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国际医学放射学杂志 2024年第4期 497-498页

作者： h.Y.Jiang Y.Qin h.Wei T.Y.Zheng T.Yang Y.A.Wu 程昊

摘要目的对比增强MRI可以为肝细胞肝癌（hCC）病人提供个体化的预后信息，研究旨在探讨MRI征象对早期无复发生存（≤2年，e-RFS）、晚期无复发生存（>2年，L-RFS）

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Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastructure:Drivers,effectiveness,and future needs

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The Innovation 2024年第2期5卷 145-166页

作者： Prashant Kumar Sisay e.Debele Soheila Khalili Christos h.halios Jeetendra Sahani Nasrin Aghamohammadi Maria de Fatima Andrade Maria Athanassiadou Kamaldeep Bhui Nerea Calvillo Shi-Jie Cao Frederic Coulon Jill L.edmondson David Fletcher edmilson Dias de Freitas hai Guo Matthew C.hort Madhusudan Katti Thomas Rodding Kjeldsen Steffen Lehmann Giuliano Maselli Locosselli Shelagh K.Malham Lidia Morawska Rajan Parajuli Christopher D.F.Rogers Runming Yao Fang Wang Jannis Wenk Laurence Jones Global Centre for Clean Air Research(GCARe) School of SustainabilityCivil and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildford GU27XHUK Institute for Sustainability University of SurreyGuildford GU27XHSurreyUK School of Built environment University of ReadingWhiteknightsReading RG66BUUK School Design and the Built environment Curtin University Sustainability Policy InstituteKent StBentley 6102Western Australia harry Butler Institute Murdoch UniversityMurdoch 6150Western Australia Atmospheric Sciences Department Institute of AstronomyGeophysics and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of Sao PauloSao Paulo 05508-090Brazil Met Office FitzRoy RoadExeter EX13PBUK Department of Psychiatry and Nuffield Department of Primary Care health Sciences Wadham CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK Centre for Interdisciplinary Methodologies University of WarwickWarwickUK School of Architecture Southeast University2 SipailouNanjing 210096China Cranfield University School of WaterEnvironment and EnergyCranfield MK430ALUK Plants PhotosynthesisSoil ClusterSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffield S102TNUK UK Centre for ecology&hydrology Environment Centre WalesDeiniol RoadBangor LL572UWUK Air Quality Studies Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina Department of Forestry and environmental Resources Faculty Excellence Program for Leadership in Public ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityChancellorRaleighNC 27695USA Departments of Architecture&Civil engineering and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BathBath BA27AYUK School of Architecture University of NevadaLas VegasNV 89154USA Department of Tropical ecosystems Functioning Center of Nuclear Energy in AgricultureUniversity of São PauloPiracicaba 13416-000Sao PauloBrazil School of Ocean Sciences Bangor UniversityMenai BridgeAnglesey LL595 ABUK International Laboratory for Air Quality and health Science and Engine

The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate ***,the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure(GBGI),such as parks,wetlands,and engineered greening,which have the potential to effectively reduce summer air *** many reviews,the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits remains partial and the practical recommendations for implementation are *** systematic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat mitigation and related co-benefits,identifies knowledge gaps,and proposes recommendations for their implementation to maximize their *** screening 27,486 papers,202 were reviewed,based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 main *** GBGI(green walls,parks,street trees)have been well researched for their urban cooling ***,several other GBGI have received negligible(zoological garden,golf course,estuary)or minimal(private garden,allotment)*** most efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens(5.0±3.5℃),wetlands(4.9±3.2℃),green walls(4.1±4.2℃),street trees(3.8±3.1℃),and vegetated balconies(3.8±2.7℃).Under changing climate conditions(2070–2100)with consideration of RCP8.5,there is a shift in climate subtypes,either within the same climate zone(e.g.,Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa)or across other climate zones(e.g.,Dfb[continental warm-summer humid]to BSk[dry,cold semi-arid]and Cwa[temperate]to Am[tropical]).These shifts may result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the *** the importance of multiple services,it is crucial to balance their functionality,cooling performance,and other related co-benefits when planning for the future *** global GBGI heat mitigation inventory can assist policymakers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating,fi

关键词： estuary walls extreme

A facile strategy for tuning the density of surface-grafted biomolecules for melt extrusion-based additive manufacturing applications

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Bio-Design and Manufacturing 2024年第3期7卷 277-291页

