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Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Lower-Level Health Care Facilities of Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania: Status towards Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and Way Forward

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第1期14卷 279-295页

作者： Mariam Mahamudu Hussein Mohamed Michael Habtu Dennis Rweyemamu Anyitike Mwakitalima Amour Seleman erick mgina Khalid Massa Grace Saguti Andre Arsene Bita Fouda Zabulon Yoti Ministry of Health Dodoma Tanzania Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania Regional Office for Africa World Health Organization Brazzaville Republic of the Congo National Institute for Medical Research Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.

关键词： Dispensaries Low Level Health Care Facilities Service Levels Basic WASH Dar es Salaam

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Seroprevalence of SARS-COV-2 Exposure among “High-Risk” Populations (Healthcare Workers, People Who Attend Markets, and School Children) in Zanzibar

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第1期14卷 34-55页

作者： Ame Masemo Solomon Mwakasungula Khamis Kheir erick mgina Nahya Khamis Irabi Kassim Bihila Bakar Khamis Salim Sarah Mswata Kibwana Omar Theckla Kazimoto Linzy Elton Honorati Masanja Mayassa Ally Zanzibar Health Research Institute Binguni Zanzibar Ifakara Health Institute Bagamoyo Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research Muhimbili Centre Dar es Salaam Tanzania Binguni Public Health Laboratory Binguni Zanzibar Department of Microbiology Mnazi Mmoja Hospital Stone Town Zanzibar Centre for Clinical Microbiology Royal Free Hospital Campus University College London London UK

In Zanzibar, from the start of the pandemic in March 2020 to the time of sampling in December 2020, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence data was limited. We conducted a seroprevalence study to evaluate the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 exposure among healthcare workers, school children, and people who attended general markets in Zanzibar. The objectives of the study were to analyse the total antibodies from selected higher-risk population groups in order to determine magnitude in SARS CoV-2 exposure. Blood samples were collected from eligible and consented participants (adults and children), and their serum was analyzed for total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using ELISA. A questionnaire was used to collect participants’ demographic and clinical data. The overall SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence across all age groups was 33%, and a higher seroprevalence was observed in the 40 - 49 years’ age group relative to other ages as well as in those who attended markets. A runny nose (18.8% of participants) was the most frequently reported SARS-CoV-2 infection-related symptom. Multivariable analysis showed significantly higher odds of infection in people living in urban districts. The findings provide insight into SARS-CoV-2 infection among school children, health workers, and people who attended markets in Zanzibar in the early stages of the pandemic. Exposure in these groups might have been influenced by infection and prevention strategies taken by the government, as well as shopping behavior, school overcrowding, and population density in urban settings. The study had methodological limitations, including cross-sectional design. Further, well-designed, longitudinal studies are recommended to understand exposure and transmission at a population level.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Zanzibar ELISA COVID-19

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非洲疾病谱变迁与中国参与非洲卫生治理的再思考

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中国卫生政策研究 2020年第4期13卷 52-58页

作者：富晓星程峰 erick Josephat mgina 齐腾飞 Omar Juma Gichagua Mary 高良敏中国人民大学社会学理论与方法研究中心、中国人民大学人类学研究所北京100872 清华大学公共健康研究中心北京100084 坦桑尼亚国家医学研究所穆希比利中心坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆市3436 清华大学社会学系北京100084 坦桑尼亚依法卡拉健康研究所坦桑尼亚巴加莫约65013 肯尼亚加通杜五级医院肯尼亚吉安布郡19859 清华大学国际与地区研究院北京100084

随着慢性病在非洲的崛起,其疾病谱发生了变迁,与传染病同为疾病双负担。这一态势具有社会文化的复杂性和应对的长期性两个重要特征,挑战与机遇并存,也使得中国参与非洲卫生治理有了更多可能。本文在回顾中国对非医疗援助与合作历史后,... 详细信息

随着慢性病在非洲的崛起,其疾病谱发生了变迁,与传染病同为疾病双负担。这一态势具有社会文化的复杂性和应对的长期性两个重要特征,挑战与机遇并存,也使得中国参与非洲卫生治理有了更多可能。本文在回顾中国对非医疗援助与合作历史后,发现慢性病领域尚未受到关注。在重新审视中国参与非洲卫生治理意义后,发现参与非洲慢性病治理挑战重重,但可积极争取主动权,可使中国摆脱西方后继者的身份陷阱和西方话语权障碍。同时,树立正确的利义观,辩证认识参与非洲慢性病治理的积极意义和潜在市场价值。因此,中国应在认识上、行动上和文化互补上取得统一,超越单纯的援助论、合作论,夯实学理基础,探讨更多可能。

关键词：疾病谱变迁全球卫生治理中国非洲

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