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Unveiling the Nexus the link between water quality index and phthalic acid ester concentrations in Tigris River

Emerging Contaminants 2024年第1期10卷 108-116页

作者： Shaymaa Arif Shukur fikrat m.hassan Saad Sabah Fakhry Department of Biology College of Science for WomenUniversity of BaghdadIraq ministry of Science and Technology/Food Contamination Research Center Iraq

monitoring water quality in an aquatic system is a crucial objective in pursuing sustainable development,despite the challenges posed by water scarcity and the impact of climate *** objective of the present study was to examine the water quality of the Tigris River along its course from the point of entry into Baghdad city to its exit,particularly in the presence of Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs).In both dry and wet seasons and from five sites of the river,nine environmental factors(Turbidity,Total dissolved solids,pH,dissolved oxygen,Chloride,nitrate,phosphate,sulfate,and Biological oxygen demand)and three PAEs(di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP),di-isononyl phthalate(DiNP),and di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate(DEHP))were *** revealed that the river has high levels of turbidity and Total dissolved solids,slightly alkaline,and well-aerated(dissolved oxygen>7 mg/L).Chloride,nitrate,phosphate,and sulfate values varied between seasons,as high values were recorded in the wet *** oxygen demand levels were higher during the dry *** highest value of total PAEs(2.20μg/L)was observed during the dry season,and the lowest value was in the wet season(1.16μg/L).The HQ results revealed that the river was ranked as a moderate risk *** the water quality index and environmental risk index classified the water quality as a poor category,with a high-risk score in the study sites within Baghdad ***,despite the acceptable limit of PAEs in the river's water(m to withdraw attention to its environmental *** findings highlight the need for appropriate measures to control and remove pollutants to ensure a safe and healthy water supply in the Tigris River.

关键词： Phthalic acid esters di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP) di-isononyl phthalate(DiNP) di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate(DEHP) Environmental risk index Tigris River Water pollution

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A Contribution to the Epipelic Algal Ecology in Lotic Ecosystem of Iraq

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2015年第2期6卷 85-95页

作者： fikrat m. hassan Ali Obaid Shaawiat College of Science for Women University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq College of Education University of Al-Qadisiyah Al Diwaniyah Iraq

The study was conducted on epipleic diatoms in a lotic ecosystem. The Al-Shamiyah River was selected which is a distance from industrial activities. Four sites along the river were selected for sampling during the period from march 2013 to February 2014. A total of 173 species of epipelic diatoms were identified. The pennate diatoms predominated and represented about 92.49% of the total diatoms, while centric diatoms formed only 7.51%. The total number of diatoms ranged between 185.1 - 422.34 cell × 104/cm2. Some of the pennate diatom species were Achnanthes affinis Grunow, Achnanthes mintussima Küetzing, Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehr.) Cleve, Cymbella affinis Küetzing, Diatoma vulgare Bory, Fragilaria capucina Desmazieres, Gomphonema angustatum var. productu Grun., Navicula lanceolata (Ag.) Kuetzing, Navicula radiosa Küetzing, Navicula viridula Küetzing, Nitzschia palea (Kutz.) W. Smith,?Nitzschia romana Grunow. The physicochemical and epipelic algae species indicated that the water quality of the river was clean to moderate water quality.

关键词： Diatom Epipelic Algae Lotic System Euphrates River

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A Study of Phytoplankton Communities and Related Environmental Factors in Euphrates River (between Two Cities: Al-musayyab and Hindiya), Iraq

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2013年第10期4卷 1071-1079页

作者： Jasim m. Salman hassan J. Jawad Ahmmed J. Nassar fikrat m. hassan College of Science for Woman University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq College of Science University of Babylon Hilla Iraq College of Science University of Karbala Holly Karbala Iraq

The phytoplankton communities and related physical-chemical features of the Euphrates River at its middle region inside Iraqi territory were studied during the study period from October 2011 to September 2012. Samples were taken from Al-musayab district extending to Al-Hindia district. The phytoplankton community (quantitative, qualitative and Chlorophyll-a) have been studied, in addition to many environmental parameters such as temperature, pH, electric conductivity (EC), Salinity (‰), TDS, TSS, dissolved oxygen, BOD5. A total of 105 phytoplankton taxa belonging to Bacillariophyta (69), Chlorophyta (19), Cynophyta (12), Euglenophyta (3), and Dinophyta (2) were recorded within the present study period. Some algal genera dominated mostly in the study period and sites such as Scendesmus, melosira, Cymbella, Diatoma, Navicula, Nitiazschia and Syndera. A statistical analysis was done using the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA).

关键词： Phytoplankton Water Quality Quantitative and Qualitative Study Euphrates River Iraq

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The Study of Pollution of PAHs （Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons） in AI-Hilla River, Iraq by Using Bioindicator Freshwater Crab （Sesarma boulengeri Caiman）

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Journal of Life Sciences 2014年第4期8卷 351-357页

作者： Jasim m. Salman Atheer S. N. AI-Azawey fikrat m. hassan College of Science University of Babylon Babi151002 Iraq College of Science for Woman. University of Baghdad Baghdad 10071 Iraq

The present study was used freshwater Crab （Sesarma boulengeri Caiman） as bioindicator to measured the PAHs levels in AI-Hilla River, Iraq, during the period from march 2010 to February 2011. Crab samples were collected from two sites on the AI-Hilla River. Sixteen of PAils compounds were identified seasonally in these samples. High mean value was （72.06 μg/g）, recorded by Dibenzo （a, h） anthracene （DbA） in Site 1 and low mean value was （0.36 μg/g） recorded by Anthracene （Ant） in Site 2. The study showed a clear variation in PAHs concentration independent from the seasons and locations. Site 1 recorded high value of HmW （high molecular weight） and LmW （low molecular weight） more than Site 2. The present study revealed that all PAHs compounds were from Pyrogenic Origin. Seven carcinogenic PAHs （cPAHs） were recorded in crab tissues that were collected from the AI-Hilla River. The TEF （toxicity equivalency factor） was calculated to toxicity equivalent crab concentration. From the results, the fresh water Crab Sesarma boulengeri is a good bioindicator to water pollution by PAHs.

