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Oxidative stress in alcohol-related liver disease

World Journal of Hepatology 2020年第7期12卷 332-349页

作者： Huey K Tan euan yates Kristen Lilly Ashwin D Dhanda Hepatology Research Group Institute of Translational and Stratified MedicineFaculty of HealthUniversity of PlymouthPlymouth PL68BUUnited Kingdom South West Liver Unit University Hospitals Plymouth NHS TrustPlymouth PL68DHUnited Kingdom Department of Clinical Immunology University Hospitals Plymouth NHS TrustPlymouth PL68DHUnited Kingdom

Alcohol consumption is one of the leading causes of the global burden of disease and results in high healthcare and economic *** alcohol misuse leads to alcohol-related liver disease,which is responsible for a significant proportion of alcohol-attributable deaths *** than reducing alcohol consumption,there are currently no effective treatments for alcohol-related liver *** stress refers to an imbalance in the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species and *** plays important roles in several aspects of alcohol-related liver disease ***,we review how chronic alcohol use results in oxidative stress through increased metabolism via the cytochrome P4502E1 system producing reactive oxygen species,acetaldehyde and protein and DNA *** trigger inflammatory signaling pathways within the liver leading to expression of pro-inflammatory mediators causing hepatocyte apoptosis and *** oxygen species exposure also results in mitochondrial stress within hepatocytes causing structural and functional dysregulation of mitochondria and upregulating apoptotic *** is also evidence that oxidative stress as well as the direct effect of alcohol influences epigenetic *** global histone methylation and acetylation and specific histone acetylation inhibits antioxidant responses and promotes expression of key pro-inflammatory *** review highlights aspects of the role of oxidative stress in disease pathogenesis that warrant further study including mitochondrial stress and epigenetic *** understanding of these processes may identify novel targets for therapy.

关键词： Alcohol-related liver disease Alcoholic hepatitis Oxidative stress Reactive

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Ultra-high-Q free-space coupling to microtoroid resonators

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第4期13卷 682-695页

作者： Sartanee Suebka euan McLeod Judith Su Wyant College of Optical Sciences University of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA Department of Biomedical Engineering University of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA

Whispering gallery mode(WGM)microtoroid resonators are one of the most sensitive biochemical sensors in existence,capable of detecting single *** main barrier for translating these devices out of the laboratory is that light is evanescently coupled into these devices though a tapered optical *** hinders translation of these devices as the taper is fragile,suffers from mechanical vibration,and requires precise ***,we eliminate the need for an optical fiber by coupling light into and out from a toroid via free-space coupling and monitoring the scattered resonant light.A single long working distance objective lens combined with a digital micromirror device(DMD)was used for light injection,scattered light collection,and *** obtain Q-factors as high as 1:6´108 with this *** induced transparency(EIT)-like and Fano resonances were observed in a single cavity due to indirect coupling in free *** enables improved sensing *** large effective coupling area(~10μm in diameter for numerical aperture=0.14)removes the need for precise *** performance was verified by combining the system with the frequency locked whispering evanescent resonator(FLOWER)approach to perform temperature sensing experiments.A thermal nonlinear optical effect was examined by tracking the resonance through FLOWER while adjusting the input *** believe that this work will be a foundation for expanding the implementation of WGM microtoroid resonators to real-world applications.

关键词： coupling scattered precise

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A three-dimensional feature extraction-based method for coal cleat characterization using X-ray μCT and its application to a Bowen Basin coal specimen

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第1期16卷 153-166页

作者： Yulai Zhang Matthew Tsang Mark Knackstedt Michael Turner Shane Latham euan Macaulay Rhys Pitchers ARC Training Centre for M3D Innovation Research School of PhysicsAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia Department of Materials Physics Research School of PhysicsAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia Anglo American Steelmaking Coal BrisbaneQLD4000Australia SCT Operations Pty Ltd. WollongongNSW2500Australia

Cleats are the dominant micro-fracture network controlling the macro-mechanical behavior of *** understanding of the spatial characteristics of cleat networks is therefore important to the coal mining *** fracture networks(DFNs)are increasingly used in engineering analyses to spatially model fractures at various *** reliability of coal DFNs largely depends on the confidence in the input cleat *** of these parameters can be made from image-based three-dimensional(3D)characterization of coal cleats using X-ray micro-computed tomography(m CT).One key step in this process,after cleat extraction,is the separation of individual cleats,without which the cleats are a connected network and statistics for different cleat sets cannot be *** this paper,a feature extraction-based image processing method is introduced to identify and separate distinct cleat groups from 3D X-ray m CT ***(filters)representing explicit cleat features of coal are built and cleat separation is successfully achieved by convolutional operations on 3D coal *** new method is applied to a coal specimen with 80 mm in diameter and 100 mm in length acquired from an Anglo American Steelmaking Coal mine in the Bowen Basin,Queensland,*** is demonstrated that the new method produces reliable cleat separation capable of defining individual cleats and preserving 3D topology after ***-parallel fractures are also identified and separated,which has his-torically been challenging to delineate and rarely reported.A variety of cleat/fracture statistics is measured which not only can quantitatively characterize the cleat/fracture system but also can be used for DFN ***,variability and heterogeneity with respect to the core axis are *** heterogeneity is observed and suggests that the representative elementary volume(REV)of the cleat groups for engineering purposes may be a complex problem requ

