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Tectonically asymmetric Earth:From net rotation to polarized westward drift of the lithosphere

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Geoscience Frontiers 2015年第3期6卷 401-418页

作者： Carlo Doglioni Eugenio Carminati Mattia Crespi Marco Cuffaro Mattia Penati federica Riguzzi Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Sapienza Universita di Roma DITS-Area di Geodesia e Geomatica Sapienza Universita di Roma Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria CNR MOX-Dipartimento di Matematica Politecnico di Milano Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sez.CNTRomeItaly

The possibility of a net rotation of the lithosphere with respect to the mantle is generally overlooked since it depends on the adopted mantle reference frames, which are arbitrary. We review the geological and geophysical signatures of plate boundaries, and show that they are markedly asymmetric worldwide. Then we compare available reference frames of plate motions relative to the mantle and discuss which is at best able to fit global tectonic data. Different assumptions about the depths of hotspot sources （below or within the asthenosphere, which decouples the lithosphere from the deep mantle） predict different rates of net rotation of the lithosphere relative to the mantle. The widely used no-net-rotation （NNR） reference frame, and low （〈0.2°-0.4°/Ma） net rotation rates （deep hotspots source） predict an average net rotation in which some plates move eastward relative to the mantle （e.g., Nazca）. With fast （〉1°/Ma） net rotation （shallow hotspots source）, all plates, albeit at different velocity, move westerly along a curved trajectory, with a tectonic equator tilted about 30° relative to the geographic equator. This is consistent with the observed global tectonic asymmetries.

关键词： Asymmetric plate tectonics Plate motions Westward drift Mantle convection

lmmunotherapy in hepatobiliary tumors: search for the missing pieces of the puzzle

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Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 2020年第1期9卷 86-88页

作者： Matteo Donadon federica Marchesi Lorenza Rimassa Guido Torzilli Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCSRozzanoMilanItaly Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas UniversityPieve EmanueleMilanItaly Department of Immunology and Inflammation Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCSRozzanoMilanItaly Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine University of MilanMilanItaly Humanitas Cancer Center Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCSRozzanoMilanItaly

In the current era of immunotherapy, the treatment of hepatobiliary cancers is rapidly evolving. The use of immunotherapeutic approaches, which include peptide-based vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors and antibodies, particularly applies to advanced hepatobiliary cancers, for which the availability of limited therapeutic options encourages the adoption of alternative strategies. Thanks to the published/presented, although conflicting, results of some of the clinical trials on this topic together with the incoming results of some other trials, clinicians involved in the cure of hepatobiliary cancer patients need to understand the basic and advanced applications of immunotherapies (1-6).

关键词： hepato biliary therapeutic

Human induced pluripotent stem cells for monogenic disease modelling and therapy

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World Journal of Stem Cells 2016年第4期8卷 118-135页

作者： Paola Spitalieri Valentina Rosa Talarico Michela Murdocca Giuseppe Novelli federica Sangiuolo Department of Biomedicine and Prevention Tor Vergata University

Recent and advanced protocols are now available to derive human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from patients affected by genetic diseases. No curative treatments are available for many of these diseases; thus, hiPSCs represent a major impact on patient’ health. hiPSCs represent a valid model for the in vitro study of monogenic diseases, together with a better comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms of the pathology, for both cell and gene therapy protocol applications. Moreover, these pluripotent cells represent a good opportunity to test innovative pharmacological treatments focused on evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of novel drugs. Today, innovative gene therapy protocols, especially gene editing-based, are being developed, allowing the use of these cells not only as in vitro disease models but also as an unlimited source of cells useful for tissue regeneration and regenerative medicine, eluding ethical and immune rejection problems. In this review, we will provide an up-to-date of modelling monogenic disease by using hiPSCs and the ultimate applications of these in vitro models for cell therapy. We consider and summarize some peculiar aspects such as the type of parental cells used for reprogramming, the methods currently used to induce the transcription of the reprogramming factors, and the type of iPSC-derived differentiated cells, relating them to the genetic basis of diseases and to their inheritance model.

