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Host-parasite interactions under extreme climatic conditions

Current Zoology 2011年第3期57卷 390-405页

作者： j. MARTINEZ S. MERINO Departamento de Microbiologfa y Parasitologfa Facultad de Farmacia Universidad de Alcala Alcala de Henares Madrid Spain Departamento de Ecologfa Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas Madrid Spain

The effect that climatic changes can exert on parasitic interactions represents a multifactor problem whose results are difficult to predict. The actual impact of changes will depend on their magnitude and the physiological tolerance of affected organisms. When the change is considered extreme （i.e. unusual weather events that are at the extremes of the historical distribution for a given area）, the probability of an alteration in an organisms＇ homeostasis increases dramatically. However, factors determining the altered dynamics of host-parasite interactions due to an extreme change are the same as those acting in response to changes of lower magnitude. Only a deep knowledge of these factors will help to produce more accurate predictive models for the effects of extreme changes on parasitic interactions. Extreme environmental conditions may affect pathogens directly when they include free-living stages in their life-cycles and indirectly through reduced resource availability for hosts and thus reduced ability to produce efficient anti-parasite defenses, or by effects on host density affecting transmission dynamics of diseases or the frequency of intraspecific contact. What are the consequences for host-parasite interactions？ Here we summarize the present knowledge on three principal factors in determining host-parasite associations; biodiversity, population density and immunocompetence In addition, we analyzed examples of the effects of environmental alteration of anthropogenic origin on parasitic systems because the effects are analogous to that exerted by an extreme climatic change [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 390405, 2011].

关键词： Biodiversity Climate change Immunocompetence Parasite-host interactions Pollution Population density

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Mitotic Spindle Organization by the Preprophase Band

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Molecular Plant 2008年第6期1卷 950-960页

作者： j. Christian Ambrose Richard Cyr The Pennsylvania State University Department of Biology The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences Integrative Biosciences Graduate Degree Program PlantPhysiology Program University Park PA 16802 USA Present address: Department of Botany University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada

In higher plants, the preprophase band （PPB） of microtubules （MTs） forecasts the cell division site prior to mitosis and specifies the organization of MTs into a bipolar prophase spindle surrounding the nucleus. However, the mechanisms governing this PPB-dependent establishment of bipolarity are unclear. Here, we present evidence from live cell imaging studies that suggest a role for the MTs bridging the PPB and the prophase nucleus in mediating this function. Results from drug treatments, along with genetic evidence from null kinesin plants, suggest that these MTs contribute to the bipolarity, orientation, and position of the prophase spindle. Specifically, the absence of these bridge MTs is associated with lack of bipolarity, while non-uniform distributions of bridge MTs correlate with prophase spindle migration, deformation, and enhanced bipolarity toward the region of highest bridge MT density. This behavior does not require actomyosin-based forces, and is enhanced by suppressing MT dynamics with taxol. These observations occur during late prophase, and are coincident with the gradual closing of annular spindle poles. Based on these data, we describe a hypothetical mechanism for bridge MT-dependent organization of prophase spindles.

关键词： preprophase band mitosis acentrosomal spindle microtubule kinesin ATK5 cytokinesis.

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Advances in shape measurement in the digital world

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Particuology 2016年第3期14卷 19-31页

作者： Xiaodong j.a Edward j. Garboczi School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Leeds Leeds IS2 9JT. UK Material Measurement Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder CO 80305. USA

The importance of particle shape in terms of its effects on the behaviour of powders and other particulate systems has long been recognised, but particle shape information has been rather difficult to obtain and use until fairly recently, unlike its better-known counterpart, particle size. However, advances in computing power and 3D image acquisition and analysis techniques have resulted in maj.r progress being made in the measurement, description and application of particle shape information in recent years. Because we are now in a digital era, it is fitting that many of these advanced techniques are based on digital technology. This review article aims to trace the development of these new techniques, highlight their contributions to both academic and practical applications, and present a perspective for future developments.

