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Compression curve analysis and compressive strength measurement of brittle granule beds in lieu of individual granule measurements

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Particuology 2016年第6期14卷 60-68页

作者： Matti Jairvelainen Aaretti Kaleva Annikka Kaitajairvi ,Jarmo laakso Ulla Kanerva erkki Levanen Department of Materials Science Tampere University of Technology PO Box 589 FIN-33101 Tampere Finland VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Sinitaival 6 PO Box 1300 FI33101 Tampere Finland

Powders in granulated form are used in various processes to facilitate convenient usage. The durability of the formed granules is a crucial parameter, typically evaluated by the compressive strength of the gran- ules. However, especially for granules with a diameter in the order of tens of microns, statistically relevant testing of individual granules is not a feasible alternative, and in such cases uniaxial bed compression is required. There has not been consensus on whether uniaxial compression of a granule bed can be used to study the fracture of micron size or brittle granules. In our case study of a bed of sintered kaolinite granules with diameters under 100 μm, we show how the compressive strength of individual granules can be obtained from the compressive measurement of the entire bed by plotting the relative density versus the logarithmic pressure scale. We compressed the kaolinite powder with different loads; microscopy confirmed that below the ana- lyzed strength the granules are intact, though the granules start to fracture in the curved region on the compression curve. We found that angle-fitting can be used to locate the average compressive strength on the compression curve and to follow the evolution of strength with sintering temperature. The experi- ments in unison demonstrate that compression curve analysis is applicable for strength analysis of brittle granules.

关键词： GranuleMechanical characterization Pressing Compressive strength Sintering Compression curves

Vertical integration of microchips by magnetic assembly and edge wire bonding

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2020年第1期6卷 1233-1246页

作者： Federico Ribet Xiaojing Wang Miku laakso Simone Pagliano Frank Niklaus Niclas Roxhed Goran Stemme Division of Micro and Nanosystems School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyMalvinas vag 1010044 StockholmSweden

The out-of-plane integration of microfabricated planar microchips into functional three-dimensional(3D)devices is a challenge in various emerging MeMS applications such as advanced biosensors and flow ***,no conventional approach currently provides a versatile solution to vertically assemble sensitive or fragile microchips into a separate receiving substrate and to create electrical *** this study,we present a method to realize vertical magnetic-field-assisted assembly of discrete silicon microchips into a target receiving substrate and subsequent electrical contacting of the microchips by edge wire bonding,to create interconnections between the receiving substrate and the vertically oriented *** assembly is achieved by combining carefully designed microchip geometries for shape matching and striped patterns of the ferromagnetic material(nickel)on the backside of the microchips,enabling controlled vertical lifting directionality independently of the microchip’s aspect *** form electrical connections between the receiving substrate and a vertically assembled microchip,featuring standard metallic contact electrodes only on its frontside,an edge wire bonding process was developed to realize ball bonds on the top sidewall of the vertically placed *** top sidewall features silicon trenches in correspondence to the frontside electrodes,which induce deformation of the free air balls and result in both mechanical ball bond fixation and around-the-edge metallic *** edge wire bonds are realized at room temperature and show minimal contact resistance(excellent mechanical robustness(>168 mN in pull tests).In our approach,the microchips and the receiving substrate are independently manufactured using standard silicon micromachining processes and materials,with a subsequent heterogeneous integration of the ***,this integration technology potentially enables emerging MeMS applications that requ

关键词： bonding Vertical magnetic

The Spatial Distribution of Nitrite Concentrations in a Large Drinking Water Distribution System in Finland

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第8期9卷 1026-1042页

作者： Pirjo-liisa Rantanen Minna M.Keinanen-Toivola Merja Ahonen Ilkka Mellin Duoying Zhang Tuula laakso Riku Vahala Department of Built environment School of EngineeringAalto UniversityEspooFinland Faculty of Technology Satakunta University of Applied SciencesRaumaFinland Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis School of ScienceAalto UniversityEspooFinland School of Civil engineering Heilongjiang UniversityHarbinChina Helsinki Regional environmental Services Authority HelsinkiFinland

