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Fine root morphology and soil properties under influence of different tree stands along an altitudinal climosequence in the Carpathian mountains

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Forest Ecosystems 2022年第5期9卷 692-700页

作者： Karolina Staszel ewa błonska Jarosław Lasota Department of Ecology and Silviculture Faculty of ForestryUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow29 Listopada 46 Str31-425KrakowPoland

In an era of climate change, understanding the factors that impact root systems can improve our understanding of carbon cycling in forest ecosystems. The study objective was to determine the impact of climatic conditions on the biomass and morphology of roots of different tree species along an elevation gradient, and consequently on properties of montane forest soils. The study plots were established at three different elevations(600, 800 and1000 m a.s.l.) along a slope with an inclination of 15°. The research plots were located in a beech stand(Fagus sylvatica L.) and fir stand(Abies alba Mill.). Soil samples were collected from each study plot, for which basic physical and chemical properties were determined. Additionally, we determined the morphology, production and decomposition rate of fine roots. Our analyses confirmed the significance of climatic conditions in the formation of soil properties, in particular the amount of accumulated carbon and nitrogen content. A decrease of root biomass and reduced root growth were recorded with increasing elevation. The characteristics of roots were linked with the properties of the studied mountain soils, in particular p H, alkaline cation content and content of selected micronutrients. Limitation of root growth in higher elevations affected both study species. Additional research into the formation of tree root morphology is needed, especially in mountainous regions where changes may occur more dynamically. This will provide a better understanding of how stands can cope with different types of environmental stress.

关键词： beech Fir Forest ecosystem Root biomass Soil properties

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The rate of deadwood decomposition processes in tree stand gaps resulting from bark beetle infestation spots in mountain forests

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Forest Ecosystems 2024年第3期11卷 339-346页

作者： ewa błonska Adam Gorski Jarosław Lasota Department of Ecology and Silviculture Faculty of ForestryUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow29 Listopada 46 Str.31-425KrakowPoland

Decaying wood is an essential element of forest ecosystems and it affects its other *** aim of our research was to determine the decomposition rate of deadwood in various humidity and thermal conditions in the gaps formed in the montane forest *** research was carried out in the babiog orski National *** research plots were marked out in the gaps of the stands,which were formed as a result of bark beetle *** plots were located in undisturbed *** research covered wood of two species–spruce and beech in the form of cubes with dimensions of 50 mm×50 mm×22 *** samples were placed directly on the soil surface and subjected to laboratory analysis after 36 months.A significant influence of the wood species and the study plot type on the physicochemical properties of the tested wood samples was *** characteristics strongly correlated with soil moisture.A significantly higher mass decline of wood samples was recorded on the reference study plots,which were characterized by more stable moisture *** decomposition of wood in the gaps regardless of the species is related to lower *** wood species covered by the study differed in the decomposition *** wood samples were characterized by a significantly higher decomposition rate compared to beech wood *** research has confirmed that disturbances that lead to the formation of gaps have a direct impact on the decomposition process of deadwood.

关键词： bark beetle beech Decomposition rate Forest ecosystem Mass decline Spruce Woody debris

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C:N:P stoichiometry as an indicator of Histosol drainage in lowland and mountain forest ecosystems

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Forest Ecosystems 2021年第3期8卷 513-522页

作者： Jarosław Lasota ewa błońska Department of Ecology and Silviculture Faculty of ForestryUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow29 Listopada 46 Str31-425 KrakówPoland

background:Peatlands form one of the largest carbon pools in the terrestrial ecosystems,representing approximately one-third of the world’s soil *** aim of this study was to evaluate C:N:P stoichiometry as an indicator of changes initialized by dehydration in Histosols of varied *** types of Histosols from lowland and mountain areas were investigated:fibric Histosols,hemic Histosols,sapric Histosols and Histosols ***:We established the concentration and stoichiometry of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorous in the Histosols,and found marked differences in C:N:P stoichiometry between the different types–especially the dehydrated *** mean C:N:P ratio of dehydrated soil was narrower than the C:N:P ratio of soil under the influence of water,which demonstrates that dehydrating Histosols leads to a narrower C:N:P *** is directly related to the intensification of the organic matter mineralisation process and the resulting loss of organic *** recorded a 50%lower carbon stock in the case of Histosols drainic compared to the other types of ***:The narrower C:N:P stoichiometry in Histosols drainic is the result of an decrease in the ratio of N and P to the C ***,this study demonstrates that C:N:P stoichiometry is a useful indicator of the changes that occur in Histosols as a result of dehydration.

