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The Influence of Environmental Stimuli upon the Human Body in Summer

Health 2020年第7期12卷 781-803页

作者： Yoshihito Kurazumi emi kondo Kenta Fukagawa School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen University Nagoya Japan Department of Comprehensive Engineering Kindai University Technical College Nabari Japan Department of Architecture Kyushu Sangyo University Fukuoka Japan

Green building practices benefit many users because it imposes less of a burden both on people and the environment and plays a central role in achieving a sustainable lifestyle. Covering rooftops with tall evergreen trees increases evaporation and reduces energy consumption by heating and air conditioning systems. Japan has a cereal-crop culinary culture and rice cultivation is a primary activity. According to the Biophilia Hypothesis exposure to a lush greenery environment conducive to survival facilitates more effective relaxation and recovery from fatigue than simple elimination of stress. The impact of rice paddies is not only about reduction of energy consumption, but also about mitigating the urban environment and its physiological and psychological effects on the human body. Focusing on the spread of the rice canopy and exposure of water surfaces, clarified the reaction of the human body to thermal sensory perception and outdoor thermal environments, and the correlation between them. Rice fields where the rice canopy was smaller, and where ample standing water surfaces received short wavelength solar radiation, have a high heat capacity, which works to increase the longwave length thermal radiation in the time period when the accumulated amount of short wavelength solar radiation increases. Meanwhile, where the spread of the rice canopy was greater, and the surface of the standing irrigation water covered with rice plants, a mitigation effect on the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index of ETFe (enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature) through reduction of long wavelength thermal radiation came into play, and it became clear that thermal sensory perception improved through visual stimuli that engendered images of humidity. The purpose of this study was to clarify the environmental mitigation effect of rice fields in an urban environment. In addition to the physical environmental mitigation effect, it was also shown that ri

关键词： ETFe Outdoor Environment Paddy Field Summer Thermal Comfort Thermal Sensation

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Ethnic Differences in Thermal Responses between Thai and Japanese Females in Tropical Urban Climate

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American Journal of Climate Change 2016年第1期5卷 52-68页

作者： Yoshihito Kurazumi Jin Ishii Kenta Fukagawa emi kondo Ariya Aruninta School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen University Nagoya Japan Faculty of Education Gifu University Gifu Japan Department of Architecture Kyushu Sangyo University Fukuoka Japan Department of Architecture Ariake National College of Technology Omuta Japan Department of Landscape Architecture Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand

The outdoor thermal environment might become worse than at present. It causes health injuries through the deterioration of the outdoor thermal condition. It is necessary to study how humans stay outdoors and adjust to thermal conditions. The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of the outdoor tropical urban thermal environment on a subject who has been acclimatized to the environment studied using the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index ETFe. In addition, the tendency of human impacts was clarified through comparison to subjects from a temperate thermal environment region. As a result, it was found that an ETFe of up to 35°C could be recognized as a temperate thermal environment. However, when the ETFe was greater than 40°C, the subject could not tolerate the environment. There was not a significant difference of psychological reaction between Thai people, who were acclimatized to the tropical climate, and Japanese people, who were acclimatized to the temperate climate.

关键词： ETFe Temperate Zone Thermal Environment Thermal Sense Tropical Zone

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Seasonal Differences of Psychological and Physiological Responses in Tropical Urban Climate

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Health 2017年第6期9卷 896-920页

作者： Yoshihito Kurazumi Jin Ishii Kenta Fukagawa emi kondo Agnes Nyilas Ariya Aruninta School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen University Nagoya Japan Department of Architecture Meijo University Nagoya Japan Department of Architecture Kyushu Sangyo University Fukuoka Japan Department of Architecture Ariake National College of Technology Omuta Japan Department of Landscape Architecture Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand

This research aims to use the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index ETFe to quantify effects on the thermal sense of the human body of a tropical region climate with small annual temperature differences, and to examine seasonal differences in the thermal sense. Given that the average temperature of the earth is forecasted to rise, studying the effects on the human body from outdoor thermal environments in tropical regions is important for considering how to spend time outdoors in the future. This study clarifies seasonal differences in effects on the human body by comparing the effects on the thermal sensations of the human body from outdoor thermal environments in the winter and the dry season of Bangkok, Thailand in the tropics. The mobile measurements were carried out on the campus of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. The subjects reported the thermal sensation and the thermal comfort that they experienced while exposed at the observation point. Air temperature, humidity, air velocity, short-wave solar radiation, long-wave thermal radiation, ground surface temperature, sky factor and the ratio of green and water surface solid angles were measured. We found no large seasonal difference between the winter and the dry season in skin temperature due to body temperature regulation. It is clear that in the winter season, people prefer a lower temperature than in the dry season, and in the dry season they tolerate higher temperatures than in winter. The effect of the seasonal difference appears in the amount of change to thermal sensation. We found that it is difficult for seasonal differences to greatly affect the amount of change to thermal comfort. We found that the effect of seasonal difference is that people show stronger responses to thermal comfort for thermal sensation in winter than in the dry season.