关键词： Cleat separation Cleat statistics Feature extraction Discrete fracture network(DFN)modeling

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Strive to Promote Cross-Cultural Dialogue

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中国新闻发布(英文版) 2024年第Z1期 47-47页

作者： euan Mackway-Jones UNESCO

When considering “how crosscultural dialogue can help solve problems in today's world,” we f irst need to understand what our opportunities and needs are. The fact is that cultural diversity is a constant. The world is interconnected, bringing about cultural exchange and integration, which in turn can positively impact the economy in a cyclical manner.

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The urgent need to cut methane emissions

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National Science Review 2022年第5期9卷 77-78页

作者： euan G.Nisbet Department of Earth Sciences Royal Holloway University of London

Atmospheric methane is a powerful greenhouse gas,surpassed only by COin its human-added warming *** the start of industrialization,when humans began altering the air,the amount of methane in the atmosphere has grown proportionately more than *** 2020,methane’s growth was the highest in the detailed observational record (Fig.1).But although there has been much work on the global methane budget [1],we do not fully understand why this recent growth is taking place,

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A Study of the Velocity Field during Evaporation of Sessile Water and Water/Ethanol Drops

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2010年第4期7卷 321-328页

作者： John R.E.Christy Khellil Sefiane euan Munro School of Engineering University of Edinburgh

Many studies have investigated evaporation of sessile drops in an attempt to understand the effect of wetting on theevaporation *** interest has also increased in the deposition of particles from such drops,with evaporative massflux being deemed to be responsible for ring-like deposits,and counteraction of the mass flux by Marangoni convection explainingmore uniform deposition *** of such deposition processes is important in biological applications,such as the Litos test-system endorsed by the Russian Ministry of Health for diagnosis of urolithiasis and the evaporation ofcolloidal drops for depositing and organizing proteins and *** most cases where deposition from evaporating drops hasbeen studied,velocity information is inferred from the final deposition pattern or from mathematical modeling based on simplifiedmodels of the physics of the evaporation *** this study we have directly measured the flow velocities in the baseof sessile drops,using micro particle image velocimetry,viewing the drop from below,through the cover *** water drops,a radial pattern of flow was observed with a maximum velocity close to but not at the pinned outer *** ‘azeotropic’ethanol/water mixtures,the velocity field is more chaotic to begin with,passing through a phase involving three or four recirculationcells and finally having the same radial pattern as for water drops.

关键词： evaporation sessile drop velocimetry particle deposition μPIV

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The evolution of the atmosphere in the Archaean and early Proterozoic

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2011年第1期56卷 4-13页

作者： NISBET euan FOWLER C Mary R Deptartment of Earth Sciences Royal HollowayUniversity of London

Key steps in atmospheric evolution occurred in the *** Hadean atmosphere was created by the inorganic processes of volatile accretion from space and degassing from the interior,and then modified by chemical and photochemical *** air was probably initially anoxic,though there may have been a supply of oxidation power as a consequence of hydrodynamic escape to space of hydrogen from *** subduction may have removed CO2 and the Hadean planet may have been *** the Archaean,as anoxygenic and then oxygenic photosynthesis evolved,biological activity remade the *** evidence implies there were liquid oceans despite the faint young *** oceans may have been sustained by the greenhouse warming effect of biologically-made *** in the late Archaean would have released free O2 into the *** would have created oxic surface waters,challenging the methane *** the Great Oxidation Event around 2.3 to 2.4 billion years ago,the atmosphere itself became oxic,perhaps triggering a glacial crisis by cutting methane-caused greenhouse *** the early Proterozoic,all the key biochemical processes that maintain the modern atmosphere were probably present in the microbial community.