关键词： Dehydration Forest soils Lowland Mountain Peat soils

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Trends in the indices of precipitation phases under current warming in Poland,1966e2020

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2023年第1期14卷 97-115页

作者： ewa b.ŁUPIKASZA Łukasz MAŁARZEWSKI Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Earth SciencesUniversity of Silesia in KatowiceKatowice 40-007Poland

In Poland the phase in which precipitation occurs impacts the availability of water in its reservoirs,the potential for hydrological droughts,snowfall flooding and winter *** influence of warming on the occurrence of precipitation phases on the Polish scale has not been studied so *** on data from 42 synoptic stations for the period 1966-2020,this study discusses trends in the indices of liquid(Lq),mixed(Mx)and solid(Sd)precipitation describing their totals(T),frequencies(Nd)and contribution to overall precipitation totals(T%)and a number of days with overall precipitation(Nd%)from a seasonal ***,the influence of seasonal and daily air temperatures on longterm variability in the precipitation phase indices was *** precipitation phase was discriminated based on the observations of weather phenomena noted as current and past weather considering days with precipitation0.1 *** phases significantly reacted to current *** strongest and widespread were increasing trends in rains(+1.74 for LqNd,+5.35 mm for LqT,+3.51%for LqNd%,+4.08%for LqT%per decade)and decreasing trends in snowfalls(-1.92 for SdNd,-3.12 mm for SdT,-3.65%for SdNd%,-3.26%for SdT%per decade)in winter when the warming was weakest but average temperature was close to freezing *** winter,air temperature explained 60%e80%of the variance in the frequency of snowfall and *** air temperature>-2℃ contributed to trends in winter rainfall while daily air temperature>1C most contributed to trends in winter *** trends in winter mixed precipitation were due to opposite changes in its frequency above and below 1℃.In spring,the increase in a liquid phase was due more to the melting of a solid and mixed phase,while in autumn,it was due more to the transformation of a mixed phase into a liquid *** spring,air temperature explained at most 30%-50%of the variance in the indices of snowfall *** trends in mixed precipit

关键词： Snowfall Rainfall Precipitation trends Central Europe

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Deadwood affects the soil organic matter fractions and enzyme activity of soils in altitude gradient of temperate forests

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Forest Ecosystems 2023年第3期10卷 316-327页

作者： ewa błońska Wojciech Prazuch Jarosław Lasota Department of Ecology and Silviculture Faculty of ForestryUniversity of Agriculture in Krakow29 Listopada 46 Str.31-425KrakowPoland

The main objective of our study has been to determine the role of deadwood in the shaping of the amount of soil organic matter fractions in mountain forest *** this purpose,a climosequence approach comprising north(N)and south(S)exposure along the altitudinal gradient(600,800,1000 and 1200 m a.s.l.)was set *** comparing the properties of decomposing deadwood and those of the soils located directly beneath the decaying wood we drew conclusions about the role of deadwood in the shaping of soil organic matter fractions and soil carbon storage in different climate *** basic properties,enzymatic activity and fractions of soil organic matter(SOM)were determined in deadwood and affected directly by the components released from decaying *** decomposed deadwood impacts soil organic matter stabilization more strongly than the less decayed deadwood and the light fraction of SOM is more sensitive to deadwood effects than the heavy fraction regardless of the location in the altitude *** in SOM mineral-associated fraction C content is more pronounced in soils under the influence of deadwood located in lower locations of warmer *** released from decaying wood stimulate the enzymatic activity of soils that are within the range of deadwood influence.