作者： I.A.O.Beeren G.Dos Santos P.J.Dijkstra C.Mota J.Bauer h.Ferreira Rui L.Reis N.Neves S.Camarero-espinosa M.B.Baker L.Moroni Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative MedicineMaastricht University6229 ER MaastrichtThe Netherlands 3B’s Research Group I3Bs–Research Institute on BiomaterialsBiodegradables and BiomimeticsHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of MinhoAveParkZona Industrial da Gandra4805-017 BarcoGuimarãesPortugal ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory 4806-909 Braga/GuimarãesPortugal POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU20018 Donostia/San SebastiánSpain IKeRBASQUe Basque Foundation for Science48009 BilbaoSpain

Melt extrusion-based additive manufacturing(Me-AM)is a promising technique to fabricate porous scaffolds for tissue engi-neering ***,most synthetic semicrystalline polymers do not possess the intrinsic biological activity required to control cell *** of biomolecules on polymeric surfaces of AM scaffolds enhances the bioactivity of a construct;however,there are limited strategies available to control the surface ***,we report a strategy to tune the surface density of bioactive groups by blending a low molecular weight poly(ε-caprolactone)5k(PCL5k)containing orthogonally reactive azide groups with an unfunctionalized high molecular weight PCL75k at different *** porous three-dimensional(3D)scaf-folds were then fabricated using a high weight percentage(75 wt.%)of the low molecular weight PCL *** a proof-of-concept test,we prepared films of three different mass ratios of low and high molecular weight polymers with a thermopress and reacted with an alkynated fluorescent model compound on the surface,yielding a density of 201-561 pmol/cm^(2).Subsequently,a bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP-2)-derived peptide was grafted onto the films comprising different blend compositions,and the effect of peptide surface density on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells(hMSCs)was *** two weeks of culturing in a basic medium,cells expressed higher levels of BMP receptor II(BMPRII)on films with the conjugated *** addition,we found that alkaline phosphatase activity was only significantly enhanced on films contain-ing the highest peptide density(i.e.,561 pmol/cm^(2)),indicating the importance of the surface *** together,these results emphasize that the density of surface peptides on cell differentiation must be considered at the cell-material ***,we have presented a viable strategy for Me-AM community that desires to tune the bulk and surface functionality via blending of(m

关键词： Additive manufacturing Blending Surface functionalization Surface density Click chemistry human

Mechanical properties of Al-15Mg_(2)Si composites prepared under different solidification cooling rates

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2022年第6期29卷 1249-1260页

作者： e.Safary R.Taghiabadi M.h.Ghoncheh Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy Imam Khomeini International UniversityQazvinIran Department of Mechanical engineering University of New BrunswickFrederictonNBCanada

The effect of different cooling rates(2.7,5.5,17.1,and 57.5℃/s)on the solidification parameters,microstructure,and mechanical properties of Al-15Mg_(2)Si composites was *** results showed that a high cooling rate refined the Mg_(2)Si particles and changed their morphology to more compacted forms with less microcracking *** average radius and fraction of primary Mg_(2)Si particles decreased from 20μm and 13.5%to about 10μm and 7.3%,respectively,as the cooling rate increased from 2.7 to 57.5℃/*** the cooling rate also improved the distribution of microconstituents and decreased the grain size and volume fraction of *** mechanical properties results revealed that augmenting the cooling rate from 2.7 to about 57.5℃/s increased the hardness and quality index by 25%and245%,*** high cooling rate also changed the fracture mechanism from a brittle-dominated mode to a high-energy ductile mode comprising extensive dimpled zones.

关键词： Al-15Mg_(2)Si composite solidification cooling rate thermal analysis mechanical properties

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UhPC框架结构的抗车辆冲击性能研究

力学季刊 2024年第1期45卷 119-131页

作者：和文超邓锷长治职业技术学院土木工程系山西长治046000 香港理工大学土木及环境工程学系中国香港九龙999077 国家轨道交通电气化与自动化工程技术研究中心(香港分中心) 中国香港九龙999077

随着我国交通系统的发展及汽车车速的日益提升,坐落于道路两旁的框架建筑承受的车辆碰撞风险也与日俱增.超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high Performance Concrete, UhPC)由于其超高的材料断裂能以及抗拉能力逐渐被应用于框架结构中以提高其使... 详细信息

