 responds least well to directly-acting antivirals and patients with genotype-3 infection are at increased risk of Hcc even if they do not have *** To systematically review and critically appraise all risk factors for Hcc secondary to HcV-G3 in all ***,we studied possible risk factors for Hcc due to HcV-G3 in the literature from 1946 to *** This systematic review aimed to synthesise existing and published studies of risk factors for Hcc secondary to HcV genotype-3 and evaluate their strengths and *** searched Web of Science,Medline,EMBASE,and cENTRAL for publications reporting risk factors for Hcc due to HcV genotype-3 in all settings,*** Four thousand one hundred and forty-four records were identified from the four databases with 260 records removed as *** thousand eight hundred and eighty-four records were screened with 3514 *** hundred and seventy-one full-texts were assessed for eligibility with seven studies included for *** the seven studies,three studies were retrospective case-control trials,two retrospective cohort studies,one a prospective cohort study and one a cross-sectional study *** were based in hospital settings with four in Pakistan,two in South Korea and one in the United *** total number of participants were 9621 of which 167 developed Hcc(1.7%).All seven studies found cirrhosis to be a risk factor for Hcc secondary to HcV genotype-3 followed by higher age(five-studies),with two studies each showing male sex,high alpha feto-protein,directly-acting antivirals trea

关键词： Hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatitis c Genotype 3 Systematic review Blood-borne viruses Liver cancer

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脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐的产业化

日用化学品科学 2005年第8期28卷 7-8,21页

作者：诺曼福斯特美国凯密桑公司

鉴于脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐(MES)可以从廉价的动植物油中制取,对其生产的研究已有30多年。但是,早期研究脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐生产的成果不理想,产品色泽深,从原料甲酯(ME)到MES的收率也低。消费者认为色泽浅的产品纯度高,所以色泽深不受欢迎。ME... 详细信息

鉴于脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐(MES)可以从廉价的动植物油中制取,对其生产的研究已有30多年。但是,早期研究脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐生产的成果不理想,产品色泽深,从原料甲酯(ME)到MES的收率也低。消费者认为色泽浅的产品纯度高,所以色泽深不受欢迎。MES要想成为消费品中传统表面活性剂的一种替代品就必须先解决色泽深的问题。ME到MES的收率低是一个经济问题,因为它会显著增高MES的成本。收率低的原因是MES中的酯键断裂而生成甲醇和羧酸磺酸盐(二盐)。二盐无优良表面活性,所以生成二盐被视为收率的损失。因此,MES成功产业化的基本前提就是解决好色泽和收率这两个关键问题。

关键词：阴离子表面活性剂脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐产业化

是否牛皮癣性葡萄膜炎可独自成为一类临床疾病

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（眼科学分册） 2005年第6期1卷 8-9页

作者： Durrani K. foster c.S. 陈立军

To describe the clinical characteristics of uveitis occurring in patients with psoriasis and to compare them with patients with idiopathic anterior uveitis and HLA-B27- associated anterior uveitis. case-control study. The charts of 36 patients with a diagnosis of uveitis and psoriasis visiting the Immunology and Uveitis Service at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary between January 2000 and December 2001 were reviewed. clinical characteristics, therapy, and outcomes of uveitis were compared with 30 randomly selected patients with either idiopathic anterior uveitis or with HLA-B27- associated anterior uveitis. The mean age at presentation for uveitis was significantly higher in patients with psoriasis compared with nonpsoriatic groups (44.6 years in HLA-B27- psoriatic patients vs 35.9 years in HLA-B27- nonpsoriatic patients, P=. 034; 52.7 years in HLA-B27+ psoriatic vs 35.7 years in HLA-B27+ nonpsoriatic patients, P=. 001). Uveitis in patients with psoriasis also tended to be bilateral (62% ) and prolonged (11.2 weeks). HLA-B27+ patients with psoriasis required supplemental therapy with oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (95% confidence interval [cI]1.41 to 5.36, P=. 003) for anterior uveitis more often than did the HLA-B27+ nonpsoriatic group. Patients with psoriasis and uveitis who were HLA-B27+ required oral NSAIDs (95% cI 1.51 to 9.79, P=. 001) for anterior uveitis more often than did HLA-B27- psoriatic patients. Uveitis in patients with psoriasis may have distinguishing clinical features. Further epidemiologic studies are required to determine the strength of association between psoriasis without arthritis but with uveitis.

关键词：葡萄膜炎发病年龄流行病学调查病例对照研究免疫科

模拟单次暴雨的土壤流失,建立土壤侵蚀影响作物生产力的模型

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水土保持应用技术 1988年第2期 29-33页

作者： J.M.Laflen ,G.R.foster ,c.A.Onstad ,李登魁

连续长期性的土壤侵蚀影响了美国的粮食生产。然而,能够说明土壤侵蚀影响作物产量的资料却很少。收集这些资料需

关键词：土壤侵蚀土壤流失 USLE 作物生产力生物生产力暴雨降雨单次