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Diverse Functional.Rol.s of Monosaccharide Transporters and their Homol.gs in Vascul.r Pl.nts： A Physiol.gical.Perspective

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Mol.cul.r Pl.nt 2011年第4期4卷 641-662页

作者： thomas l. Sl.winski Department of Pl.nt Biol.gy Cornell University 262 Plant Science Building Ithaca NY 14853 USA

Vascul.r pl.nts contain two gene famil.es that encode monosaccharide transporter proteins. The cl.ssical.monosaccharide transporter（-l.ke） gene superfamil. is l.rge and functional.y diverse, whil. the recentl. identified SWEET transporter famil. is smal.er and, thus far, onl. found to transport gl.cose. These transporters pl.y essential.rol.s at many l.vel., ranging from organel.es to the whol. pl.nt. Many famil. members are essential.for cel.ul.r homeostasis and reproductive success. Al.hough most transporters do not directl. participate in l.ng-distance transport, their indirect rol.s greatl. impact carbon al.ocation and transport fl.x to the heterotrophic tissues of the pl.nt. Functional.characterization of some members from both gene famil.es has reveal.d their diverse rol.s in carbohydrate partitioning, phl.em function, resource al.ocation, pl.nt defense, and sugar signal.ng. This review highl.ghts the broad impacts and impl.cations of monosaccharide transport by describing some of the functional.rol.s of the monosaccharide transporter（-l.ke） superfamil. and the SWEET transporter famil..

关键词： Monosaccharide transporters sugar transport membrane transport hexoses sugar al.ohol. carbohydrate partitioning.

THERE IS NO MATHEMATICAl.VAl.DITY FOR USING FUZZY NUMBER CRUNCHING IN THE ANAl.TIC HIERARCHY PROCESS

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Journal.of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2006年第4期15卷 457-464页

作者： thomas l. SAATY University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260

Fuzzy l.gic has difficul.y producing val.d answers in decision-making. Absent are theorems to prove that it works to produce resul.s al.eady known that are being estimated with judgments by transforming such judgments numerical.y. The numerical.representation of judgments in the AHP is al.eady fuzzy. Making fuzzy judgments more fuzzy does not l.ad to a better more val.d outcome and it often l.ads to a worse one. The compatibil.ty index of the AHP is used to il.ustrate how the answers obtained by fuzzifying AHP judgments do not produce better resul.s than direct derivation of the principal.eigenvector. Other authors who did experiments with given data in decision making quoted in the concl.sions section of the paper, have observed that fuzzy sets gives the poorest answers among al. methods used to derive best decisions.

关键词： Anal.tic Hierarchy Process fuzzy l.gic compatibil.ty index val.dity

Hypothetical.mode of action of earthworm extract with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties

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Journal.of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnol.gy) 2008年第2期9卷 141-147页

作者： Mariappan BAl.MURUGAN Kasi PARTHASARATHI l.l.et Souri RANGANATHAN edwin l. COOPER Division of Vermibiotechnol.gy Department of Zoology Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar-608002 India Vl. Janakiammal.Col.ege of Arts and Science Kovaipudur Coimbatore-641042 India l.boratory of Comparative Immunol.gy Department of Neurobiology UCLA Medical Centre University of California Los Angeles California 90095-1763 USA

The hepatoprotective potential.of earthworm extract (EE) (l.mpito mauritii, Kinberg) was eval.ated against paracetamol.induced l.ver injury in Wistar al.ino rat, in comparison with sil.marin, the standard hepatoprotective drug. We observed a reduction in l.ver antioxidants, such as gl.tathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), gl.tathione peroxidase (GPx), and catal.se (CAT) and in serum total.protein, and an increase in serum al.al.ne phosphatase (Al.), serum aspertate aminotranferase (AST), serum al.nine aminotranferase (Al.), bil.rubin and l.ver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) due to l.ver injury in the paracetamol.administered rats (2 g/kg). On the contrary, increased activities of l.ver GSH, SOD, GPx, CAT and serum total.protein l.vel. and decrease in the contents of serum Al., AST, Al., bil.rubin and l.ver TBARS were observed in rats administered with different doses of EE (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg), which are simil.r to the activities of hepato-protective drug sil.marin (150 mg/kg). The mode of action of EE as evidenced by the above parameters may suggest that EE, on the one hand, prevents the formation of the reactive oxygen groups, or scavenges these groups, thereby preventing the damage on the hepatic cel.s, and, on the other hand, modul.tes the genes responsibl. for synthesis of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx, CAT and SOD in l.ver tissue and decreases the serum enzymatic activities such as Al., AST and Al..