关键词： ETFe Outdoor Seasonal Difference Thermal Sense Tropical Climate

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Skin Temperature and Body Surface Section in Non-Uniform and Asymmetric Outdoor Thermal Environment

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Health 2018年第10期10卷 1321-1341页

作者： Yoshihito Kurazumi Kenta Fukagawa Tomonori Sakoi Ariya Aruninta emi kondo Ken Yamashita School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen University Nagoya Japan Department of Architecture Kyushu Sangyo University Fukuoka Japan Academic Assembly Institute of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University Nagano Japan Department of Landscape Architecture Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand Department of Architecture Ariake National College of Technology Omuta Japan

In indoor environments and shady outdoor environments, there is little influence of short-wavelength solar radiation, so a strikingly non-uniform and asymmetric environment is not formed. In outdoor sunny environment, however, shaded areas occur even for the same site of the body, and a remarkable difference in skin temperature is considered to occur under the influence of the short-wavelength solar radiation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the non-uniform and asymmetric thermal radiation of short-wavelength solar radiation in outdoor environment on the division of the body surface section and the calculation of the mean skin temperature. The skin temperature of the front of the coronal surface, which was facing the sun and where the body received direct short-wavelength solar radiation, and the skin temperature of the rear of the coronal surface, which was in the shadow and did not receive direct short-wavelength solar radiation were respectively measured. The feet, upper arm, forearm, hand and lower leg, which are susceptible to short-wavelength solar radiation in a standing posture, had a noticeable difference in skin temperature between sites in the sun and in shade. The mean skin temperature of sites facing the sun was significantly higher than the mean skin temperature of those in the shade.

关键词： Asymmetry Mean Skin Temperature Non-Uniform Outdoor Environment Physiological Response Skin Temperature Solar Radiation

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Effects of Outdoor Thermal Environment upon the Human Responses

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Engineering（科研） 2019年第8期11卷 475-503页

作者： Yoshihito Kurazumi emi kondo Kenta Fukagawa Yoshiaki Yamato Kunihito Tobita Tadahiro Tsuchikawa School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen University Nagoya Japan Department of Architecture Ariake National College of Technology Omuta Japan Department of Architecture Kyushu Sangyo University Fukuoka Japan Department of Architecture and Structural Engineering Kure National College of Technology Kure Japan School of Humanities and Social Sciences Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan School of Human Science & Environment University of Hyogo Himeji Japan

In a summer outdoor space, the influence of short-wave length solar radiation on the human body is strongly apparent, heat is retained in the body, and the risk of heat disorders such as heat stroke increases. To avoid this, it is essential to seek shade to avoid the influence of short-wave length solar radiation. In addition, natural ground surfaces such as green spaces and water surfaces are useful in reducing the air temperature. It is indispensable to consider climate mitigation effect of outdoor space. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the thermal environment of an outdoor space on the human body in rural and suburban regions where paddy fields remain. Subject experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between the thermal environment evaluation index enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature (ETFe) in an outdoor space and the physiological and psychological responses of the human body. Experiment sites were selected with consideration for the natural ground surface such as bare ground where the surface is gravel or soil;paved ground such as concrete, asphalt or blocks;green areas covered in plants;and water surfaces, as well as the sky factor due to buildings or trees etc. and the proportion of the solid angle of components of greenery and water etc. comprising the solid angle of the total celestial sphere. A ground surface feature with a high heat capacity may promote sensation of hot and deteriorate the thermal sensation. A landscape of thick vegetation with a high green factor may have a strong feeling of confinement, which can make it somewhat hot and somewhat uncomfortable thermal environment due to the sense of stagnation. Compared with the urban environment, it is conceivable that the difference in the perceptual environment, whereby it is subconsciously assumed to be a comfortable thermal environment, had an effect in the rural and suburban regional environment, resulting in an ETFe lower than the up

关键词： ETFe Mean Skin Temperature Outdoor Environment Rural Area Thermal Comfort Thermal Sensation Urban Area

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Thermal Manikin of Infant

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Engineering（科研） 2019年第11期11卷 735-754页

作者： Yoshihito Kurazumi Tomonori Sakoi Ken Yamashita Kenta Fukagawa emi kondo Tadahiro Tsuchikawa School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen UniversityNagoyaJapan Academic Assembly Institute of Textile Science and TechnologyShinshu UniversityUedaJapan School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen UniversityNagoyaJapan Department of Architecture Kyushu Sangyo UniversityFukuokaJapan Department of Architecture Ariake National College of TechnologyOmutaJapan School of Human Science & Environment University of HyogoHimejiJapan.

