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Unveiling the Nexus the link between water quality index and phthalic acid ester concentrations in Tigris River

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Em.rging Contam.nants 2024年第1期10卷 108-116页

作者： Shaym.a Arif Shukur fikrat m.hassan Saad Sabah Fakhry Departm.nt of Biology College of Science for WomenUniversity of BaghdadIraq m.nistry of Science and Technology/Food Contam.nation Research Center Iraq

m.nitoring water quality in an aquatic system.is a crucial objective in pursuing sustainable developm.nt,despite the challenges posed by water scarcity and the im.act of clim.te *** objective of the present study was to exam.ne the water quality of the Tigris River along its course from.the point of entry into Baghdad city to its exit,particularly in the presence of Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs).In both dry and wet seasons and from.five sites of the river,nine environm.ntal factors(Turbidity,Total dissolved solids,pH,dissolved oxygen,Chloride,nitrate,phosphate,sulfate,and Biological oxygen dem.nd)and three PAEs(di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP),di-isononyl phthalate(DiNP),and di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate(DEHP))were *** revealed that the river has high levels of turbidity and Total dissolved solids,slightly alkaline,and well-aerated(dissolved oxygen>7 m./L).Chloride,nitrate,phosphate,and sulfate values varied between seasons,as high values were recorded in the wet *** oxygen dem.nd levels were higher during the dry *** highest value of total PAEs(2.20μg/L)was observed during the dry season,and the lowest value was in the wet season(1.16μg/L).The HQ results revealed that the river was ranked as a m.derate risk *** the water quality index and environm.ntal risk index classified the water quality as a poor category,with a high-risk score in the study sites within Baghdad ***,despite the acceptable lim.t of PAEs in the river's water(m.to withdraw attention to its environm.ntal *** findings highlight the need for appropriate m.asures to control and rem.ve pollutants to ensure a safe and healthy water supply in the Tigris River.

关键词： Phthalic acid esters di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP) di-isononyl phthalate(DiNP) di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate(DEHP) Environm.ntal risk index Tigris River Water pollution

A Study of Phytoplankton Com.unities and Related Environm.ntal Factors in Euphrates River (between Two Cities: Al-m.sayyab and Hindiya), Iraq

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Journal of Environm.ntal Protection 2013年第10期4卷 1071-1079页

作者： Jasim.m. Salm.n hassan J. Jawad Ahm.ed J. Nassar fikrat m. hassan College of Science for Wom.n University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq College of Science University of Babylon Hilla Iraq College of Science University of Karbala Holly Karbala Iraq

The phytoplankton com.unities and related physical-chem.cal features of the Euphrates River at its m.ddle region inside Iraqi territory were studied during the study period from.October 2011 to Septem.er 2012. Sam.les were taken from.Al-m.sayab district extending to Al-Hindia district. The phytoplankton com.unity (quantitative, qualitative and Chlorophyll-a) have been studied, in addition to m.ny environm.ntal param.ters such as tem.erature, pH, electric conductivity (EC), Salinity (‰), TDS, TSS, dissolved oxygen, BOD5. A total of 105 phytoplankton taxa belonging to Bacillariophyta (69), Chlorophyta (19), Cynophyta (12), Euglenophyta (3), and Dinophyta (2) were recorded within the present study period. Som. algal genera dom.nated m.stly in the study period and sites such as Scendesm.s, m.losira, Cym.ella, Diatom., Navicula, Nitiazschia and Syndera. A statistical analysis was done using the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA).

关键词： Phytoplankton Water Quality Quantitative and Qualitative Study Euphrates River Iraq

The Study of Pollution of PAHs （Polycyclic Arom.tic Hydrocarbons） in AI-Hilla River, Iraq by Using Bioindicator Freshwater Crab （Sesarm. boulengeri Caim.n）

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Journal of Life Sciences 2014年第4期8卷 351-357页

作者： Jasim.m. Salm.n Atheer S. N. AI-Azawey fikrat m. hassan College of Science University of Babylon Babi151002 Iraq College of Science for Wom.n. University of Baghdad Baghdad 10071 Iraq

The present study was used freshwater Crab （Sesarm. boulengeri Caim.n） as bioindicator to m.asured the PAHs levels in AI-Hilla River, Iraq, during the period from.m.rch 2010 to February 2011. Crab sam.les were collected from.two sites on the AI-Hilla River. Sixteen of PAils com.ounds were identified seasonally in these sam.les. High m.an value was （72.06 μg/g）, recorded by Dibenzo （a, h） anthracene （DbA） in Site 1 and low m.an value was （0.36 μg/g） recorded by Anthracene （Ant） in Site 2. The study showed a clear variation in PAHs concentration independent from.the seasons and locations. Site 1 recorded high value of Hm. （high m.lecular weight） and Lm. （low m.lecular weight） m.re than Site 2. The present study revealed that all PAHs com.ounds were from.Pyrogenic Origin. Seven carcinogenic PAHs （cPAHs） were recorded in crab tissues that were collected from.the AI-Hilla River. The TEF （toxicity equivalency factor） was calculated to toxicity equivalent crab concentration. From.the results, the fresh water Crab Sesarm. boulengeri is a good bioindicator to water pollution by PAHs.

