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Drag re.uction be.avior of hydrolyze. polyacrylamide.xanthan gum mixe. polyme. solutions

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Pe.role.m Scie.ce 2017年第2期14卷 412-423页

作者： Me.di Habibpour Pe.e. e. Clark School of Che.ical e.gine.ring Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA

Partially hydrolyze. polyacrylamide.HPAM）as the.main compone.t of slickwate. fracturing fluid is a she.r-se.sitive.polyme.,which suffe.s from me.hanical de.radation at turbule.t flow *** diffe.e.t conce.trations of HPAM as we.l as mixture. of polyacrylamide.xanthan gum we.e.pre.are. to inve.tigate.the.possibility of improving she.r stability of *** re.uction（DR）me.sure.e.ts we.e.pe.forme. in a close. flow *** HPAM solutions,the.e.te.t of DR incre.se. from 30%to67%with incre.sing HPAM conce.tration from 100 to1000 *** the.HPAM solutions suffe.e. from me.hanical de.radation and loss of DR e.ficie.cy ove. the.she.ring *** indicate. that the.re.istance.to she.r de.radation incre.se. with incre.sing polyme. *** e.ficie.cy of 600 wppm xanthan gum（XG）was 38%,indicating that XG was not as good a drag re.uce. as *** with only 6%DR de.line.XG solution e.hibite. a be.te. she.r stability compare. to HPAM *** HPAM/XG solutions initially e.hibite. gre.te. DR（40%and 55%）compare. to XG,but due.to she.r de.radation,DR%droppe. for HPAM/XG *** to 200 wppm HPAM solution,addition of XG did not improve.the.drag re.uction e.ficie.cy of HPAM/XG mixe. solutions though XG slightly improve. the.re.istance.against me.hanical de.radation in HPAM/XG mixe. polyme. solutions.

关键词： Slickwate. Polyacrylamide Xanthan gum Drag re.uction She.r stability

Biomate.ials for spinal cord re.air

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Ne.roscie.ce.Bulle.in 2013年第4期29卷 445-459页

作者： Agne. e. Hagge.ty Martin oude.a De.artme.ts of Bioe.gine.ring University of Pittsburgh De.artme.ts of the.Ce.te. for the.Ne.ral Basis of Cognition University of Pittsburgh De.artme.ts of Physical Me.icine.and Re.abilitation University of Pittsburgh De.artme.ts of Ne.robiology University of Pittsburgh

Spinal cord injury （SCI） re.ults in pe.mane.t loss of function le.ding to ofte. de.astating pe.sonal, e.onomic and social proble.s. A contributing factor to the.pe.mane.ce.of SCI is that damage. axons do not re.e.e.ate. which pre.e.ts the.re.e.tablishme.t of axonal circuits involve. in function. Many groups are.working to de.e.op tre.tme.ts that addre.s the.lack of axon re.e.e.ation afte. SCI. The.e.e.ge.ce.of biomate.ials for re.e.e.ation and incre.se. collaboration be.we.n e.gine.rs, basic and translational scie.tists, and clinicians hold promise.for the.de.e.opme.t of e.fe.tive.the.apie. for SCI. A ple.hora of biomate.ials is available.and has be.n te.te. in various mode.s of SCI. Conside.ing the.clinical re.e.ance.of contusion injurie., we.primarily focus on polyme.s that me.t the.spe.ific crite.ia for addre.sing this type.of injury. Biomate.ials may provide.structural support and/or se.ve.as a de.ive.y ve.icle.for factors to arre.t growth inhibition and promote.axonal growth. De.igning mate.ials to addre.s the.spe.ific ne.ds of the.damage. ce.tral ne.vous syste. is crucial and possible.with curre.t te.hnology. He.e. we.re.ie. the.most promine.t mate.ials, the.r optimal characte.istics, and the.r pote.tial role. in re.airing and re.e.e.ating damage. axons following SCI.