关键词： Enzyme activity Forest soils Heavy fraction Light fraction Soil organic matter

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Effect of spot burning of logging residues on the properties of mountain forest soils and the occurrence of ground beetles(Coleoptera, Carabidae)

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Journal of Mountain Science 2020年第1期17卷 31-41页

作者： Magdalena KACPRZYK ewa bLonska Jaroslaw LASOTA Department of Forest Protection Entomology and Forest ClimatologyUniversity of AgricultureAl.29 Listopada 4631-425 KrakowPoland Department of Forest Soil Science University of AgricultureAl.29 Listopada 4631-425 KrakowPoland

We investigated the relationships between dehydrogenase activity and the physicochemical properties of mountain soils over three and five years from Norway spruce(Picea abies L. Karst) logging residue spot burning and the occurrence of epigeic carabid beetles. Six study sites were utilised, including18 study plots(nine plots in a mixed coniferous mountain forest site and nine plots in a mixed broadleaf mountain forest site), with five replicate pitfall traps at each site located in southern *** samples from the organic horizon were taken for p H, organic carbon, nitrogen, base cation content,acidity and dehydrogenase activity *** beetles were monitored in weekly intervals during the period of July to August 2016. The burning of logging residues led to modified soil properties,especially the dehydrogenase activity. In all the tested variants, the activity was higher in soil samples after the burning in comparison to the control variants. We show no positive correlation between dehydrogenase activity and the number of carabid specimens. The preferences of dominant predatory hygrophilous carabids to acid habitats with weakly decomposed organic matter were proven. Simultaneously, the soil organic matter content was positively related to the carabid abundance. The significant impact of forest site conditions and the date of logging residue burning on the number of caught specimens were confirmed. In contrast, no relationships between the species richness, species diversity, mean individual biomass and spot burning effect were found. This work supports the recommendation of spruce fine woody debris utilisation by spot burning on mountain regions with rich habitats presenting moderate wet conditions and small land falls.

关键词： Fine woody debris Combustion Soil organic matter Enzyme activities Epigeic carabid beetles

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Alternative prediction methods of protein and energy evaluation of pig feeds

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Journal of Animal Science and biotechnology 2017年第4期8卷 799-812页

作者： ewa Swiech The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition Polish Academy of SciencesJablonnaPoland

Precise knowledge of the actual nutritional value of individual feedstuffs and complete diets for pigs is important for efficient livestock production. Methods of assessment of protein and energy values in pig feeds have been briefly described. In vivo determination of protein and energy values of feeds in pigs are time-consuming,expensive and very often require the use of surgically-modified animals. There is a need for more simple, rapid,inexpensive and reproducible methods for routine feed evaluation. Protein and energy values of pig feeds can be estimated using the following alternative methods: 1) prediction equations based on chemical composition; 2)animal models as rats, cockerels and growing pigs for adult animals; 3) rapid methods, such as the mobile nylon bag technique and in vitro methods. Alternative methods developed for predicting the total tract and ileal digestibility of nutrients including amino acids in feedstuffs and diets for pigs have been reviewed. This article focuses on two in vitro methods that can be used for the routine evaluation of amino acid ileal digestibility and energy value of pig feeds and on factors affecting digestibility determined in vivo in pigs and by alternative methods. Validation of alternative methods has been carried out by comparing the results obtained using these methods with those acquired in vivo in pigs. In conclusion, energy and protein values of pig feeds may be estimated with satisfactory precision in rats and by the two-or three-step in vitro methods providing equations for the calculation of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolizable energy content. The use of alternative methods of feed evaluation is an important way for reduction of stressful animal experiments.

关键词： Energy value In vitro Pig Protein value Rat

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A biotrophic fungal infection of the great burnet Sanguisorba officinalis indirectly affects caterpillar performance of the endangered scarce large blue butterfly Phengaris teleius

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Insect Science 2019年第3期26卷 555-568页

作者： ewa b. Sliwinska Ratal Martyka Miroslaw Martyka Mariusz Cichon Piotr Tryjanowski Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland Institute of Mathematical and Natural Science State Higher Vocational School in Tarnow Tarnow Poland Institute of Environmental Sciences Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland Institute of Zoology Poznan University of Life Sciences Poznan Poland