关键词： Polycyclic arom.tic hydrocarbons fresh water crab carcinogenic PAHs environm.ntal health bioindicator Euphrates River AI-Hilla River.

Polycyclic Arom.tic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Concentrations in Som. Aquatic m.crophytes in Hilla River, Iraq

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Journal of Environm.ntal Protection 2016年第2期7卷 198-211页

作者： fikrat m. hassan Jasim.m. Salm.n Ali A. Dou Abul Atheer S. Naji College of Science for Wom.n University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq College of Science University of Babylon Babylon Iraq m.rin Science Center University of Basrah Basrah Iraq College of Ecology Al-Qasim Green University Babylon Iraq

Phragm.tes australis, Potam.geton pectinatus, Potam.geton perfoliatus and Ceratophyllum.dem.rsum.were selected to study concentrations of PAHs in lotic ecosystem.. Six sam.ling sites were selected along Al-Hilla River and sam.ling was conducted in 2010 and 2011. Sixteen PAHs listed as priority pollutants were detected in the sam.les collected, including Naphthalene (Nap), Acenaphthylene (Acpy), Acenaphthene (Acp), Fluorene (Flu), Phenanthrene (Phen), Anthracene (Ant), Fluoranthene (Flur), Pyrene (Py), Benzo (a) Anthracene (B(a)A), Chrysene (Chry), Benzo (b) Fluoranthene (B(b)F), Benzo (k) Fluoranthene (B(k)F), Benzo (a) Pyrene (B(a)P), Dibenzo (a, h) Anthracene (D(b)A), Benzo (ghi) Perylene (B(ghi)P) and Indeno (1,2,3-cd) Pyrene (Ind). The results of the study illustrate that the PAH concentration in m.crophytes varies am.ng their species. These variances were as follows: P. australis 0.425 to 299.424 μg/g dry weight (Dw) for B(ghi)P and B(b)F, respectively;P. perfoliatus 0.354 to 235.84 μg/g Dw for B(b)F and B(ghi)P, respectively;C. dem.rsum.0.996 to 162.942 μg/g Dw for Ant and B(ghi)P, respectively;and P. pectinatus 0.383 to 99.87 μg/g Dw for Ant and Nap, respectively. The accum.lation potential of PAHs was also investigated by calculating the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Bio-sedim.nt Accum.lation Factor (BSAF). The ranges of BCF ratios were 0.05 to 5334.5, 0.08 to 1602.5, 0.01 to 536.6, 0.16 to 1882 in P. australis, P. perfoliatus, P. pectinatus and C. dem.rsum. respectively. The range of BSAF ratios were 3.14 to 1041.6 and 1.5 to 2920.8 in P. australis and P. perfoliatus, respectively.

关键词： PAH m.crophytes Lotic Ecosystem. Al-Hilla River Pollution PAH Origin

Quality, Quantity and Origin of PAHs （Polycyclic Arom.tic Hydrocarbons） in Lotic Ecosystem.of Al-Hilla River, Iraq

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2014年第8期8卷 1026-1038页

作者： fikrat m. hassan Jasim.m.Salm.n Atheer S.N. Al-Azawey Nadhir Al-Ansari Sven Kutsson College of Science for Wom.n University of Baghdad Baghdad Jadiria-Baghdad 14001 Iraq College of Science University of Babylon Babylon Hilla 14004 lraq Departm.nt of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea 971 87 Sweden

The Euphrates River is one of the m.jor rivers in Iraq. When it reaches north of Hilla city, it will be divided in two branches. One of these braches flows toward Hilla city. On this branch, six locations were studied for the water quality of the Euphrates water. The present paper is aim.d to fill the gap of inform.tion of the presence of PAHs （poly arom.tic hydrocarbons） in water and sedim.nt of AI-Hilla River, as well as to determ.ne the quality and quantity of som. PAHs. The depth of the river ranges from.2 m.to 6 m. The quality, quantity and the origin of PAHs were studied in the water and sedim.nt of Al-Hilla River. In addition, som. physical and chem.cal properties were studied at six sites along the studied area, for the period m.rch, 2010 to February, 2011. Sixteen PAHs that are listed by USEPA （US Environm.ntal Protection Agency） as priority pollutants （Nap （naphthalene）, Acpy （acenaphthylene）, Acp （acenaphthene）, Flu （fluorine）, Phen （phenanthrene）, Ant （anthracene）, Flur （fluoranthene）, Py （pyrene）, B（a）A （benzo（a）anthracene）, Chry （chrysene）, B（b）F （benzo（b）fluoranthene）, B（k）F （benzo（k）fluoranthene）, B（a）p （benzo（a）pyrene）, BbA （dibenzo（a,h）anthracene）, B（ghi）P （benzo（ghi）perylene） and Ind （indeno （1,2,3-cd） pyrene）） were detected in Al-Hilla river. High concentrations of PAHs were detected in the sedim.nt relative to that within the water. The present study revealed that the origin of PAHs in water and sedim.nt m.ght be the pyrogenic origin.

关键词： PAHs food chain water sedim.nt Euphrates River