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State of the HIV, Hepatitis B and C Virus Pandemic from 2003 to 2022 in Burkina Faso: Evolution of Prevalence Trends and Strategic Recommendations to Achieve the w.O’s Goal for Their Eradication by 2030

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第3期14卷 628-643页

作者： Abdou Azaque Zouré Christelle Nadembega Djénéba Ouermi Abdoul Karim Ouattara Lassina Traoré Adama Tiemtoré Olivier Saw.dogo Théodora M. Zohoncon florencia w. djigma Jacques Simpore Cerba-Labiogene Group Centre de Recherche Biomolculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Biologie Molculaire et de Gntique (LABIOGENE) Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IRSS/CNRST) Ouaga Burkina Faso Department of Biomedical Hpital Saint Camille de Ouagadougou (HOSCO) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Department of Biology Universit Norbert Zongo/Centre Universitaire de Manga Koudougou Burkina Faso Department of Mathematic Universit de Ouahigouya Ouahigouya Burkina Faso Faculty of Medicine University Saint Thomas dAquin (USTA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Background: The w.rld Health Organization (w.O) has set a goal to eradicate or at least significantly reduce the prevalence the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) by 2030. The main objective w.s to provide an evolving overview.of the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV infection betw.en 2003 and 2022 in Burkina Faso. Methods: It w.s a retrospective cross-sectional study based on data from 2003 to 2022. The data w.re collected using information available in the databases of the HOSCO and CERBA laboratories and included all individuals w.o underw.nt HIV and/or HBV and/or HCV testing. Data analysis w.s performed using SPSS version 20.0, EpiInfo 7, and R version 4.1.0. Results w.re considered statistically significant if p Results: The study recorded 7432 samples and the mean age of the subjects w.s 27.98 ± 8.50 years. During this period, the respective prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV w.re 4.66% (346/7432), 8.77% (582/6636) and 5.54% (322/5816). How.ver, from 2003 to 2022, there w.s a significant decrease (P y=−1.75x+12.59;y=−0.24x+10.01and y=−0.11x+6.02, w.th “y” corresponding to prevalence and “x” to the years. Conclusion: Burkina Faso needs to rigorously apply prevention and control strategies recommended by the w.O by 2030.

关键词： HIV Viral Hepatitis B and C w.O’s 2030 Goal Burkina Faso

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Gene therapy for Parkinson’s Disease and Ethical Challenges: A Systematic Review

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Advances in Parkinson's Disease 2023年第2期12卷 9-28页

作者： Théodora M. Zohoncon Joseph Saw.dogo Abdou Azaque Zoure Abdoul Karim Ouattara Marie N. L. Ouedraogo Luc Zongo Paul Ouedraogo florencia w. djigma Christelle w. M. Nadembèga Raphael Kabore Djénéba Ouermi Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah Jacques Simpore Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Faculty of Medicine University Saint Thomas d’Aquin (USTA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Saint Camille Hospital Ouagadougou (HOSCO) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory (LABIOGENE) Joseph KI-ZERBO University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso National Center for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST/IRSS) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Norbert Zongo University/Manga University Centre Koudougou Burkina Faso Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medical Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex, multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder w.th a pathophysiology deriving from the synergy of abnormal aggregation of neuroinflammation, synuclein and dysfunction of lysosomes, mitochondria and synaptic transport difficulties influenced by genetic and idiopathic factors. w.rldw.de, PD has a prevalence of 2-3% in people over the age of 65. To date, there is no certified, effective treatment for PD. Aim: The aims of this research w.re: (i) to present, on the basis of recent advances in molecular genetics and epigenetics, the genomic aspects and challenges of gene therapy trials for PD;(ii) to outline the ethical principles applicable to therapeutic trials for PD. Method: A systematic literature review.w.s carried out to identify relevant articles reporting on genomic aspects and gene therapy in PD from 2001 to October 2023. The search w.s conducted in French and/or English in three databases: PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct. PRISMA guidelines w.re used in this systematic review. Results: A total of thirty-three publications w.re selected. An inductive thematic analysis revealed that numerous genetic mutations (SNCA, Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, ATP13A2, VPS35, Parkin/PRKN, PINK1, DJ1/PARK7) and epigenetic events such as the action of certain miRNAs (miR-7, miR-153, miR-133b, miR-124, miR-137) are responsible for the onset of PD, and that genetic therapy for this pathology raises ethical questions that need to be elucidated in the light of the bioethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. Conclusion: There is no zero risk in biotechnology. Then, it w.ll be necessary to assess all the potential risks of Parkinson disease’s gene therapy to make the right decision. It is therefore essential to pursue research and, w.th the guidance of ethics, to advance treatment options and meet the challenges of brain manipulation and its impact on human identity. The golden rule of medicine remai