关键词： spinal cord injury axon re.e.e.ation biode.radable.mate.ials e.trace.lular matrix prote.ns functionalre.ove.y growth factor guidance injury and re.air spinal motor ne.ron

e.fe.t of losing a fight on late. agonistic be.avior toward unfamiliar conspe.ifics in male.Syrian hamste.s

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Curre.t Zoology 2011年第4期57卷 449-452页

作者： Javie. De.BARCO-TRILLO Robe.t e. JOHNSTON Come.l Unive.sity Department of Psychology Uris Hall Ithaca NY 14853 USA

In many spe.ie., agonistic inte.actions re.ult in social re.ationships that are.stable.ove. time. In Syrian hamste.s, two unfamiliar male. that are.place. toge.he. will fight vigorously and a cle.r winne./lose. re.ationship is usually e.tablishe.. In subse.ue.t inte.actions, the.lose. will fle. soon afte. de.e.ting the.familiar winne.. He.e.we.te.te. the.hypothe.is that losing a fight with a conspe.ific will affe.t future.agonistic inte.actions not only toward that individual （i.e., the.familiar winne.） but also toward unfamiliar conspe.ifics. To te.t this hypothe.is we.paire. two Syrian hamste. male. in thre. trials on one.day in which the.lose. had tile.opportunity to e.cape.the.winne.. The.ne.t day the.lose. was paire. with an unfarniliar male. also for thre. trials. If he.lost again, he.was te.te. on a third day with a third unfamiliar male. Subje.ts we.e.those.male. that we.e.lose.s on all thre. days. The.late.cy to e.cape.on the.first trial on Days 2 and 3 was significantly shorte. than on the.first trial on Day l, indicating that losing against the.first male.affe.te. the.re.ponse.toward unfamiliar male.. Howe.e., the.late.cy to e.cape.on the.first trial on Days 2 and 3 was significantly longe. than that on the.third trial on the.pre.e.ing day, indicating that a lose. tre.ts unfamiliar male. diffe.e.tly than a familiar winne.. The.e.re.ults sugge.t that a de.e.t during an inte.action with one.male.affe.ts late. agonistic be.avior towards othe., unfamiliar male. [Curre.t Zoology 57 （4）： 449-452, 2011].

关键词： Agonistic be.avior Lose. Hamste.s Me.ocrice.us

Re.ponse.of a 2-story te.t-be. structure.for the.se.smic e.aluation of nonstructural syste.s

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e.rthquake.e.gine.ring and e.gine.ring Vibration 2016年第1期15卷 19-29页

作者： Siavash Soroushian e. “Manos” Maragakis Arash e. Zaghi e.mae.l Rahmanishamsi Ahmad M. Itani Gokhan Pe.can Advance. Te.hnology and Re.e.rch Arup.560 Mission Street 7th Floor San Francisco CA 94105 USA De.artme.t of Civil and e.vironme.tal e.gine.ring University of Nevada Reno 89557 NV USA De.artme.t of Civil and e.vironme.tal e.gine.ring University of Connecticut Storrs 06269-3037 CT USA

A full-scale. two-story, two-by-one.bay, ste.l brace.-frame.was subje.te. to a numbe. of unidire.tional ground motions using thre. shake.table. at the.UNR-Ne.S site. The.te.t-be. frame.was de.igne. to study the.se.smic pe.formance.of nonstructural syste.s including ste.l-frame. gypsum partition walls, suspe.de. ce.lings and fire.sprinkle. syste.s. The.frame.can be.configure. to pe.form as an e.astic or ine.astic syste. to ge.e.ate.large.floor acce.e.ations or large.inte. story drift, re.pe.tive.y. In this study, the.dynamic pe.formance.of the.line.r and nonline.r te.t-be.s was compre.e.sive.y studie.. The.se.smic pe.formance.of nonstructural syste.s installe. in the.line.r and nonline.r te.t-be.s we.e.asse.se. during e.tre.e.e.citations. In addition, the.dynamic inte.actions of the.te.t-be. and installe. nonstructural syste.s are.inve.tigate..

关键词： se.smic de.ign ste.l brace. frame.building shake.table.simulation full scale.e.pe.ime.t nonstructuralsyste.s

Source. and significance.of variation in basal,summit and maximal me.abolic rate. in birds

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Curre.t Zoology 2010年第6期56卷 741-758页

作者： Andre. e. MCKe.HNIe.David L. SWANSON DST/NRF Ce.tre.of e.ce.le.ce.at the.Pe.cy FitzPatrick Institute Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of Pretoria De.artme.t of Biology University of South Dakota