Nitrite in drinking water is a potential health hazard and monitoring its concentrations in distributed water is of paramount importance. When monochloramine is used in secondary disinfection in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), nitrite is often formed by nitrification in the biofilm on the inner surface of distribution pipes. This article attempts to identify areas with a risk of increased nitrite concentrations as well as the main reasons leading to nitrite occurrence in a large urban DWDS in Finland using spatial inspection of obligatory monitoring data. Nitrification was found to occur throughout the study area, though nitrite was not increased everywhere. Instead, nitrite was increased close to the water treatment plants (WTPs) and was connected to fresh drinking water than stagnant drinking water. Temperature effects on nitrite concentrations were surprisingly insignificant, even though it is well known that nitrification reactions are affected by temperature. The temperature dependence of ammonium and total residual chlorine was more significant than the dependence of nitrite. The findings of this study emphasize the need to monitor nitrite concentrations close to WTPs.

关键词： Ammonium Disinfection with Monochloramine Distribution System Drinking Water DWDS Maximum Water Age Nitrification Nitrite Concentrations Residual Total Chlorine Spatial Inspection Temperature

effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG intervention on global serum lipidomic profiles in healthy adults

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第20期14卷 3188-3194页

作者： Riina A Kekkonen Marko Sysi-Aho Tuulikki Seppnen-laakso Ilkka Julkunen Heikki Vapaatalo Matej Orei Riitta Korpela University of Helsinki Institute of Biomedicine Pharmacology University of Helsinki VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland National Public Health Institute Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology

AIM: To investigate the effect of three weeks’ intervention with a probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) bacteria on global serum lipidomic profiles and evaluate whether the changes in inflammatory variables (CRP, TNF-α and IL-6) are reflected in the global lipidomic profiles of healthy adults. MeTHODS: We performed UPLC/MS-based global lipidomic platform analysis of serum samples (n = 26) in a substudy of a randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled 3-wk clinical intervention trial investigating the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in healthy adults. ReSULTS: A total of 407 lipids were identified, corresponding to 13 different lipid classes. Serum samples showed decreases in the levels of lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoGPCho), sphingomyelins (SM) and several glycerophosphatidylcholines (GPCho), while triacylglycerols (TAG) were mainly increased in the probiotic LGG group during the intervention. Among the inflammatory variables, IL-6 was moderatelyassociated by changes in global lipidomic profiles, with the top-ranked lipid associated with IL-6 being the proinflammatory LysoGPCho (20:4). There was a weak association between the lipidomic profiles and the two other inflammatory markers, TNF-α and CRP. CONCLUSION: This was the first study to investigate the effects of probiotic intervention on global lipidomic profiles in humans. There are indications that probiotic LGG intervention may lead to changes in serum global lipid profiles, as reflected in decreased GPCho, LysoGPCho and SM as well as mainly increased TAG.

关键词： Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Lipidomic Inflammatory mediators Healthy adults

Surveys on magnetospheric plasmas based on the Double Star Project (DSP) exploration

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2008年第10期51卷 1639-1647页

作者： C. P. eSCOUBeT C. M. CARR H. RMe A. FAZAKeRLeY H. laakso I. DANDOURAS M. DUNLOP eSA/eSTeC SCI-SH Keplerlaan 1 2200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine London SW7 2BZ United Kingdom CeSR BP4346 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4 France Mullard Space Science Laboratory Univ. College London Dorking Surrey RH5 6NT United Kingdom Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine London SW7 2BZ United Kingdom Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot Oxon OX11 0QX United Kingdom