随着我国交通系统的发展及汽车车速的日益提升,坐落于道路两旁的框架建筑承受的车辆碰撞风险也与日俱增.超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high Performance Concrete, UhPC)由于其超高的材料断裂能以及抗拉能力逐渐被应用于框架结构中以提高其使用性能.UhPC框架结构同样承受较高的车辆撞击风险.本文建立了三维动力非线性的车辆-UhPC三层框架结构碰撞模型并采用Ansys/LS-DYNA进行求解.采用已发表的落锤撞击普通混凝土(Normal Concrete, NC)与超高性能混凝土(UhPC)梁试验对材料参数与接触算法的正确性进行了验证.基于三维动力非线性碰撞模型,从结构损伤、碰撞力特性及结构耗能机理三方面对NC及UhPC框架结构进行了全面对比.主要结论如下:(1) UhPC框架结构的抗车辆冲击性能远高于NC框架结构.UhPC框架结构的损伤仅存在于被撞柱,其他部位混凝土的使用性能几乎不受影响.(2)高车速条件下(80~120 km/h),NC柱的损伤分布为剧烈的冲切损伤并伴有明显的塑性变形,框架节点出现明显的受拉及受剪损伤;UhPC柱的背面始终不出现受拉区域,最终发展成贯通框架柱截面的冲剪破坏.(3) NC柱的混凝土内能均比UhPC柱的混凝土内能高,导致NC柱的损伤程度比UhPC柱严重.(4)当车辆保险杠撞击框架柱时,碰撞力产生第一个峰值;当车辆引擎与框架柱撞击时,碰撞力产生第二个峰值.引擎撞击产生的碰撞力峰值均远高于保险杠撞击.UhPC柱的碰撞力峰值平均比NC柱高22.6%,二者碰撞力峰值最大差异可达32.1%.本文研究结果有助于促进UhPC框架结构的抗冲击合理化设计,并保障其安全健康运营.

关键词：超高性能混凝土框架结构抗冲击性能能量机理

Resilience, the 6th Vital Sign: Conceptualizing, Contextualizing, and Operationalizing All Six Vital Signs

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health 2024年第7期16卷 657-673页

作者： Rose e. Constantino Betty J. Braxter Chi Ching Vivian hui Larissa C. Allen Lillian J. Wolfe Katherine h. endres Jezyl Cempron Cutamora Laurence L. Garcia Daisy R. Palompon Kathleen Thimsen Brayden N. Kameg Margarete L. Zalon Department of health and Community Systems School of Nursing University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA Undergraduate Affairs School of Nursing University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA The hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China School of Nursing Adjunct Faculty at the University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA School of Nursing University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA Department of health Promotion and Development School of Nursing University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA College of Nursing Cebu Normal University Cebu City Philippines School of Nursing University of Nevada Las Vegas USA Department of health and Community Systems University of Pittsburgh PA USA Department of Nursing University of Scranton Scranton PA USA

There are five vital signs that healthcare providers assess: temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and pain. Normal levels for the five vital signs are published by the American heart Association, and other specialty organizations, however, the sixth vital sign (resilience) which adopts the measure of immune resilience is suggested in this paper. Resilience is the ability of the immune system to respond to attacks and defend effectively against infections and inflammatory stressors, and psychological resilience is the capacity to resist, adapt, recover, thrive, and grow from a challenge or a stressor. Individuals with better optimal immune resilience had better health outcomes than those with minimal immune resilience. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize, contextualize, and operationalize all six vital signs. We suggest measuring resilience subjectively and objectively. Subjectively, use a 5-item guided interview revised from the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRC), a scale of 10 items. The revised CDRC scale is a 5-item scale. The scale is rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 0 (not true) to 4 (true all the time). The total score ranges from 0 to 20, with higher total scores indicating greater resilience. The scale demonstrated good construct validity and internal consistency (α = 0.85) during the development of the scale. The CD-RISC had a good Cronbach’s alpha level of 0.85. The Revised CD-RISC can be completed in 2 - 4 minutes. To measure resilience objectively, we suggest using Immune Resilience (IR) levels, the level of resilience to preserve and/or rapidly restore immune resilience functions that promote disease resistance and control inflammation and other inflammatory stress. IR levels are gauged with two peripheral blood metrics that quantify the balance between CD8 and CD4 T-cell levels and gene expression signatures tracking longevity-associated immunocompetence and mortality- or entropy-associated inflammation. IR deregulation i

关键词： Conceptualization Contextualization Operationalization Body Temperature Pulse Respiration Blood Pressure Pain Resilience

highly Defective Dark TiO_(2) Modified with Pt: effects of Precursor Nature and Preparation Method on Photocatalytic Properties

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Transactions of Tianjin University 2024年第2期30卷 198-209页

作者： e.D.Fakhrutdinova O.A.Reutova T.A.Bugrova I.Yu.Ovsyuk L.S.Kibis O.A.Stonkus D.B.Vasilchenko O.V.Vodyankina V.A.Svetlychnyi National Research Tomsk State University TomskRussia 634050 Novosibirsk State University NovosibirskRussia 630090 Boreskov Institute of Catalysis NovosibirskRussia 630090 Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry NovosibirskRussia 630090