关键词： Particle shape Digital methods Shape measurement Spherical harmonics X-ray tomography

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A functional tacrolimus-releasing nerve wrap for enhancing nerve regeneration following surgical nerve repair

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第1期20卷 291-304页

作者： Simeon C.Daeschler Katelyn j.W.So Konstantin Feinberg Marina Manoraj.j.nny Cheung j.nnifer Zhang Kaveh Mirmoeini j.aul Santerre Tessa Gordon Gregory HBorschel SickKids Research Institute Neuroscience and Mental Health ProgramTorontoONCanada Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of TorontoTorontoONCanada Indiana University School of Medicine IndianapolisINUSA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery the Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoONCanada Translational Biology and Engineering Program Ted Rogers Centre for Heart ResearchInstitute of Biomedical EngineeringFaculty of DentistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada

Axonal regeneration following surgical nerve repair is slow and often incomplete,resulting in poor functional recovery which sometimes contributes to lifelong ***,there are no FDA-approved therapies available to promote nerve *** accelerates axonal regeneration,but systemic side effects presently outweigh its potential benefits for peripheral nerve *** authors describe herein a biodegradable polyurethane-based drug delivery system for the sustained local release of tacrolimus at the nerve repair site,with suitable properties for scalable production and clinical application,aiming to promote nerve regeneration and functional recovery with minimal systemic drug *** is encapsulated into co-axially electrospun polycarbonate-urethane nanofibers to generate an implantable nerve wrap that releases therapeutic doses of bioactive tacrolimus over 31 *** and drug loading are adj.stable for applications in small and large caliber nerves,and the wrap degrades within 120 days into biocompatible *** released from the nerve wrap promotes axon elongation in vitro and accelerates nerve regeneration and functional recovery in preclinical nerve repair models while off-target systemic drug exposure is reduced by 80%compared with systemic *** its surgical suitability and preclinical efficacy and safety,this system may provide a readily translatable approach to support axonal regeneration and recovery in patients undergoing nerve surgery.

关键词： biodegradable local drug delivery nerve inj.ry nerve regeneration nerve wrap tacrolimus

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Greenhouse gas emissions during co-composting of cattle feedlot manure with construction and demolition （C＆D） waste

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第3期11卷 141-152页

作者： Xiying Hao Francis j. Larney Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge Research and Development Centre Lethbridge Alberta T1J 4B1 Canada

Manure management strategies should reflect current animal feeding practices and encourage recycling of organic waste to help protect our environment. This research investigated greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions during cattle manure stockpiling or composting with and without construction and demolition （C＆D） waste. Manure was collected from cattle fed a typical finishing diet （CK manure） and from cattle on diets which included 30% dried distillers grains with solubles （DG manure）. The CK and DG manures were co-composted with （4：1） C＆D waste （treatments： CK CD, DG CD）, composted alone （treatments： CK and DG） in 13 m3 bins or stockpiled without C＆D ~vaste （treatments： CK ST and DGST） for 99 days. Manure type （CK vs. DG manure） had no effect on GHG emissions-over the 99 day manure composting or stockpiling. Composting with C＆D waste 2 produced similar CO2 emissions, about double that from manure stockpthng （7.9 kgC.m^-2）. In contrast, CH4 emissions were reduced by the inclusion of C＆D waste （64 gC.m^-1 with C＆D vs. 244 gC.m 2 without C＆D） while the manure stockpile emitted the greatest amount of CH4 （464 gC. m 2）. Additionally, only 0.48% of C was emitted in CH4 form with C＆D waste, compared to 1.68% when composting without C＆D waste and 7.00% when cattle manure was stockpiled. The N2O emissions （12.4 to 18.0 gN.m ） were similar across all treatments. The lower CH4 emissions with C＆D waste are beneficial in reducing overall GHG emissions from manure composting, while reducing the amount of material entering landfills.

关键词： Livestock manuregreenhouse gas fluxstraw bale compost binN2O CH4 CO2

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Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Using Luffa Aegyptiaca Leaves Extract

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2014年第6期27卷 969-980页

作者： S. j.othi j. Ravichandran Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel（MS） in sulphuric acid using Luffa aegyptiaca（LA） leaves extract was investigated by weight loss studies, colorimetric measurements, potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The adsorption of LA leaves extract was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and optical profilometry. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of the extract but decreased with rise in temperature and with the increase in acid strength. Furthermore, the inhibition efficiency synergistically increased on the addition of halide ions. Polarisation studies revealed that the LA extract acts as mixed- type inhibitor. Physical adsorption mechanism is proposed from the trend in inhibition efficiency with the change in temperature and from thermodynamic parameters. The adsorption of LA on MS surface obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm and follows the kinetic thermodynamic model of ElAwady at all temperatures studied.