The equatorial and polar satellites of the Double Star Project (DSP) were launched successfully on December 29, 2003 and July 25, 2004, respectively, and both of them are operating smoothly. The DSP provides a good opportunity for investigat-ing the structure of the magnetosphere. Based on the DSP data collected during 2004, we have surveyed the distribution of the magnetic fields and plasmas in the magnetosphere. It is found that: (1) Near the earth’s equatorial plane within geo-centric distances of less than 7 Re, the earth’s magnetic field is dipolar. In the vi-cinity of the magnetopause, the magnetic field is enhanced by a factor of about 1.5, and on the nightside, the magnetic field can vary significantly from the earth’s di-pole field, likely caused by the presence of the near-earth tail current sheet. (2) In the day-side magnetosheath, the electron and ion densities are usually both in the range of 10―30 cm?3; the ion and electron temperatures are usually about 200 and 50 eV, respectively. The flow pattern is usually smooth, with a low velocity in the subsolar region and with significantly higher velocities in the dawn and dusk flanks. (3) In the region between the magnetopause and plasmasphere the density is low, approximately 0.5―5 cm?3, and the temperature is high, about 1―10 keV for ions and 0.1―5 keV for electrons. The ion temperature has an apparent anisotropy, with the ratio of the perpendicular and parallel temperatures being about 1.0―1.3 for the night- and dusk-side magnetosphere and about 1.3―2.0 for the day- and dawn-side magnetosphere. There is an evident sunward convection of about 50 km/s in the magnetosphere. On the dawn side, the flow becomes somewhat turbulent, and in the vicinity of the night-noon meridian plane, the convection is rather slow. (4) The high-energy electrons with energies higher than 2 MeV are mainly located in the regions with 3 e size of the high-energy electrons area varies with time, it may expand and shrink

关键词： earth’s magnetosphere space exploration geomagnetic field space plasmas

Metabolomic changes in fatty liver can be modified by dietary protein and calcium during energy restriction

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第28期14卷 4462-4472页

作者： Taru K Pilvi Tuulikki Seppnen-laakso Helena Simolin Piet Finckenberg Anne Huotari Karl-Heinz Herzig Riitta Korpela Matej Orei eero M Mervaala Institute of Biomedicine PharmacologyBiomedicum HelsinkiPO Box 63FI-00014 University of HelsinkiHelsinki FI-00390FinlandFoundation for Nutrition ResearchPO Box 30Helsinki FI-00390Finland Valio Ltd Research CenterPO Box 30ValioHelsinki FI-00039Finland VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Tietotie 2VTT FI-02044Finland Institute of Biomedicine PharmacologyBiomedicum HelsinkiPO Box 63FI-00014 University of HelsinkiHelsinki FI-00390Finland A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences PO Box 1627University of KuopioKuopio FI-70211Finland A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences PO Box 1627University of KuopioKuopio FI-70211Finland Department of Internal MedicineKuopio University HospitalPO Box 1777Kuopio FI-70211Finland Institute of Biomedicine Department of Physiologyand Biocenter of Oulu PO Box 5000University of OuluOulu FI-90014Finland Institute of Biomedicine PharmacologyBiomedicum HelsinkiPO Box 63FI-00014 University of HelsinkiHelsinki FI-00390Finland Foundation for Nutrition ResearchPO Box 30Helsinki FI-00390Finland

AIM： To characterise the effect of energy restriction （eR） on liver lipid and primary metabolite profile by using metabolomic approach. We also investigated whether the effect of energy restriction can be further enhanced by modification of dietary protein source and calcium. MeTHODS： Liver metabolomic profile of lean and obese C57BI/6J mice （n = 10/group） were compared with two groups of weight-reduced mice. eR was performed on control diet and whey protein-based high-calcium diet （whey ＋ Ca）. The metabolomic analyses were performed using the UPLC/MS based lipidomic platform and the HPLC/MS/MS based primary metabolite platform.ReSULTS： eR on both diets significantly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and lipid droplet size, while only whey ＋ Ca diet significantly decreased blood glucose （P 〈 0.001） and serum insulin （P 〈 0.01）. In hepatic lipid species the biggest reduction was in the level of triacylglycerols and cerarnides while the level of cholesterol esters was significantly increased during eR. Interestingly, diacylglycerol to phospholipid ratio, an indicator of relative amount of diabetogenic diglyceride species, was increased in the control eR group, but decreased in the whey ＋ Ca eR group （P 〈 0.001, vs obese）. eR on whey ＋ Ca diet also totally reversed the obesity induced increase in the relative level of lipotoxic cerarnides （P 〈 0.001, vs obese; P 〉 0.05, vs lean）. These changes were accompanied with up-regulated TCA cycle and pentose phosphate pathway rnetabolites. CONCLUSION： eR-induced changes on hepatic rnetabolornic profile can be significantly affected by dietary protein source. The therapeutic potential of whey protein and calcium should be further studied.