关键词： Human induced pluripotent stem cells Gene therapy Monogenic diseases Gene editing Foetal cells Reprogramming techniques Differentiation

Electrocatalytic production of glycolic acid via oxalic acid reduction on titania debris supported on a TiO_(2)nanotube array

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2022年第5期31卷 669-678页

作者： Francesco Pio Abramo federica De Luca Rosalba Passalacqua Gabriele Centi Gianfranco Giorgianni Siglinda Perathoner Salvatore Abate Department of ChiBioFarAM(Industrial Chemistry) University of MessinaERIC aisbl and INSTM/CASPEV.le F.Stagno d’Alcontres 31Messina 98166Italy University of Calabria Department of Environmental EngineeringLaboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Catalysis Via P.Bucci87036 RendeCSItaly

Electrodes prepared by anodic oxidation of Ti foils are robust and not toxic materials for the electrocatalytic reduction of oxalic acid to glycolic acid, allowing the development of a renewable energy-driven process for producing an alcoholic compound from an organic acid at low potential and room temperature. Coupled with the electrochemical synthesis of the oxalic acid from CO_(2),this process represents a new green and low-carbon path to produce added value chemicals from CO_(2). Various electrodes prepared by anodic oxidation of Ti foils were investigated. They were characterized by the presence of a TiO_(2) nanotube array together with the presence of small patches, debris, or TiO_(2) nanoparticles. The concentration of oxygen vacancies, the amount of Ti^(3+) measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and the intensity of the anodic peak measured by cyclic voltammetry, were positively correlated with the achieved oxalic acid conversion and glycolic acid yield. The analysis of the results indicates the presence of small amorphous TiO_(2) nanoparticles(or surface patches or debris) interacting with TiO_(2) nanotubes, the sites responsible for the conversion of oxalic acid and glycolic acid yield. By varying this structural characteristic of the electrodes, it is possible to tune the glycolic acid to glyoxylic acid relative ratio. A best cumulative Faradaic efficiency(FE) of about 84% with FE to glycolic acid around 60% and oxalic conversion about 30% was observed.

关键词： Oxalic acid TiO_(2)nanotubes Glyoxylic acid Glycolic acid Electrocatalysis

Albumin nanoformulations as an innovative solution to overcome doxorubicin chemoresistance

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Cancer Drug Resistance 2021年第1期4卷 192-207页

作者： federica Bessone Chiara Dianzani Monica Argenziano Luigi Cangemi Rita Spagnolo federica Maione Enrico Giraudo Roberta Cavalli Department of Drug Science and Technology University of TurinTurin 10125Italy Laboratory of Tumor microenvironment Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPOIRCCSCandiolo 10060Italy

Aim:Resistance to chemotherapy is a major limiting factor that hamper the effectiveness of anticancer *** is an antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of a wide range of ***,it presents several limitations such as dose-dependent cardiotoxicity,lack of selectivity for tumor cells,and induced cell *** represents a promising strategy to avoid these *** this work,new albumin-based nanoparticles were formulated for the intracellular delivery of doxorubicin with the aim to overcome cancer drug ***:Glycol chitosan-coated and uncoated albumin nanoparticles were prepared with a tuned coacervation *** nanoformulations were in vitro characterized evaluating the physicochemical parameters,morphology,and in vitro release *** assays were performed on A2780res and EMT6 cells from human ovarian carcinoma and mouse mammary cell lines resistant for doxorubicin,***:Cell viability assays showed that nanoparticles have higher cytotoxicity than the free ***,at low concentrations,both doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles inhibited the cell colony formation in a greater extent than drug *** addition,the cell uptake of the different formulations was investigated by confocal microscopy and by the HPLC determination of doxorubicin intracellular *** nanoparticles were rapidly internalized in greater extent compared to the free ***:Based on these results,doxorubicin-loaded albumin nanoparticles might represent a novel platform to overcome the mechanism of drug resistance in cancer cell lines and improve the drug efficacy.

关键词： Albumin nanoparticles doxorubicin glycol chitosan drug resistance ovarian and breast cancer

The use of choline in association with the Bangerter filters for the treatment of amblyopia

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2017年第11期10卷 1777-1778页

作者： Lelio Sabetti Francesco Masedu Chiara Tresca federica Bianchi Marco Valenti Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences University of L'Aquila L'Aquila 67100 Italy

The study investigated the effects of choline combined with Bangerter filter in the treatment of amblyopia. All amblyopic subjects used a Bangerter filter on the corrective spectacle lens（1 d over the left eye, 1 d over the right eye）. Choline was then administered orally to 39 patients once daily, five days per week for the entire study period. Subjects treated with the Bangerter filter showed a mean visual acuity of 0.27 logM AR; at 12 mo of treatment, the mean visual acuity reached 0.09 log MAR. Patients treated with the Bangerter filter and citicoline showed a mean visual acuity of 0.35 log MAR; at 12 mo of treatment, the mean visual acuity reached 0.01 logMAR. No significant changes in the angle of deviation were observed in both groups. Subjects in both forms of amblyopia therapies demonstrated an increase in visual acuity. However, these effects were markedly enhanced when coupled with the administration of choline. Findings suggest that the effects are particularly relevant in the more severe amblyopic cases.