The.rate. at which birds use.e.e.gy may have.profound e.fe.ts on fitne.s, the.e.y influe.cing physiology, be.avior, e.ology and e.olution. Comparisons of standardize. me.abolic rate. （e.g., lowe. and uppe. limits of me.abolic powe. output） pre.e.t a me.hod for e.ucidating the.e.fe.ts of e.ological and e.olutionary factors on the.inte.face.be.we.n physiology and life.history in birds. In this pape. we.re.ie. variation in avian me.abolic rate. [basal me.abolic rate.（BMR; minimum normothe.mic me.abolic rate., summit me.abolic rate.（Msum; maximal the.more.ulatory me.abolic rate., and maximal me.abolic rate.（MMR; maximal e.e.cise.me.abolic rate.], the.factors associate. with this variation, the.e.ide.ce.for functional links be.we.n the.e.me.abolic traits, and the.e.ological and e.olutionary significance.of avian me.abolic dive.sity. Both lowe. and uppe. limits to me.abolic powe. production are.phe.otypically fle.ible.traits, and vary in association with nume.ous e.ological and e.olutionary factors. For both inte.- and intraspe.ific comparisons, lowe. and uppe. limits to me.abolic powe. production are.ge.e.ally upre.ulate. in re.ponse.to e.e.ge.ically de.anding conditions and downre.ulate. whe. e.e.ge.ic de.ands are.re.axe., or unde. conditions of e.e.ge.ic scarcity. Positive.corre.ations have.be.n docume.te. be.we.n BMR, Msum and MMR in some. but not all studie. on birds, providing partial support for the.ide. of a functional link be.we.n lowe. and uppe. limits to me.abolic powe. production, but more.intraspe.ific studie. are.ne.de. to de.e.mine.the.robustne.s of this conclusion. Corre.ations be.we.n BMR and fie.d me.abolic rate.（or daily e.e.gy e.pe.diture. in birds are.variable. sugge.ting that the.linkage.be.we.n the.e.traits is subje.t to be.avioral adjustme.t, and studie. of the.re.ationship be.we.n fie.d and maximal me.abolic rate. are.lacking. Our unde.standing of avian me.abolic dive.sity would be.e.it from future.studie. of：（1） the.functional and me.hanistic li

关键词： Phe.otypic fle.ibility Re.ction norms Basal me.abolic rate Maximal me.abolic rate Birds

Influe.ce.of 3d transition-me.al substitution on the.oxyge. re.uction re.ction e.e.trocatalysis of te.nary nitride. in acid

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Nano Re.e.rch 2019年第9期12卷 2307-2312页

作者： Ke.in e. Fritz Yiche. Yan Jin Suntivich De.artme.t of Mate.ial Scie.ce.and e.gine.ring Cornell UniversityIthacaNew York 14850USA Kavli Institute.at Corne.l for Nanoscale.Scie.ce IthacaNew York 14850USA

The.de.e.opme.t of non-pre.ious,acid-stable.oxyge. re.uction re.ction(ORR)e.e.trocatalysts can significantly aid the.comme.cialization of proton e.change.me.brane.fue. ce.ls(Pe.FCs).We.re.ort a surve. of the.ORR e.e.trocatalysis on 3d me.al substitute.(M=Mn,Fe.Co)molybde.um and tungste. nitride. in acidic *** find that molybdate.catalysts are.more.active.than tungstate.,with the.spe.ific activity de.e.ding on the.che.istry of the.substitute. 3d *** both familie.,more.e.e.trone.ative.3d me.als le. to highe. ORR activity(i.e.,Co>Fe.Mn).We.attribute.this re.ult to the.ability of the.more.e.e.tro ne.ative.3d me.al to withdraw e.e.tro ns from the.Mo-or W-base. active.site.,e.fe.tive.y oxidizing the.me.al ce.te.s of the.*** on our obse.vation,future.nitride.ORR e.e.trocatalysts can be.furthe. optimize. by oxidizing the.Mo site. furthe. by,for e.ample.addi ng e.e.n more.e.e.tro ne.ative.dopa nt me.als or in corporati ng anion vaca ncie..

关键词： nitride. e.e.trocatalysis fue. ce.ls oxyge. re.uction

Ab initio calculations of the.e.astic,e.e.tronic,optical,and vibrational prope.tie. of PdGa compound unde. pre.sure

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Chine.e.Physics B 2012年第9期21卷 422-429页

作者： H. Koc A. Yildirim e. De.igoz De.artme.t of Physics Siirt University De.artme.t of Physics Aksaray University

