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A review on the cracking,baking and leaching processes of rare earth element concentrates

Journal of Rare Earths 2017年第8期35卷 739-752页

作者： farzaneh sadri Amir Mohammad Nazari Ahmad Ghahreman Department of Mining Engineering Queen's University 25 Union Street Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada

Rare earth elements（REE） are a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, which have been found in a variety classes of minerals in the world. The global demand for REE and their compounds has increased in high-tech applications over the past decades due to their chemical, catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. After mining, comminution and ore beneficiation, hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes are carried out to recover REE compounds. The concentrate cracking is a process wherein the structure of a REE mineral is modified in order to dissolve REE in a weak acid solution. This would be accomplished through various techniques such as alkaline cracking and acid baking. The cracked concentrate is then leached to dissolve REE in a solution and subsequently recover those via neutralization, precipitation or solvent extraction methods. This paper reviewed the cracking and leaching methods applied to REE concentrates to produce an intermediate product for further REE separation.

关键词： rare earth elements alkaline cracking acid baking leaching separation

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Smart stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems in spotlight of COVID-19

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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2023年第6期18卷 73-99页

作者： Zeinab Najjari farzaneh sadri Jaleh Varshosaz Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran

The world has been dealing with a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS-CoV-2)since the end of 2019,which threatens the lives of many ***-19 causes respiratory infection with different symptoms,from sneezing and coughing to pneumonia and sometimes gastric *** worldwide are actively developing novel drug delivery systems(DDSs),such as stimuli-responsive *** ability of these carriers to respond to external/internal and even multiple stimuli is essential in creating“smart”DDS that can effectively control dosage,sustained release,individual variations,and targeted *** conduct a comprehensive literature survey for this article,the terms“Stimuli-responsive”,“COVID-19”and“Drug delivery”were searched on databases/search engines like“Google Scholar”,“NCBI”,“PubMed”,and“Science Direct”.Many different types of DDSs have been proposed,including those responsive to various exogenous(light,heat,ultrasound andmagnetic field)or endogenous(microenvironmental changes in pH,ROS and enzymes)*** significant progress in DDS research,several challenging issues must be addressed to fill the gaps in the ***,this study reviews the drug release mechanisms and applications of endogenous/exogenous stimuli-responsive DDSs while also exploring their potential with respect to COVID-19.

关键词： Stimuli-responsive Smart drug delivery system Biomedical applications Endogenous and exogenous stimuli COVID-19

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