Compared to an adult, an infant requires more consideration regarding the thermal environment so it is necessary to evaluate the thermal environment as it affects infants. However, experiments on infant subjects regarding their thermal environment based on the different heat balance of their body cannot ethically be conducted. We could instead consider using a thermal model for the human body, but thermal manikins based on heat transfer per unit area are rare. Therefore, this study aims to develop a thermal manikin to model the heat transfer per unit area and the body form of an infant in order to evaluate the infant’s thermal environment. When evaluating the thermal environment or heat balance of the body in the outside environment, it is essential to consider the asymmetry and unevenness of the temperature of the skin, as an element of the human body, and not just the unevenness and asymmetry of physical factors in the environment. Moreover, when receiving short wavelength direct solar radiation, light and shaded areas have significant differences in skin temperature. The following 20 body parts were investigated in the study: anterior head, posterior head, ventral trunk, dorsal trunk (including buttocks), right medial arm, right lateral arm, left medial arm, left lateral arm, right dorsal hand, right palmar hand, left dorsal hand, left palmar hand, right anterior leg, right posterior leg, left anterior leg, left posterior leg, right dorsal foot, right plantar foot, left dorsal foot, and left plantar foot. This paper measured the body surface area for each part of an infant’s body in order to establish the form of an infant model from the view of the heat transfer area, and verified the validity of the model.

关键词： Heat Balance Heat Transfer Area Infant Outdoor Thermal Environment Thermal Manikin

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Clothing Area Factor for Typical Seasonal Clothing of Infant

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Health 2021年第4期13卷 378-392页

作者： Yoshihito Kurazumi Kenta Fukagawa Tomonori Sakoi Akie Naito Reiko Hashimoto emi kondo Tadahiro Tsuchikawa School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen University Nagoya Japan Department of Architecture Kyushu Sangyo University Fukuoka Japan Department of Advanced Textile and Kansei Engineering Shinshu University Ueda Japan Institute for Global Leadership Ochanomizu University Tokyo Japan School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen University Nagoya Japan Department of Comprehensive Engineering Kindai University Technical College Nabari Japan School of Human Science & Environment University of Hyogo Himeji Japan

It is not ethical to conduct experiments on infants regarding the thermal environment. Therefore, to examine the thermal environment of infants, experiments and simulations using a human body thermal model may be feasible by clarifying the human body coefficient values of infants. When focusing on the heat transfer area of the infant’s body coefficient values, the body surface area and solar radiation area factor have only been clarified as the standard. The essential basic data for examining the thermal environment of infants have not been sufficiently obtained. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the clothing area factor for infants’ clothing in a typical season. The clothing area factor of infants clothed in summer, mid-season, and winter clothing was measured using a photographic method. The clothing area factor was 1.22, 1.42, and 1.90 for summer, mid-season, and winter clothing, respectively, indicating a significant seasonal difference. It was also found that the clothing area factor was significantly greater for infants than for adults.

关键词： Clothing Area Factor Heat Transfer Area Infant Season Thermal Environment

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The Influence of Foliage Plants on Psychological and Physiological Responses

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Health 2017年第4期9卷 601-621页

作者： Yoshihito Kurazumi emi kondo Kenta Fukagawa Reiko Hashimoto Agnes Nyilas Tomonori Sakoi Tadahiro Tsuchikawa School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen University Nagoya Japan Department of Architecture Ariake National College of Technology Omuta Japan Department of Architecture Kyushu Sangyo University Fukuoka Japan Academic Assembly Institute of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University Ueda Japan School of Human Science & Environment University of Hyogo Himeji Japan

This research aims to clarify the significance of incorporating visual stimulation, in the form of foliage plants, into office desktop spaces. The experiments were conducted in a thermal environment with a temperature range that was slightly uncomfortable. The indoor thermal environment evaluation index ETF was used to measure the effects that brain stimulation of foliage plants have on comprehensive thermal senses. We focus on visual stimulation with foliage plants, and quantitatively measure shifts in thermal senses that affect the body. Thermal environment conditions were established with air temperature in three stages (25℃, 28℃ and 31℃) and the atmosphere was kept homogeneous with wall surface temperature equal to air temperature. The visual stimulations consisted of seven types of office desk image: benjamin, pothos, oxycardium, baby tears, moss ball, cacti, and no plant. At around 27℃ to 29℃ ETF, improvements in thermal sensation, as measured by thermal sensation statements, were shown to have resulted from visual stimulation benefits. Also, at around 26℃ to 29℃ ETF, improvements in comfort were shown, due to visual stimulation benefits as well, in subjects’ comfortable-sensation statements. This benefit was significant when a foliage plant’s green coverage ratio came between 0.75% and 4.67%, the range which does not create an overwhelming feeling from the foliage plant.