关键词： choline amblyopia Bangerter filter visual acuity ocular motility

Is there still a role for the hepatic locoregional treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors in the era of systemic targeted therapies?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第15期23卷 2640-2650页

作者： federica Cavalcoli Emanuele Rausa Dario Conte Antonio Federico Nicolini Sara Massironi Gastro-enterology and Endoscopy Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversitàdegli Studi di Milano Department of Colorectal Diseases St.Vincent's University Hospital Department of Interventional Radiology Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms(GEP-NENs) frequently present with distant metastases at the time of diagnosis and the liver is the most frequent site of spreading. The early identification of metastatic disease represents a major prognostic factor for GEP-NENs patients. Radical surgical resection, which is feasible for a minority of patients, is considered the only curative option, while the best management for patients with unresectable liver metastases is still being debated. In the last few years, a number of locoregional and systemic treatments has become available for GEP-NEN patients metastatic to the liver. However, to date only a few prospective studies have compared those therapies and the optimal management option is based on clinical judgement. Additionally, locoregional treatments appear feasible and safe for disease control for patients with limited liver involvement and effective in symptoms control for patients with diffuse liver metastases. Considering the lack of randomized controlled trials comparing the locoregional treatments of liver metastatic NEN patients, clinical judgment remains key to set the most appropriate therapeutic pathway. Prospective data may ultimately lead to more personalized and optimized treatments. The present review analyzes all the locoregional therapy modalities(i.e., surgery, ablative treatments and transarterial approach) and aims to provide clinicians with a useful algorithm to best treat GEP-NEN patients metastatic to the liver.

关键词： Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms Liver metastases Locoregional therapies Systemic therapies Ablation Chemoembolization

Ultrasound elastographic techniques in focal liver lesions

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第9期22卷 2647-2656页

作者： Clara Benedetta Conti federica Cavalcoli Mirella Fraquelli Dario Conte Sara Massironi Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Department of Pathophysiology and Organ Transplantation Università degli Studi di Milano

Elastographic techniques are new ultrasound-based imaging techniques developed to estimate tissue deformability/stiffness. Several ultrasound elastographic approaches have been developed, such as static elastography, transient elastography and acoustic radiation force imaging methods, which include point shear wave and shear wave imaging elastography. The application of these methods in clinical practice aims at estimating the mechanical tissues properties. One of the main settings for the application of these tools has been liver stiffness assessment in chronic liver disease, which has been studied mainly using transient elastography. Another field of application for these techniques is the assessment of focal lesions, detected by ultrasound in organs such as pancreas, prostate, breast, thyroid, lymph nodes. Considering the frequency and importance of the detection of focal liver lesions through routine ultrasound, some studies have also aimed to assess the role that elestography can play in studying the stiffness of different types of liver lesions, in order to predict their nature and thus offer valuable non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of liver masses.

关键词： Focal liver lesions Acoustic radiation force imaging Transient elastography Elastographic techniques Shear wave imaging

Small bowel capsule endoscopy in 2007:Indications,risks and limitations

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第46期13卷 6140-6149页

作者： Emanuele Rondonotti federica Villa Chris JJ Mulder Maarten AJM Jacobs Roberto de Franchis Università degli Studi di Milano IRCCS Fondazione PoliclinicoMangiagalliRegina Elena.UnitàOperativa di Gastroenterologia 3 via Pace 9Milano 20122Italy VU University Medical Centre Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBoelelaan 11171081 HV AmsterdamThe Nederlands Universitàdegli Studi di Milano IRCCS Fondazione PoliclinicoMangiagalliRegina Elena.UnitàOperativa di Gastroenterologia 3 via Pace 9Milano 20122Italy

Capsule endoscopy has revoluzionized the study of the small bowel by providing a reliable method to evaluate, endoscopically, the entire small bowel. In the last six years several papers have been published exploring the possible role of this examination in different clinical conditions. At the present time capsule endoscopy is generally recommended as a third examination, after negative bidirectional endoscopy, in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. A growing body of evidence suggests also an important role for this examination in other clinical conditions such as Crohn＇s disease, celiac disease, small bowel polyposis syndromes or small bowel tumors. The main complication of this examination is the retention of the device at the site of a previously unknown small bowel stricture. However there are also some other open issues mainly due to technical limitations of this tool （which is not driven from remote control, is unable to take biopsies, to insufflate air, to suck fluids or debris and sometimes to correctly size and locate lesions）.The recently developed double balloon enteroscope, owing to its capability to explore a large part of the small bowel and to take targeted biopsies, although being invasive and time consuming, can overcome some limitations of capsule endoscopy. At the present time, in the majority of clinical conditions （i.e. obscure GI bleeding）, the winning strategy seems to be to couple these two techniques to explore the small bowel in a painless, safe and complete way （with capsule endoscopy） and to define and treat the lesions identified （with double balloon enteroscopy）.

关键词： Capsule endoscopy Double balloon