关键词： Neurodegenerative Diseases Parkinson Disease Molecular Mechanism Gene Therapy Gene Therapy Ethics

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Genetic diversity and occult hepatitis B infection in Africa: A comprehensive review

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w.rld Journal of Hepatology 2024年第5期16卷 843-859页

作者： Michee M Bazie Mahamoudou Sanou florencia w.ndkuuni djigma Tegw.nde Rebeca Compaore Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah Benoît Kabamba Bolni Marius Nagalo Jacques Simpore Rasmata Ouédraogo Department of Medicine Transmissible Diseases LaboratoryUniversitéJoseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou 0000Burkina Faso Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Molecular Biology and Genetics LaboratoryUniversity Joseph KI-ZERBOOuagadougou 0000Burkina Faso Infectious and parasitic disease Laboratory Health Sciences Research InstituteIRSS/CNRSTNational Center for Scientific and Technological ResearchOuagadougou 0000Burkina Faso Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medical SciencesUniversity of Cape CoastPMBCape Coast 0000Ghana Department of Clinical Biology Virology LaboratoryCliniques Universitaires Saint LucUniversitéCatholique de LouvainBruxelles 0000Belgium Division of Hematology and Oncology Mayo ClinicAZ 0000United States

BACKGROUND Occult hepatitis B infection(OBI)is a globally prevalent infection,w.th its frequency being influenced by the prevalence of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection in a particular geographic region,including *** can be transmitted th-rough blood transfusions and organ transplants and has been linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).The associated HBV genotype influences the *** To highlight the genetic diversity and prevalence of OBI in *** This systematic review.follow.d the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review. and Meta-Analyses guidelines and involved a comprehensive search on PubMed,Google Scholar,Science Direct,and African Journals Online for published studies on the prevalence and genetic diversity of OBI in *** The synthesis included 83 articles,revealing that the prevalence of OBI varied betw.en countries and population groups,w.th the highest prevalence being 90.9%in patients w.th hepatitis C virus infection and 38%in blood donors,indicating an increased risk of HBV transmission through blood *** of OBI reactivation have been reported follow.ng *** D is the predominant,follow.d by genotypes A and *** This review.highlights the prevalence of OBI in Africa,w.ich varies across countries and population *** study also demonstrates that genotype D is the most prevalent.

关键词： Occult hepatitis B infection Blood transfusion Genetic diversity

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Presymptomatic Diagnosis and Gene Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: Genomic, Therapeutic, and Ethical Aspects—A Systematic Review

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Advances in Alzheimer's Disease 2023年第4期12卷 55-74页

作者： Théodora M. Zohoncon Joseph Saw.dogo Abdoul Karim Ouattara Abdou Azaque Zoure Marie N. L. Ouedraogo Paul Ouedraogo florencia w. djigma Christelle w. M. Nadembèga Raphael Kabore Djénéba Ouermi Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah Jacques Simpore Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Faculty of Medicine University Saint Thomas d’Aquin (USTA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire H&#244pital Saint Camille de Ouagadougou (HOSCO) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouaga Burkina Département de Biochimie microbiologie Université Norbert Zongo/Centre Universitaire de Manga Koudougou Burkina Faso Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medical Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana

Over the past three decades, genomic and epigenetic sciences have identified more than 70 genes involved in the molecular pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). DNA methylation, abnormal histone and chromatin regulation and the action of various miRNAs induce AD. The identification of mutated genes has paved the w.y for the development of diagnostic kits and the initiation of gene therapy trials. How.ver, despite major advances in neuroscience research, there is yet no suitable treatment for AD. Therefore, the early diagnosis of this neurodegenerative disease raises several ethical questions, including the balance betw.en the principle of non-maleficence and the principle of beneficence. The aims of this research w.re to present the genomic and ethical aspects of AD, and to highlight the ethical principles involved in its presymptomatic diagnosis and therapy. A systematic review.of the literature in PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct w.s carried out to outline the genomic aspects and ethical principles relating not only to the presymptomatic diagnosis of AD, but also to its gene therapy. A total of 16 publications w.re selected. AD is a multifactorial disease that can be genetically classified into Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease and Familial Alzheimer’s Disease based on family history. Gene therapy targeting specific disease-causing genes is a promising therapeutic strategy. Advancements in artificial intelligence applications may enable the prediction of AD onset several years in advance. w.ile early diagnosis of AD may empow.r patients w.th full decision competence for early decision-making, it also carries implications for the patient’s family members, w.o are at risk of developing the disease, potentially becoming a source of confusion or anxiety. AD has a significant impact on the life of individuals at risk and their families. Given the absence of disease modifying therapy, genetic screening and early diagnosis for this condition raise ethical issue

关键词： Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer’s Disease Molecular Mechanism Gene Therapy Presymptomatic Diagnosis Ethics Gene Therapy Ethics

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Assessing the Environmental Impact of Extensive Beef Production in Grazing Lands of Argentina

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2024年第8期93卷 1943-1962页

作者： Ernesto Viglizzo florencia Ricard Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasSanta Rosa6300La PampaArgentina Universidad Austral Rosario2000Santa FeArgentina Secretaría de Ambiente y Cambio Climático del Gobierno de La Pampa Santa Rosa6300La PampaArgentina Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de La PampaSanta Rosa6300La PampaArgentina

Because of environmental constraints,beef cattle w.s for more than a century the only viable farming option in the extensive semiarid and subhumid lands of Argentina and the main source of nutrients for humans as ***,a grow.ng concern and criticism have risen today about its possible negative impact on the climate and the *** w.rries tend to affect current public opinions,national policies,and international *** on 40 beef cattle farms scattered across different semiarid and subhumid regions of Argentina,here w. evaluated the impact of extensive cattle production on carbon,w.ter,and nutrient ***-Cycle Assessment(LCA)and Land-Based Assessment(LBA)w.re the tw. approaches w. used here to compare the environmental impact of beef *** the environmental footprint(EF)resulting from LCA expresses the impact per unit of food,the environmental balance(EB),derived from LBA,aims at quantifying the impact per unit of *** such,the EB considers both negative and positive impacts on the farm as an integrated *** standardized procedures,w. evaluated EF and EB up to the farm gate,leaving aside delocalized post-farm impacts such as those of processing,packaging,and transportation that occur beyond the farm *** agreement w.th previous evidence,our results show.that the EF tends to decrease as per-head production *** coefficients and statistical significance w.re the follow.ng for carbon(R=−0.574;pw.ter(R=−0.561;pw.re the follow.ng for carbon emissions(CE:R=0.955;pw.ter consumption(w.:R=0.822;pw.at our results suggest is that the notion of EF is useful to evaluate the environmental impact in intensive beef

关键词： Beef production extensive cattle raising grazing conditions environmental impact assessment

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Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Precancerous Cervical Lesions in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016年第4期6卷 196-204页

作者： Charlemagne Ouédraogo Théodora Mahoukèdè Zohoncon Esther M. A. Traoré Souleymane Ouattara Prosper Bado Clarisse T. Ouedraogo florencia w. djigma Djénéba Ouermi Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah Olga Lompo Simon A. Akpona Jacques Simpore Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Center (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso UFR/SDS University of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE) University of Ouagadougou Ouagadougo Burkina Faso Teaching and Research Unit in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Parakou Parakou Republic of Benin Faculty of Medicine Université Saint Thomas d’Aquin Ouagadougou Burkina Faso University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences Microbiology Department University Post Office Cape Coast Ghana Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital (CHU/YO) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Aims: w. aimed at identifying the high-risk HPV genotypes associated w.th high-grade dysplastic cervical lesions in Burkina Faso. The available vaccines to Burkina Faso only protect against tw. high risk HPV genotypes: HPV 16 and 18. Are the genotypes identified in the high-grade precan-cerous lesions in this survey covered by the available vaccines? Methods: The detection and genotyping of high-risk HPV have been conducted based on 118 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded archived tissues using the “HPV Genotypes 14 Real-TM Quant” (Sacace biotechnologies®, Italy) kit allow.ng for the detection of fourteen high-risk HPV genotypes: HPV 16, 31, 18, 39, 45, 59, 33, 35, 56, 68, 51, 52, 58 and 66. Results: The prevalence of high-risk HPV infections w.s 48.8% based on the appropriate PCR results (21/43). The most common HPV genotypes w.re HPV 39 (21.7%), HPV 35 (13.0%) and HPV 45 (13.0%). Tw. cases of multiple infections betw.en HPV 39 - 45 and HPV 39 - 59 have been observed. HPV 16 w.s not detected in this study. Conclusions: w. noted a high prevalence rate for HPV 39, HPV 35 and HPV 45, w.ich are not covered by the commercial vaccines. w. also found that the prevalence of HPV 18 w.s very low.in this study and HPV 16 w.s not detected.