关键词： ETF Foliage Plant Thermal Sensation Thermal Comfort Visual Stimuli

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Clothing Thermal Insulation for Typical Seasonal Clothing of Infant with Infant Thermal Manikin

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Engineering（科研） 2021年第7期13卷 372-387页

作者： Yoshihito Kurazumi Kenta Fukagawa Tomonori Sakoi Akie Naito Motoe Imai Reiko Hashimoto emi kondo Tadahiro Tsuchikawa School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen University Nagoya Japan Department of Architecture Kyushu Sangyo University Fukuoka Japan Department of Advanced Textile and Kansei Engineering Shinshu University Ueda Japan Institute for Global Leadership Ochanomizu University Tokyo Japan Graduate School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen University Nagoya Japan Department of Comprehensive Engineering Kindai University Technical College Nabari Japan School of Human Science & Environment University of Hyogo Himeji Japan

Infants are less thermally adapted to their environment and can be considered as needing protective measures against thermal environments. It is not ethical to conduct subject experiments on infants. Thermal insulation in clothing is an essential control coefficient for the evaluation of the thermal environment of an infant. A thermal manikin can be used as an alternative method for carrying out experiments and to control the thermal manikin based on heat balance. The purpose of this study was to clarify the thermal insulation of infants’ clothing. An infant thermal manikin was used to clarify the thermal insulation (Icl) of typical summer, mid-season, and winter clothing combinations for infants. The thermal insulation of typical seasonal clothing combinations was 0.30 clo for summer clothing, 0.57 clo for mid-season clothing and 1.02 clo for winter clothing. It was clarified that it is essential to consider clothing conditions by taking into account differences in posture and to define the clothing thermal insulation (Icl) when designing and evaluating thermal environments. When designing and evaluating an infant’s thermal environment, it is essential to investigate using data from infants.

关键词： Clothing Thermal Insulation Infant Posture Season Thermal Environment Thermal Manikin

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Availability of Heat Conduction for Environmental Control Method to Improving Thermal Environment and Preventing Oversensitivity to Cold and Air-Conditioning Disease on Female Office Workers

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Health 2016年第6期8卷 583-604页

作者： Yoshihito Kurazumi emi kondo Kenta Fukagawa Reiko Hashimoto Yoshiaki Yamato Kunihito Tobita Tomonori Sakoi Tadahiro Tsuchikawa Tetsumi Horikoshi School of Life Studies Sugiyama Jogakuen University Nagoya Japan Department of Architecture Ariake National College of Technology Omuta Japan Department of Architecture Kyushu Sangyo University Fukuoka Japan Department of Architecture and Structural Engineering Kure National College of Technology Kure Japan School of Humanities and Social Sciences Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan Kansei Engineering Course Shinshu University Ueda Japan School of Human Science & Environment University of Hyogo Himeji Japan Department of Architecture Aichi Sangyo University Okazaki Japan

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effect localized heating of the feet has on physiological and psychological reactions of female in an air-conditioned environment in summer. In Japan, female office workers wear less clothing than their male counterparts. In an air-conditioned office space in summer, female conducts thermoregulation by putting on cardigans, etc. but this action does not greatly contribute to improving conditions for the legs and feet, the lower extremities of the body. The improvement of sensational and physiological temperature by localized warming of the body can contribute to a healthy working environment for female office workers, their safety, and a reduction in air conditioning’s energy expenditure. We used the indoor thermal environment evaluation index ETF to investigate the effect localized heating of the feet has on human physiological and psychological response in an air-conditioned environment in summer. The result of heating by means of heat conduction via the sole of the foot was expressed more strongly as a psychological effect than as a whole-body physiological effect. Heating by means of heat conduction via the sole of the foot was a thermal environment factor that compensates for a low temperature in whole-body thermal sensation and whole-body thermal comfort. The effect of heating due to heat conduction via the sole of the foot was expressed in the change in sole-of- the-foot skin temperature. Applying slight heat conduction by means of heating via the sole of the foot demonstrated the result of improved whole-body thermal sensation and whole-body thermal comfort.

关键词： Female Office Worker Sensitivity to Cold Thermal Environment Thermal Sense

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