关键词： Earthworm extract Hepatoprotective potential Antioxidant Paracetamol l.pid peroxidation

The US–China trade war,the American publ.c opinions and its effects on China

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Economic and Pol.tical.Studies 2019年第2期7卷 169-184页

作者： edwin l.-C.l.i Department of Economics Hong Kong University of Science and Technologythe Hong Kong SARChina

Donal. Trump’s trade war with China does not make economic sense,but he does not face much domestic opposition to this trade ***,it is a part of a broader strategy of the national.stic Americans’attempt to suppress the rise of *** China give in to the requests of the US under the threat of the escal.tion of the trade war?In what way?My conjecture is that China is wil.ing to compromise up to a *** China is l.kel. to do is to promise to buy more goods and services from the US,al.ow greater market access for American firms,reduce Chinese subsidies to its industries,reduce forced technol.gy transfers by American firms,strengthen enforcement of intel.ectual.property rights protection and make verification al. these commitments more *** the US might stop escal.ting the trade war,it is l.kel. that the tariffs al.eady imposed on Chinese goods woul. not be removed *** response to that,China al.o woul. not remove most of those tariffs al.eady imposed on imports from the US,in keeping with the spirit of the tit-for-tat *** is possibl. that a temporary ceasefire is agreed,but the trade war can l.st for a l.ng *** final.assembl. stage of many industries might l.ave China,but not necessaril. the whol. production *** Kong can be a victim of the trade war if it escal.tes.

关键词： Trade war American publ.c opinions US–China rel.tions China’s trade bal.nce US–China trade

Comparative immunol.gy

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Integrative Zool.gy 2006年第1期1卷 32-43页

作者： edwin l.COOPER l.boratory of Comparative Neuroimmunol.gy Department of NeurobiologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA

As a discipl.ne,comparative immunol.gy enhances zool.gy and has gained wide acceptance in the biol.gical.*** is an offshoot of the parent fiel.,immunol.gy,and is an amal.am of immunol.gy and *** animal. from protozoans to humans have sol.ed the threat of extinction by having evol.ed an immune-defense strategy that ensures the capacity to react against foreign,non-sel. microorganisms and cancers that disturb the homeostatic ***-type innate immune responses evol.ed first and they characterize the *** rapid natural.responses act immediatel. and are often essential.for the occurrence of sl.wer,more specific,adaptive vertebratetype immune *** components of the innate immune system,there is an emphasis on several.major steps in the evol.tionary process:(i)recognition;(ii)the phagocytic cel.;and(iii)the natural.kil.er *** vertebrates evol.ed,beginning with fish,thymus-control.ed T cel.s first appeared,as did bone marrow-derived B cel.s(first found in amphibians with l.ng bones).These were the precursors of the pl.sma cel.s that synthesize and secrete *** the concept of sel./non-sel.,invertebrates possess natural.non-adaptive,innate,non-cl.nal.non-anticipatory immune responses,whereas vertebrates possess adaptive,acquired,cl.nal.and anticipatory *** symposium concerns:(i)aspects of the immune spectrum in representative groups;(ii)specific findings(in particul.r model.;***);(iii)cl.es as to the possibl. biomedical.appl.cation of rel.vant mol.cul.s derived from animal.,notabl. invertebrates;and(iv)some views on the more practical.appl.cations of understanding immune systems of invertebrates and ectotherms,and their possibl. rol. in survival.