关键词：晚太古代大气演化早元古代二氧化碳温室效应光化学过程微生物群落调制解调器

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The influence of stocking levels,clone,fertilization,and weed control on surface CO_(2)efflux in a mid-rotation Pinus radiata *** plantation in Canterbury,New Zealand

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Journal of Forestry Research 2021年第6期32卷 2567-2575页

作者： Mohan KC euan G.Mason Horacio E.Bown School of Forestry University of CanterburyPrivate Bag 4800ChristchurchNew Zealand Ministry of Industry TourismForests and EnvironmentHetaudaBagmati ProvinceNepal Faculty of Forestry University of ChileP.O.Box 9206SantiagoChile

Silvicultural practices applied in managed forest plantations may help counteract the effects of climate change by influencing soil surface CO_(2)efflux(Fs).Understanding the effects of silvicultural practices on Fs will provide unbiased estimates of carbon fluxes and allow better silvicultural decisions for carbon ***,we assessed how Fs differed seasonally across silvicultural practices(i.e.,stocking levels,clone,fertilization and weed control treatments)and evaluated the effects of soil temperature(Ts)and soil volumetric water content(θv)on Fs across these practices for a mid-rotation(14 year-old)Pinus radiata plantation in the Canterbury region of New *** were significant differences in Fs(p<0.05)over the four seasons,three levels of stocking,and five *** effects of fertilization and weed control applied 12 years previously on Fs were *** estimate of Fs(mean±1 standard deviation)from the study site was 22.7±7.1 t ha^(-1)a^(-1)in the form of CO_(2)(6.2±2.1 t ha^(-1)a^(-1)in the form of C).Fs values were consistently higher in plots with 1250 stems ha^(-1)compared to 2500 stems ha^(-1),which may be related to a strong soil resource limitation because of the close spacing in the latter *** differences in Fs across clones suggest that variations in carbon partitioning might explain their growth *** treatments influenced Fs response to soil temperature(p<0.05),resulting in models explaining 28-49%of the total variance in *** findings provide insights into how silvicultural management decisions may impact Fs in mid-rotation radiata pine plantations,contributing towards developing more precise and unbiased plantation carbon budgets.

关键词： Clone Silvicultural practices Soil CO_(2)efflux Stocking Weed control

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Demonising the dingo： How much wild dogma is enough？

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Current Zoology 2011年第5期57卷 668-670页

作者： Mike LETNIC Mathew S. CROWTHER Christopher R. DICKMAN euan G. RITCHIE Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment University of Western Sydney Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia Institute of Wildlife Research School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Victoria 3125 Australia

The roles that top predators play in regulating the structure and function of ecosystems have long been controversial. This is particularly the case when predators pose adverse risks for human life and/or economic interests. The critique of literature on dingoes and their ecological roles in Australia provided by Allen et al. （2011） shows that top predators remain a potentially polarising issue. In opposition to Allen et al. we argue that these widespread patterns of species＇ abundances, attributed to the ef- fects of dingoes and evident at scales ranging from the foraging behaviour of individuals through to continental scale patterns of species abundances, constitute strong support for the mesopredator release hypothesis and provide evidence that dingoes benefit biodiversity conservation by inducing community wide trophic cascades. Harnessing the positive ecological effects of dingoes while at the same time minimising their impacts on agriculture is a major socio-political challenge in Australia [Current Zoology 57 （5）： 668-670].

关键词： Trophic cascade Mesopredator release hypothesis Dingo fox Intra-guild predation

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Role of the gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: What have we learnt in the past 10 years?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第5期20卷 1192-1210页

作者： Georgina L Hold Megan Smith Charlie Grange euan Robert Watt Emad M El-Omar Indrani Mukhopadhya Gastro-intestinal Research Group Division of Applied Medicine University of Aberdeen Foresterhill

Our understanding of the microbial involvement in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis has increased exponentially over the past decade. The development of newer molecular tools for the global assessment of the gut microbiome and the identification of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 in 2001 and other susceptibility genes for Crohn’s disease in particular has led to better understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of IBD. The microbial studies have elaborated the normal composition of the gut microbiome and its perturbations in the setting of IBD. This altered microbiome or “dysbiosis” is a key player in the protracted course of inflammation in IBD. Numerous genome-wide association studies have identified further genes involved in gastrointestinal innate immunity (including polymorphisms in genes involved in autophagy: ATG16L1 and IGRM), which have helped elucidate the relationship of the local innate immunity with the adjacent luminal bacteria. These developments have also spurred the search for specific pathogens which may have a role in the metamorphosis of the gut microbiome from a symbiotic entity to a putative pathogenic one. Here we review advances in our understanding of microbial involvement in IBD pathogenesis over the past 10 years and offer insight into how this will shape our therapeutic management of the disease in the coming years.

关键词： Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’ s disease, Ulcerative colitis, Gut microbiota, Innate immune response, Probiotics, Prebiotics, Faecal transplant

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