关键词： HPV Cancer CIN Cervix Burkina Faso

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Detection of Low.Risk and High-Risk Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus in Archived Tissues from ENT Tumors in Burkina Faso

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2023年第9期11卷 171-180页

作者： Ali Kandé Maïmouna Ilboudo Djénéba Ouermi Ina Marie Angèle Traore Abdoul Karim Ouattara Théodora Mahoukèdè Zohoncon Esther Mah Alima Traore florencia w. djigma Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah Henriette Poaty Yvette Marie Chantal Gyebre Olga M. Lompo Charlemagne MR Ouedraogo Jacques Simpore Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Biologie moléculaire et de génétique (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso University Post Office Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medical Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is classified into high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) and HPV (LR-HPV) according to their oncogenic potential. These viruses can be found in the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus and in the ENT sphere. HPV ENT infections can lead to benign or malignant tumors in w.ich w. could find both LR-HPV and HR-HPV genotypes. The objective of this study w.s to investigate the genotypes of HR-HPV and LR-HPV in archived tissue samples derived from both benign and malignant tumors of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. One hundred and tw.nty formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archived tissues of the ENT sphere from 26 benign tumors and 94 malignant tumors w.re included. The tissues w.re first deparaffinized w.th xylem. The extracted DNA w.s used to test for high-risk and low.risk HPV by Real-Time Multiplex PCR. HPV DNA w.s found in 57.7% (15/26) of benign tumors and 43.61% (41/94) of malignant tumors. The prevalence of HPV infection w.s 46.67% (56/120) in all tumors combined. The most common HPV genotypes found w.re HPV 11 (34.28%), HPV 6 (30%), HPV56 (14.28%) and HPV 33 (8.57%). There w.re 21.43% (12/56) cases of genotypes co-infections w.th 10 cases of double infection and 2 cases of triple infection. Both low.risk and high-risk HPV are found in ENT tumors w.th relatively high HPV prevalence.

关键词： HPV Archived Tissues ENT Tumor Burkina Faso

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Bacterial plant pathogens affect the locomotor behavior of the insect vector:a case study of Citrus volkameriana-Triozae erytreae-Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus system

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Insect Science 2024年第3期31卷 901-910页

作者： Arnaud Ameline Alain Karkach Thomas Denoirjean Martial Grondin florencia Molinari Patrick Turpin Helene Delatte Bernard Reynaud UMR CNRS 7058 EDYSAN(Ecologie et Dynamique des Systemes Anthropises) Universite de Picardie Jules VerneAmiensCedexFrance UMR PVBMT(Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical) Universitéde la RéunionSaint PierreLa RéunionFrance

Plant pathogens can alter the behavior of their insect vectors as w.ll as their survival and *** African psyllid,Trioza erytreae,is one of the vectors of Huanglongbing,a citrus disease caused mainly by"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus"(CLas).The purpose of this study w.s to characterize the effects of CLas on the psyllid,*** using Citrus volkamerina plants as the study *** study focused more specifically on the CLas effects prior to and after its acquisition by the psyllid *** results did not support the hypothesis that CLas effects psyllid probing behavior prior to acquisition;few.differences w.re observed betw.en uninfected *** feeding on CLas-infected versus control *** the other hand,compared to psyllids that had completed their development on control plants,the ones that had completed their development on a CLas-infected plant exhibited changes in their behavior(greater velocity),physiology(smaller mass)and biochemistry(low.r w.ter and lipid content).Altogether,our results confirm the existence of a marked postacquisition effect on the vector locomotor behavior and a minor preacquisition effect of CLas on the vector behavior,w.ich can be partially explained by physiological and biochemical changes.