The study focused on the modification with platinum of dark defective titania obtained via pulsed laser ablation. Both the method of Pt introduction and the nature of the Pt precursor were varied. All samples exhibited similar phase compositions, specific surface areas, and Pt contents. high-resolution transmission electron microscopy coupled with pulsed CO adsorption revealed increased dispersity when photoreduction and the hydroxonitrate complex (Me _(4) N) _(2) [Pt _(2) (Oh) _(2) (NO _(3) ) _(8) ] were used. The sample featured a high content of single-atom species and subnano-sized Pt clusters. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the photoreduction method facilitated the appearance of a larger number of Pt ^(2+) states, which appeared owing to the strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) eff ect of the transfer of electron density from the electron-saturated defects on the TiO _(2) surface to Pt ^(4+) . In the hydrogen evolution reaction, samples with a significant fraction of the Pt ^(2+) ionic component, capable of generating short-lived Pt^(0) single-atom sites under irradiation due to the SMSI eff ect, exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. The 0.5Pt(C)/TiO_(2) -Ph sample exhibited the highest hydrogen yield with a quantum efficiency of 0.53, retaining its activity even after 8 h of operation.

关键词： Dark(black)TiO_(2) Pulsed laser ablation Platinum reduction method Precursor type Photocatalysis hydrogen evolution reaction

Dynamics of self-hybridized exciton–polaritons in 2D halide perovskites

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第1期13卷 13-22页

作者： Surendra B.Anantharaman Jason Lynch Christopher e.Stevens Christopher Munley Chentao Li Jin hou hao Zhang Andrew Torma Thomas Darlington Francis Coen Kevin Li Arka Majumdar PJames Schuck Aditya Mohite hayk harutyunyan Joshua R.hendrickson Deep Jariwala Department of electrical and Systems engineering University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA KBR Inc. BeavercreekOH45431USA Air Force Research Laboratory Sensors DirectorateWright-Patterson Air Force BaseOH45433USA Department of Physics University of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA Department of Physics Emory UniversityAtlantaGA30322USA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering Rice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA Applied Physics Program Smalley‐Curl InstituteRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA Department of Mechanical engineering Columbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA Department of electrical and Computer engineering University of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA

excitons,bound electron–hole pairs,in two-dimensional hybrid organic inorganic perovskites(2D hOIPs)are capable of forming hybrid light-matter states known as exciton-polaritons(e–Ps)when the excitonic medium is confined in an optical *** the case of 2D hOIPs,they can self-hybridize into e–Ps at specific thicknesses of the hOIP crystals that form a resonant optical cavity with the ***,the fundamental properties of these self-hybridized e–Ps in 2D hOIPs,including their role in ultrafast energy and/or charge transfer at interfaces,remain ***,we demonstrate that>0.5µm thick 2D hOIP crystals on Au substrates are capable of supporting multiple-orders of self-hybridized e–P *** e–Ps have high Q factors(>100)and modulate the optical dispersion for the crystal to enhance sub-gap absorption and *** varying excitation energy and ultrafast measurements,we also confirm energy transfer from higher energy e–Ps to lower energy e–***,we also demonstrate that e–Ps are capable of charge transport and transfer at *** findings provide new insights into charge and energy transfer in e–Ps opening new opportunities towards their manipulation for polaritonic devices.

关键词： charge polar excitation

超声引导下罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定竖脊肌平面阻滞在老年胸腔镜肺癌根治术中的应用效果

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新乡医学院学报 2024年第3期41卷 270-274页

作者：荆凤娥河南理工大学第一附属医院麻醉手术部河南焦作454000

目的探讨超声引导下罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定竖脊肌平面阻滞在老年胸腔镜肺癌根治术患者中的应用效果。方法选择2020年10月至2022年10月在河南理工大学第一附属医院行胸腔镜下肺癌根治术的肺癌患者119例为研究对象。将患者随机分为观察组... 详细信息