关键词： Mild steel Adsorption Corrosion Thermodynamic properties FTIR

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Performance Prediction of a Multi-Stage Wind Tower for Indoor Cooling

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j.urnal of Thermal Science 2012年第4期21卷 327-335页

作者： Roy j. Issa Byungik Chang Department of Engineering and Computer Science West Texas A&M University Canyon

A theoretical model is developed to establish an indepth understanding of the performance of a three-stage wind tower with a bypass system for indoor cooling in rural dry and hot climates. Model simulations are presented for a wide range of ambient conditions that include inlet wind speed, inlet temperature and relative humidity. Simulation results provide an insight into the desirable water flow rates and air-to-water loadings for comfort zone tem-peratures and relative humidity levels at the exit of the wind tower. Simulations show wind towers with variable cross-sections provide an increase in the cooling power for the same inlet wind speed, inlet air temperature and relative humidity when compared to wind towers with a constant cross-section. The study shall lead to a better understanding to designing wind towers that are both environmentally friendly and energy efficient.

关键词： Wind tower Cooling power Cooling effectiveness Relative humidity

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Challenges in studying geographic atrophy(GA) age-related macular degeneration: the potential of a new mouse model with GA-like features

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第5期15卷 863-864页

作者： j. Arj.na Ratnayaka Andrew j. Lotery Clinical and Experimental Sciences Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK Eye Unit University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK

Loss of central vision critical to everyday activities such as reading,face-recognition and driving due to damage in the central retina (the macula) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness amongst adults in the developed *** condition,termed age-related macular degeneration (AMD),is a complex,chronic degenerative disease driven by a combination of genetic and lifestyle risk *** signs of retinal changes in people as young as 30–40 years have been reported,although these individuals appear to be ***,by the age of 65,the disease is present in ~3% of individuals,which increases dramatically to affect 1/3 of individuals by the eighth decade of *** to intermediate AMD is estimated to affect ~150 million individuals globally,with another 10 million individuals suffering from end-stage,sight-threatening *** terminal stages are broadly grouped into dry (geographic atrophy,GA) or wet (choroidal neovascular,CNV) AMD (Sarks et al.,1988;Bird et al.,2014),with similar frequencies reported in *** advances in identifying genetic risk factors,including our discoveries in this field,indicate an initial shared pathology before progressing to aforementioned late-stage ***,GA patients have no effective treatment,which may in part be due to the lack of good in vivo models for GA ***,we summarize our new findings that describe an altogether new mouse model with GA-like features which shows progressive outer retinal pathology (Ibbett et al.,2019) that can be used to gain novel insights into GA and potentially as a tool for drug development.

关键词： macula central vision degenerative disease

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Yes, Science is Confronted by a Great Revolution

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j.urnal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 1994年第2期5卷 72-76页

作者： Smulsky, j.zeph j. Russian Acad of Sciences Tyumen Russia

An equation is derived to explain the General Theory of Relativity and the effects of GTR: the rotations of planets' perihilion, deflects of star light by a gravitational mass, and the existence of gravitational waves. Differentiation was used in the derivation but without the dependence of mass, space and time on velocity. The general postulates that are the bases of the new approach to electrodynamics were stated.

关键词： Charged particles Differentiation (calculus) Electromagnetic field effects Electromagnetic waves Equations of motion Error analysis Errors Gravitation Mathematical models Mathematical transformations Velocity

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On the ground in Western Africa： from the outbreak to the elapse of Ebola

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Protein & Cell 2016年第9期7卷 621-623页

作者： William j. Liu National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China

I was sitting in the chair of the airplane back to Beij.ng when I started writing the memoirs to recollect my three j.urneys to Western Africa. All of the trips were related to the Ebola epidemic and covered different stages, from the outbreak peak to the post-Ebola era. Each j.urney was taken for a different task, but all of them represented the urgent and specific support from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention （China CDC） during the Ebola epidemic in Western African.

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