关键词： Fatty liver Metabolomics energy restriction Whey protein Dietary calcium

elevated pro-inflammatory and lipotoxic mucosal lipids characterise irritable bowel syndrome

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第48期15卷 6068-6074页

作者： Kajsa Kajander eveliina Myllyluoma Sinikka Kyrnpalo Martin Rasmussen Pentti Sipponen Ismo Mattila Tuulikki Seppnen-laakso Heikki Vapaatalo Matej Orei Riitta Korpela Institute of Biomedicine PharmacologyUniversity of Helsinki Valio Ltd Research Centre Tampere Health Centre and Department of Medicine Tampere City Hospital Department of Pathology Jorvi HospitalHelsinki University Central Hospital VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Foundation for Nutrition Research

AIM： To investigate the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） by comparing the global mucosal metabolic profiles of IBS patients with those of healthy controls. MeTHODS： Fifteen IBS patients fulfilling the Rome II criteria, and nine healthy volunteers were included in the study. A combined lipidomics （UPLC/MS） and metabolomics （GC × GC-TOF） approach was used to achieve global metabolic profiles of mucosal biopsies from the ascending colon. ReSULTS： Overall, lipid levels were elevated in patients with IBS. The most significant upregulation was seen for pro-inflammatory lysophosphatidylcholines. Other lipid groups that were significantly upregulated in IBS patients were lipotoxic ceramides, glycosphingolipids, and di-and triacylglycerols. Among the meo tabolites, the cyclic ester 2（3H）-furanone was almost 14-fold upregulated in IBS patients compared to healthy subjects （P = 0.03）. CONCLUSION： IBS mucosa is characterised by a distinct pro-inflammatory and lipotoxic metabolic profile. especially, there was an increase in several lipid species such as lysophospholipids and ceramides.

关键词： Functional gastrointestinal diseases Irritable bowel syndrome Histopathology

Development of otology specific outcome measure:ear Outcome Survey-16 (eOS-16)

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Journal of Otology 2021年第3期16卷 150-157页

作者： Juha T.laakso Juha Silvola Timo Hirvonen Samuli Suutarla Ilkka Kivekas Riitta Saarinen Lotta Haavisto Jaakko Laitakari Antti A.Aarnisalo Aarno Dietz Jussi Jero Maija Hytonen Saku T.Sink Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Head and Neck CenterHelsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland Department of ear Noseand Throat-Division of SurgeryAkershus University HospitalLørenskogNorway Department of Otorhinolaryngology Kymenlaakso Central HospitalKotkaFinland Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Tampere University Hospital and Tampere UniversityTampereFinland Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Turku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Oulu University Hospital and PEDEGO Research UnitUniversity of Oulu and Medical Research Center OuluFinland Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Kuopio University Hospital and University of KuopioKuopioFinland

Purpose An important outcome measure of patient care is the impact on the patient’s health-related quality of life(HRQoL).Current ear-specific HRQoL instruments are designed for one diagnosis and emphasize different subdivisions such as symptoms,hearing problems,psychosocial impact,and the need for *** optimal length of the recall period has not been *** these reasons,a new survey is needed that would cover most chronic ear *** A preliminary 24-item survey(eOS-24)was *** adult patients(included n=186)with one of seven different chronic otologic conditions from all university hospitals in Finland were recruited to respond to eOS-24 and the 15D general HRQoL *** recruiting otologists evaluated the severity of the disease and the disability caused by it.A control group was *** on the patients’responses in different diagnosis groups,the items were reduced according to pre-defined *** resulting survey was validated using a thorough statistical *** The relevance and necessity of the original 24 items were thoroughly investigated,leading to the exclusion of 8 items and the modification of *** remaining 16 items were well-balanced between subdivisions and were useful in all seven diagnosis groups,thus constituting the final instrument,*** most suitable recall period was three *** eOS-16 has been created according to the HRQoL survey guidelines with a versatile nationwide patient *** survey has been validated and can be used for a wide range of chronic ear diseases as a HRQoL instrument.

关键词： Otology Chronic ear diseases HRQoL Health-related quality of life PROM

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铁水预处理用石灰基粉剂的制备及性能

国外钢铁钒钛 1989年第1期2卷 92-99,113页

作者： laakso,V 张纯