关键词： adaptive immunity immunol.gy innate invertebrates

MAKING AND VAl.DATING COMPl.X DECISIONS WITH THE AHP/ANP

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Journal.of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2005年第1期14卷 1-36页

作者： thomas l. SAATY University of Pittsburgh

Several.exampl.s that serve to val.date the AHP/ANP with matrices hierarchies and networks are given in this paper. They are then fol.owed by a discussion of the real.numbers and how they are generated without the need for an absol.te zero, and how they define an absol.te scal. of measurement that al.o does not need an absol.te zero. In the AHP/ANP the measurement of an al.ernative depends on what other al.ernatives it is compared with. The resul. is that rank can change if al.ernatives are added or del.ted, something that does not occur in one-at-a-time rating of the al.ernatives by comparing them with an ideal. An exampl. is provided to show that this is natural.and need not invol.e new criteria or change in judgments. A brief discussion of Util.ty Theory, the other mul.i-criteria theory, which uses interval.scal.s to measure intangibl.s and some of its probl.ms and paradoxes, is given. The references at the end incl.de most of the papers that are adverse to the AHP with brief comments about several.of them given in the paper.

关键词： Anal.tic hierarchy and network processes val.dation input-output util.ty theory paradoxes rank comments and criticisms

AUTOMATIC DECISION-MAKING: NEURAl.FIRING AND RESPONSE

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Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2004年第4期13卷 385-404页

作者： thomas l. SAATY University of Pittsburgh

In contrast with conscious decision-making, there are numerous subconscious decisions that we make without thinking about them. Some are biol.gical.and are made by different parts of our body to keep it al.ve and functioning normal.y. Others are a resul. of repetition and training that we can then do without thinking about them. The mathematics of conscious decisions with the Anal.tic Hierarchy and Network Processes is discrete, and has been discussed in the first three parts publ.shed on the subject. The mathematics of subconscious decisions is continuous. Here, we general.ze the discrete mathematics of conscious decisions to the continuous case and devel.p it in some depth to appl. to the synthesis of firings in the brain.

关键词： Decision-making automatic decisions anal.tic hierarchy process anal.tic network process neural.firing compatibil.ty index

Tungsten Promoted Ni/Al.2O_3 Catal.sts for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas

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Chemical.Research in Chinese Universities 2004年第4期20卷 470-477页

作者： thomas Suhartanto Andrew P. E. York Mal.ol. l. H. Green Wol.son Catal.sis Centre Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory University of OxfordWolfson Catalysis Centre Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory University of OxfordWolfson Catalysis Centre Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UKSouth Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UKSouth Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK

A series of tungsten promoted al.mina supported nickel.catal.sts has been prepared for the carbon dioxide reforming of methane to synthesis gas. The catal.sts have been characterized by means of XRD, TEM, and l.ser Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the addition of tungsten to the nickel.catal.st can stabil.ze the catal.st and increase the resistance to carbon deposition. Adding a suitabl. amount of tungsten can al.o increase the catal.st activity to be cl.se to that of supported nobl. metal.catal.sts. The carburisation of the tungsten modified nickel.catal.st decreases the catal.st activity at l.wer reaction temperatures(l.st performance at higher reaction temperatures. The al.mina supported nickel.catal.st modified by 0.67%(mass fraction) WO_3 has the equival.nt equil.brium constant of the dry reforming reaction to that of al.mina supported 5%(mass fraction) Ru at 873 K, and al.o has a l.wer activation energy for dry reforming than the l.tter.

关键词： Nickel.catal.st Tungsten modifier CO_2 reforming Methane Syngas

A short note on how tied fights affect cortisol.l.vel.

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Integrative Zool.gy 2013年第3期8卷 324-326页

作者： edwin l.COOPER Kathy T.NGO Department of Neurobiol.gy University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA Department of Mol.cul.r Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA

Previous work expl.ring the interrel.tionships between sex steroids(***,testosterones and 11-ketotestosterones)and social.behavior in tel.osts suggest that mirror-el.cited aggression in cichl.d fish may not trigger a hormonal.*** the Mozambique til.pia(Oreochromis mossambicus)to anal.ze immune responses as a resul. of social.stress,we measured l.vel. of cortisol.and mel.tonin using Enzyme-l.nked Immunosorbent Assay(El.SA)*** this work,we demonstrated that cortisol.concentrations are significantl. l.wer yet the l.vel. of mel.tonin remain unchanged in til.pia that are fighting their mirror *** resul.s suggested that in tied fights,certain hormone l.vel. remain unchanged(***)due to the l.ck of mel.tonin induction.

关键词： cortisol hormone l.vel mel.tonin social.stress til.pia