关键词： Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons fresh water crab carcinogenic PAHs environmental health bioindicator Euphrates River AI-Hilla River.

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Concentrations in Some Aquatic macrophytes in Hilla River, Iraq

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2016年第2期7卷 198-211页

作者： fikrat m. hassan Jasim m. Salman Ali A. Dou Abul Atheer S. Naji College of Science for Woman University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq College of Science University of Babylon Babylon Iraq marin Science Center University of Basrah Basrah Iraq College of Ecology Al-Qasim Green University Babylon Iraq

Phragmites australis, Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton perfoliatus and Ceratophyllum demersum were selected to study concentrations of PAHs in lotic ecosystems. Six sampling sites were selected along Al-Hilla River and sampling was conducted in 2010 and 2011. Sixteen PAHs listed as priority pollutants were detected in the samples collected, including Naphthalene (Nap), Acenaphthylene (Acpy), Acenaphthene (Acp), Fluorene (Flu), Phenanthrene (Phen), Anthracene (Ant), Fluoranthene (Flur), Pyrene (Py), Benzo (a) Anthracene (B(a)A), Chrysene (Chry), Benzo (b) Fluoranthene (B(b)F), Benzo (k) Fluoranthene (B(k)F), Benzo (a) Pyrene (B(a)P), Dibenzo (a, h) Anthracene (D(b)A), Benzo (ghi) Perylene (B(ghi)P) and Indeno (1,2,3-cd) Pyrene (Ind). The results of the study illustrate that the PAH concentration in macrophytes varies among their species. These variances were as follows: P. australis 0.425 to 299.424 μg/g dry weight (Dw) for B(ghi)P and B(b)F, respectively;P. perfoliatus 0.354 to 235.84 μg/g Dw for B(b)F and B(ghi)P, respectively;C. demersum 0.996 to 162.942 μg/g Dw for Ant and B(ghi)P, respectively;and P. pectinatus 0.383 to 99.87 μg/g Dw for Ant and Nap, respectively. The accumulation potential of PAHs was also investigated by calculating the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Bio-sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF). The ranges of BCF ratios were 0.05 to 5334.5, 0.08 to 1602.5, 0.01 to 536.6, 0.16 to 1882 in P. australis, P. perfoliatus, P. pectinatus and C. demersum, respectively. The range of BSAF ratios were 3.14 to 1041.6 and 1.5 to 2920.8 in P. australis and P. perfoliatus, respectively.

关键词： PAH macrophytes Lotic Ecosystems Al-Hilla River Pollution PAH Origin

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Quality, Quantity and Origin of PAHs （Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons） in Lotic Ecosystem of Al-Hilla River, Iraq

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2014年第8期8卷 1026-1038页

作者： fikrat m. hassan Jasim m.Salman Atheer S.N. Al-Azawey Nadhir Al-Ansari Sven Kutsson College of Science for Women University of Baghdad Baghdad Jadiria-Baghdad 14001 Iraq College of Science University of Babylon Babylon Hilla 14004 lraq Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea 971 87 Sweden

The Euphrates River is one of the major rivers in Iraq. When it reaches north of Hilla city, it will be divided in two branches. One of these braches flows toward Hilla city. On this branch, six locations were studied for the water quality of the Euphrates water. The present paper is aimed to fill the gap of information of the presence of PAHs （poly aromatic hydrocarbons） in water and sediment of AI-Hilla River, as well as to determine the quality and quantity of some PAHs. The depth of the river ranges from 2 m to 6 m. The quality, quantity and the origin of PAHs were studied in the water and sediment of Al-Hilla River. In addition, some physical and chemical properties were studied at six sites along the studied area, for the period march, 2010 to February, 2011. Sixteen PAHs that are listed by USEPA （US Environmental Protection Agency） as priority pollutants （Nap （naphthalene）, Acpy （acenaphthylene）, Acp （acenaphthene）, Flu （fluorine）, Phen （phenanthrene）, Ant （anthracene）, Flur （fluoranthene）, Py （pyrene）, B（a）A （benzo（a）anthracene）, Chry （chrysene）, B（b）F （benzo（b）fluoranthene）, B（k）F （benzo（k）fluoranthene）, B（a）p （benzo（a）pyrene）, BbA （dibenzo（a,h）anthracene）, B（ghi）P （benzo（ghi）perylene） and Ind （indeno （1,2,3-cd） pyrene）） were detected in Al-Hilla river. High concentrations of PAHs were detected in the sediment relative to that within the water. The present study revealed that the origin of PAHs in water and sediment might be the pyrogenic origin.

关键词： PAHs food chain water sediment Euphrates River

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