关键词： electrical penetration graph Huanglongbing locomotory behavior lipid biomass probing behavior vector manipulation

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Bloom-forming cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates in five Argentinian reservoirs:Multi-year sampling

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w.ter Biology and Security 2024年第1期3卷 28-36页

作者： florencia Soledad Alvarez Dalinger Borja Claudia Nidia Veronica Laura Lozano Liliana Beatriz Morana María Monica Salusso Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de SaltaAvenida Bolivia 5150Salta4400Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y T'ecnicas(CONICET) Godoy Cruz 2290Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos AiresArgentina

Harmful algal blooms are important threats to reservoir *** a 15-year period,w. sampled five Argentinian reservoirs to identify the responsible species for harmful algal blooms and determine the w.ter quality factors driving their *** reservoirs exhibit diverse morphological and hydrological characteristics and are distributed across varying climatic *** blooms included an array of species,including toxin producers such as Raphidiopsis raciborskii,Aphanizomenon gracile,and Microcystis *** contrast,dinoflagellate blooms w.re predominantly characterized by *** cyanobacterial blooms primarily occurred in the shallow.r reservoirs located in w.rmer regions,w.ereas dinoflagellate blooms occurred w.ere temperatures w.re *** most intense blooms occurred during the summer,and although cyanobacterial and chlorophyte blooms co-occurred,they never coexisted w.th dinoflagellate *** identified cyanotoxins in the reservoirs over the past three years,a phenomenon previously unreported in the *** that these reservoirs are drinking w.ter sources for human populations,ongoing and systematic monitoring is needed to protect public *** the proliferation of algae and cyanobacteria in reservoirs requires resource management at the w.tershed level,and in the case of the Itiyuro and El Limon,requires binational management w.th Bolivia.

关键词： HABs Freshw.ter South America Toxins

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Molecular Diagnosis of Sexual Differentiation Disorders in Burkina Faso

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第3期12卷 1-15页

作者： Bazie Bapio Valérie Elvira Jean Télesphore Saw.dogo Soumaïla Zohoncon Théodora Mahoukèdè Tall Ahmadou Bado Prosper Soubeiga Serge Théophile Ouattara Moussa Sorgho Abel Kiendrebeogo Touw.ndpoulimdé Isabelle Yonli Albert Theophane djigma florencia Millogo/Traore Timongo Françoise Danielle Simpore Jacques Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Unité de Formation en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigonie (CERBA) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Régional de Ouahigouya Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Sex development anomalies represent a group of congenital pathologies in w.ich chromosomal, gonadal and anatomical sex differentiation is atypical. The aim of our study w.s to use molecular biology techniques to elucidate sex in cases of anomalies of sexual differentiation in Burkina Faso. This cross-sectional study took place from March 2023 to June 2023. Oral and blood samples w.re collected respectively using sterile sw.bs and stored on Sw.b Kits and NUCLEIcardTM (https://***/product-ranges/nucleic-card/) w.re used to determine gonosome profiles. Extraction w.s carried out using the DNA Sw.p solution Kit and the DNA IQ System Kit, and a Pow.rPlex? 21 kit (Promega) for amplification. The Applied Biosystems 9700 thermal cycler w.s used for PCR follow.d by 36 cm capillary electrophoresis in the Applied Biosystems 3130 prism sequencer. Sequence files w.re analyzed using GeneMapper IDX v. 3.2 softw.re. Seven (07) patients w.re registered during the study period. There w.re 4 cases of XX DSD or 46, XX DSD and 3 cases of XY DSD or 46, XY DSD. The median age of our patients w.s 16 years. Civilian sex w.s male in 4 cases and female in 3. The most frequent reason for consultation w.s micropenis in 3 cases, follow.d by primary amenorrhea and sex ambiguity. There w.re 03 cases of discrepancy betw.en genetic sex and civil sex. The accessibility of molecular diagnosis is little know. to clinicians. XX DSDs or 46, XX DSDs w.re the most frequent (4/7) in our study. The problem facing this situation is early diagnosis to help prevent complications in Burkina Faso.

关键词： Gonosome DSD Abnormal Sexual Development Burkina Faso

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