Interactions between ecological communities of herbivores and microbes are commonly mediated by a shared plant. A tripartite interaction between a pathogenic fungus-host plant-herbivorous insect is an example of such mutual influences. In such a system a fungal pathogen commonly has a negative influence on the morphology and biochemistry of the host plant, with consequences for insect herbivore performance. Here we studied whether the biotrophic fbngus Podosphaera ferruginea, attacking the great burnet Sanguisorba officinalis, affects caterpillar performance of the endangered scarce large blue butterfly Phengaris teleius. Our results showed that the pathogenic ftmgus affected the number and size of inflorescences produced by food-plants and, more importantly, had in direct, plant-mediated effects on the abun dance, body mass and immune response of caterpillars. Specifically, we found the relationship between caterpillar abundance and variability in inflorescence size on a plant to be positive among healthy food-plants, and negative among infected food-plants. Caterpillars that fed on healthy food-plants were smaller than those that fed on infected food-plants in one studied season, while there was no such difference in the other season. We observed the relationship between caterpillar immune response and the proportion of infected great burnets within a habitat patch to be positive when caterpillars fed on healthy food-plants, and negative when caterpillars fed on infected food-plants. Our results suggest that this biotrophic fungal infection of the great burnet may impose a significant indirect influence on P. teleius caterpillar performance with potential consequences for the population dynamics and structure of this endangered butterfly.

关键词： host plant insect herbivore Maculinea teleius Podosphaera ferruginea powdery mildew tripartite interactions

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Natural Organic Amendments for Improved Phytoremediation of Polluted Soils:A Review of Recent Progress

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Pedosphere 2016年第1期26卷 1-12页

作者： Alina WISZNIEWSKA ewa HANUS-FAJERSKA ewa MUSZYIISKA Krystyna CIARKOWSKA Institute of Plant biology and biotechnology Faculty of Biotechnology and HoricultureUniversity of AgricultureKrakow 31-425(Poland) Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection Faculty of Agriculture and EconomicsUniversity of AgricutureKrakow 31-120(Poland)

Environmental pollution caused by metals, radionuclides and organic pollutants affects quality of the biosphere: soil, water and ***, great efforts have been made to reduce, remove or stabilize contaminants in polluted sites. There has been increasing interest in phytoremediation—the use of plants to reduce concentration of pollutants or to render them harmless. This paper provides a brief review of recent progress in the research and practical application of phytoremediation techniques. Improvements in phytoremediation due to utilization of organic amendments, namely, agro- and industrial wastes(such as sugar beet residue, composted sewage sludge or molasses), biochar, humic substances, plant extracts and exudates are discussed, as well as their influences on soil structure and characteristics, plants growth and bioavailability of pollutants. both plant-assisted phytoremediation and the use of natural materials in the absence of remediating plant are believed to be cost-effective and environmentally friendly approaches for soil cleanup. However,the characterization and quantification of a range of natural materials used in phytoremediation are essential in order to implement these approaches to practice.

关键词： agricultural wastes bioavailability biochar contamination natural chelators toxic elements

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Suppression of bile acid synthesis by thyroid hormone in primary human hepatocytes

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第29期12卷 4640-4645页

作者： ewa Cristine Siljevik Ellis Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska University Hospital at HuddingeKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden

AIM： It is known that thyroid hormones alter the bile acid metabolism in humans, however the effect on individual enzymes has been difficult to elucidate. This is mainly due to the lack of human liver cell lines producing bile acids. We used cultures of primary human hepatocytes to study the effects of triiodothyronine （T3） on bile acid synthesis.METHODS： Primary hepatocytes were isolated from liver tissue obtained from three different patients undergoing liver resection due to underlying malignancy. The hepatocytes were cultured under serum-free conditions and treated from d 1 to d 5 with culture containing 0.1 - 1000 nmol/L of T3. bile acid formation and mRNA levels of key enzymes were analysed. RESULTS： The lowest concentration of T3 decreased cholic acid （CA） formation to 43%-53% of controls and chenodeoxycholic acid （CDCA） to 52%-75% of controls on d 5. The highest dose further decreased CA formation to 16%-48% of controls while CDCA formation remained at 50%-117% of controls. Expression of mRNA levels of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase （CYP7A1） and sterol 12α-hydroxylase （CYPSb1） dose-dependently decreased. Sterol 27-hydroxylase （CYP27A1） levels also decreased, but not to the same extent. CONCLUSION： T3 dose-dependently decreased total bile acid formation in parallel with decreased expression of CYP7A1 and CYP8b1. CA formation is inhibited to a higher degree than CDCA, resulting in a marked decrease in the CA/CDCA ratio.

关键词： Hepatocytes Human bile acids CYP7A1 CYPSb1 CYP27A1

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