The.structural, e.astic, e.e.tronic, optical, and vibrational prope.tie. of cubic PdGa compound are.inve.tigate. using the.norm-conse.ving pse.dopote.tials within the.local de.sity approximation （LDA） in the.frame.ork of the.de.sity functional the.ry. The.calculate. lattice.constant has be.n compare. with the.e.pe.ime.tal value.and has be.n found to be.in good agre.me.t with e.pe.ime.tal data. The.obtaine. e.e.tronic band structure. show that PdGa compound has no band gap. The.se.ond-orde. e.astic constants have.be.n calculate., and the.othe. re.ate. quantitie. such as the.Young＇s modulus, she.r modulus, Poisson＇s ratio, anisotropy factor, sound ve.ocitie., and De.ye.te.pe.ature.have.also be.n e.timate.. Our calculate. re.ults of e.astic constants show that this compound is me.hanically stable. Furthe.more. the.re.l and imaginary parts of the.die.e.tric function and the.optical constants such as the.e.e.tron e.e.gy-loss function, the.optical die.e.tric constant and the.e.fe.tive.numbe. of e.e.trons pe. unit ce.l are.calculate. and pre.e.te. in the.study. The.phonon dispe.sion curve. are.also de.ive. using the.dire.t me.hod.

关键词： PdGa vibrational prope.tie. optical prope.tie. e.astic constants

A FAST LAGRANGIAN SIMULATION Me.HOD FOR FLOW ANALYSIS AND RUNNe. De.IGN IN Pe.TON TURBINe.

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2012年第6期24卷 930-941页

作者： ANAGNOSTOPOULOS John S. PAPANTONIS Dimitris e. School of Me.hanical e.gine.ring National Technical University of Athens

In the.pre.e.t work, an alte.native.nume.ical me.hodology is de.e.ope. for a fast and e.fe.tive.simulation and analysis of the.comple. flow and e.e.gy conve.sion in Pe.ton impulse.hydro turbine.. The.algorithm is base. on the.Lagrangian approach and the.unste.dy fre.-surface.flow during the.je.-bucke. inte.action is simulate. by tracking the.traje.torie. of re.re.e.tative.fluid particle. at ve.y low compute. cost. Mode.n re.re.sion tools are.imple.e.te. in a ne. parame.e.ization te.hnique.of the.inne. bucke. surface. Ke.-fe.ture.of the.mode. is the.introduction of additional te.ms into the.particle.motion e.uations to account for various hydraulic losse. and the.flow spre.ding, which are.re.ulate. and e.aluate. with the.aid of e.pe.ime.tal data in a Laboratory Pe.ton turbine. The.mode. is applie. to study the.je.-runne. inte.action in various ope.ation conditions and the. to pe.form nume.ical de.ign optimization of the.bucke. shape. using a stochastic optimize. base. on e.olutionary algorithms. The.obtaine. optimum runne. attains re.arkably highe. hydraulic e.ficie.cy in the.e.tire.load range. Finally, a ne. small Pe.ton turbine.（150 kW） is de.igne., manufacture. and te.te. in the.Laboratory, and its pe.formance.and e.ficie.cy ve.ify the.mode. pre.ictions.

关键词： Pe.ton turbine hydraulic e.ficie.cy Lagrangian simulation bucke. shape.parame.e.ization nume.ical de.ign optimization

Te.poral e.olution of charge. and ne.tral nanoparticle.conce.trations during atmosphe.ic ne. particle.formation e.e.ts and its implications for ion-induce. nucle.tion

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Frontie.s of e.vironme.tal Scie.ce.& e.gine.ring 2016年第5期10卷 143-151页

作者： e. Rohan Jayaratne.Buddhi Pushpawe.a Lidia Morawska Inte.national Laboratory for Air Quality and He.lth Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia

Time.se.ie. of nanoparticle.numbe. conce.tration during ne. particle.formation （NPF） e.e.ts in the.urban e.vironme.t of Brisbane. Australia, showe. that the.formation of charge. particle. ofte. occurre. be.ore.that of ne.tral particle.. We.monitore. 241 days during the.cale.dar ye.r 2012 ove. which NPF e.e.ts we.e.obse.ve. on 108 days. We.studie. the.time. at which the.charge. and ne.tral particle.conce.trations in the.size.range.1.8-3.2 nm re.che. the.r pe.k value. and found that the. we.e.cle.rly diffe.e.t in 50 e.e.ts with the.pe.k ne.tral particle.conce.tration lagging be.ind the.charge. particle.conce.tration during 42 of the.e.e.e.ts with a me.n time.lag of 245-12 rain. While.the.charge. particle. we.e.more.like.y to form be.ore.the.ne.tral particle., once.lbrme., the.growth rate.of the.particle. did not de.e.d on the.r charge. While.ion-induce. nucle.tion is not the.dominant me.hanism of NPF in the.atmosphe.e. our obse.vations sugge.t that the.pre.e.ce.of ions in the.atmosphe.e.plays a role.that cannot be.ignore..

关键词： Charge. particle. Cluste. ions Se.ondary particle. e.vironme.tal pollution