目的探讨超声引导下罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定竖脊肌平面阻滞在老年胸腔镜肺癌根治术患者中的应用效果。方法选择2020年10月至2022年10月在河南理工大学第一附属医院行胸腔镜下肺癌根治术的肺癌患者119例为研究对象。将患者随机分为观察组(n=59)和对照组(n=60),观察组剔除3例,对照组剔除4例,2组最终各纳入56例患者。对照组患者采用超声引导下罗哌卡因竖脊肌平面阻滞麻醉,观察组患者采用超声引导下罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定竖脊肌平面阻滞麻醉,2组患者麻醉前准备、麻醉诱导和麻醉维持相同,术后均使用静脉自控镇痛泵止痛。记录2组患者入室后(T_(1))、阻滞成功后(T_(2))、切皮时(T_(3))、手术结束(T_(4))的心率(hR)和平均动脉压(MAP),术后6、12、24、48 h行静息及活动状态下视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分。比较2组患者术后48 h镇痛药物使用量和镇痛泵按压次数、谵妄和不良反应发生率。结果2组患者T_(2)、T_(3)时MAP、hR显著高于T_(1)和T_(4)时(PhR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组患者T_(2)与T_(3)时MAP、hR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组患者T_(1)时MAP、hR比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)时,观察组患者的MAP、hR显著低于对照组(Ph时静息状态和活动状态下VAS评分均显著低于术后6 h(Ph时静息状态和活动状态下VAS评分均显著低于术后12 h(Ph时静息状态和活动状态下VAS评分均显著低于术后24 h(Ph,2组患者静息状态和活动状态下VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后12、24、48 h,观察组患者静息状态和活动状态下VAS评分均显著低于对照组(Ph镇痛药物使用量和镇痛泵按压次数显著少于对照组(Ph内总不良反应发生率分别为5.36%(3/56)、8.93%(5/56);2组患者总不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.135,P>0.05)。对照组和观察组患者术后48 h内谵妄发生率分别为14.29%(8/56)、3.57(2/56),观察组患者谵妄发生率显著低于对照组(χ^(2)=3.953,P<0.05)。结论老年胸腔镜肺癌根治术患者采用超声引导下罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定竖脊肌平面阻滞,可维持围手术期血流动力学稳定、提高镇痛效果,且能减少镇痛药物使用量和镇痛泵按压次数,降低术后谵妄发生率。

关键词：肺癌根治术老年人竖脊肌平面阻滞罗哌卡因右美托咪定

hVOF-sprayed hAp/S53P4 BG composite coatings on an AZ31 alloy for potential applications in temporary implants

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2024年第1期12卷 345-360页

作者： Carlos A.Poblano-Salas John henao Astrid L.Giraldo-Betancur Paola Forero-Sossa Diego German espinosa-Arbelaez Jorge A.González-Sánchez Luis R.Dzib-Pérez Susana T.estrada-Moo Idelfonso e.Pech-Pech CIATeQ A.C. Av.Manantiales 23-AParque Industrial Bernardo QuintanaEl MarquésQuerétaro 76246Mexico CONAhCYT-CIATeQ A.C. Av.Manantiales 23-AParque Industrial Bernardo QuintanaEl MarquésQuerétaro 76246Mexico CONAhCYT-Cinvestav Libramiento Norponiente#2000.Fraccionamiento Real de JuriquillaQuerétaro 76230Mexico Universidad Tecnológica de Querétaro Av.Pie de la Cuesta N°2501Querétaro 76148Mexico CIDeSI Av.Playa Pie de la Cuesta No 702Col.San PabloQuerétaro 76125Mexico Center for Corrosion Research Autonomous University of CampecheAv.Héroe de Nacozari No.480P.C.24070San Francisco de CampecheCam.Mexico

Bioactive thermal spray coatings produced via high-velocity oxygen fuel spray(hVOF)from hydroxyapatite(hAp)and bioactive glasses(BG)have the potential to be employed on temporary implants due to the ability of both hAp and BG to dissolve and promote osseointegration,considering that both phases have different reaction and dissolution rates under in-vitro *** the present work,75%***-25%wt.S53P4 bioactive glass powders were hVOF-sprayed to obtain hAp/S53P4 BG composite coatings on a bioresorbable AZ31 *** study is focused on exploring the effect of the stand-off distance and fuel/oxygen ratio variation as hVOF parameters to obtain stable structural coatings and to establish their effect on the phases and microstructure produced in those *** characterization techniques,such as scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,were employed to characterize relevant structural and microstructural properties of the composite *** results showed that thermal gradients during coating deposition must be managed to avoid delamination due to the high temperature achieved(max 550℃)and the differences in coefficients of thermal *** was also found that both spraying distance and oxygen/fuel ratio allowed to keep the hydroxyapatite as the main phase in the *** addition,in-vitro electrochemical studies were performed on the obtained hAp/S53P4 BG composite coatings and compared against the uncoated AZ31 *** results showed a significant decrease in hydrogen evolution(at least 98%)when the bioactive coating was applied on the Mg alloy during evaluation in simulated body fluid(SBF).

关键词： Coatings Composites Thermal spray Temporary implants hydrogen evolution