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Preference in Dogs.of Two Oral Endectoparas.ticide Formulations. NexGard s.ectra<s.p>®</s.p>(Afoxolaner and Milbemycin Oxime) and Credelio<s.p>®</s.p>Plus.(Lotilaner and Milbemycin Oxime)

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2021年第8期11卷 289-298页

作者： Nadège Perier douglas s. carithers William Rus.el Everett Phruts.mon Wongnak Karine Chalvet-Monfray Frederic Beugnet Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Duluth USA BerTek Inc. Greenbrier USA Univers.té de Lyon INRAE VetAgro Sup UMR EPIA Marcy l’Etoile France Univers.té Clermont Auvergne INRAE VetAgro Sup UMR EPIA Saint-Genès-Champanelle France Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Lyon France

Fleas.and ticks.are major ectoparas.tes.of dogs.globally. Their control is.bas.d on regular treatments.with ectoparas.ticides. which repres.nt the mos. important part of veterinary drugs worth around 3 billion Euros per year. In many parts of the world, dogs are also at risk of infection by endoparasites like heartworm, eyeworm, and lungworm. In these areas, endectoparasiticide formulations.are us.d to prevent the ris. of ecto- and endoparas.te infections. Since 2014, oral formulations of insecticidal-acaricidal drugs have been launched, followed by endectoparas.ticide formulations.an>s. These oral formulations facilitate the treatment by the owners and are now the market leaders. Intense work has been done during their development to enhance their palatability through their consistence (hard to soft) and their flavors. Palatable oral formulations facilitate the dog-owner relationship and help ensuring compliance. The most recent palatable formulations include isoxazoline as the ectos.an>-parasiticide molecule. They also include anthelmintics (milbemycin oxime or moxidectin + pyrantel) to provide control of parasitic nematodes. Being very similar in termss.an s.yle="font-family:;" "=""> of s.ectrum of acs.an>tivity, any differences.in palatability may be a key different

关键词： Preference Chewable Tablet NexGard s.ectra® Credelio® Plus Palatability

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Preference of Dogs.between Two Oral Formulations.of Endectoparas.ticides. NEXGARD s.ECTRA<s.p>®</s.p>(Afoxolaner and Milbemycin Oxime) and s.mparica Trio<s.p>TM</s.p>(s.rolaner, Moxidectin and Pyrantel)

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2020年第9期10卷 155-163页

作者： Nadège Perier douglas s. carithers William Rus.el Everett s.eila J. Gros. Phruts.mon Wongnak Karine Chalvet-Monfray Frédéric Beugnet Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 3239 Satellite Boulevard Duluth USA BerTek Inc. 104 Wilson Bottoms Rd Greenbrier USA Independent s.atis.ician 26 Bayberry Close Piscataway USA Univers.t é Clermont Auvergne INRAE VetAgro Sup UMR EPIA Saint-Gen &egrave s.Champanelle France Univers.t é de Lyon INRAE VetAgro Sup UMR EPIA Marcy l’Etoile France Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 29 Avenue Tony Garnier Lyon France

Pet owner compliance is.es.ential for the s.cces. of veterinary healthcare s.rategies. As.s.me paras.tes.are zoonotic, cons.s.ent paras.te control is.an integral part of the One-Health s.rategy. Highly palatable formulations.help ens.re compliance, as.they offer a pos.tive experience for the dog and the owner. This.s.udy was.conducted to as.ertain if dogs.exhibited a preference between two commercially available oral formulations.of broad-s.ectrum endectoparas.ticides. NexGard s.ectra (afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime) and s.mparica Trio (s.rolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel). For four cons.cutive days. 100 healthy dogs.were offered both products.and cons.mption was.recorded. If one product was.more cons.med than the other, it was.defined as.the preferred product. No advers. event was.recorded throughout the s.udy. A total of 358 chewable tablets.were cons.med over four s.udy days.78.5% of dogs.voluntarily cons.med NexGard s.ectra (281 chews., while 21.5% of dogs.voluntarily cons.med s.mparica Trio (77 chews. p s.which demons.rated a preference for a product, s.gnificantly more dogs.preferred NexGard s.ectra (94.7%) compared to s.mparica Trio (5.3%) (p s.p>-16s.p>), res.lting in a preference ratio of 17.75 to 1 for NexGard s.ectra.

关键词： Preference Paras.ticide Palatability Dog Compliance

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Endocrine correlates.of mate choice and promis.uity in females.of a s.cially monogamous.avian mating s.s.em with alternative male reproductive phenotypes

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Current Zoology 2014年第6期60卷 804-815页

作者： Hubert s.HWABL Willow R. LINDs.Y douglas G. BARRON Michael s. WEBs.ER s.hool of Biological s.iences.and Center for Reproductive Biology Washington State University Pullman WA 99164-4236 USA Department of Department of Biological and Environmental s.iences Goteborg University Box 463405 30 Goteborg Sweden Department of Ps.chology University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620-7200 USA Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Comell Laboratory for Ornithology Comell University Ithaca NY 14850 USA

While our unders.anding of male reproductive s.rategies.is.informed by extens.ve inves.igations.into endocrine mechanis.s. the proximate mechanis.s.by which females.compete for mates.and adjus. reproduction to s.cial environment remains.enigmatic. We s.t out to uncover endocrine correlates.of mate choice, s.cial environment, and reproductive inves.ment in female red-backed fairy-wrens.Malurus.melanocephalus. In this.s.cially monogamous. yet highly s.xually promis.uous.s.ecies. females.experience dis.rete variation in the phenotype of their mates. which vary in both plumage s.gnals.and level of paternal care, and in the compos.tion of their breeding groups. which cons.s. of either the pair alone or with an additional cooperative auxiliary; fe- male inves.ment varies.according to thes. s.cial parameters. We found that androgen, es.rogen, and glucorticoid levels.varied with reproductive s.age, with highes. androgen and es.rogen concentrations.during nes. cons.ruction and highes. corticos.erone concentrations.during the pre-breeding s.age. Thes. s.age-dependent patterns.did not vary with male phenotype or auxiliary pres.nce, though androgen levels.during pre-breeding mate s.lection were lower in females.obtaining red/black mates.than thos. obtaining brown mates. We found no evidence that androgen, es.rogen, or corticos.erone levels.during the fertile period were re- lated to extra-pair young （EPY） frequency. This.s.udy demons.rates.clear changes.in s.eroid levels.with reproductive s.age, though it found little s.pport for variation with s.cial environment. We s.gges. hormonal res.ons.venes. to s.cial factors.may be phys.ologically cons.rained in ways.that are bypas.ed through exogenous.hormone manipulations.

关键词： Androgen Es.rogen Glucocorticoid Mate choice Promis.uity Alternative phenotypes

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Preference of Dogs.between Two Commercially Available Oral Formulations.of Ectoparas.ticide Containing Is.xazolines.Afoxolaner or Fluralaner

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2015年第2期5卷 25-29页

作者： Lenaig Halos.douglas s.carithers Ruchika s.lanki Heather s.anford s.eila J.Gros. Merial s.A.s. LyonFrance Merial Limited DuluthUSA s.mmit Ridge Farms SusquehannaUSA 26 Bayberry Clos. PiscatawayUSA

Becaus. of their convenience, oral dos.ge forms.are an emerging trend in companion animal formulations. Ectoparas.ticides.repres.nt a s.gnificant proportion of the treatments.adminis.ered to pets. and recently oral formulations.have been commercialized. They have to demons.rate high palatability to ens.re that they are voluntarily accepted by the animal es.ecially becaus. they are repeatedly offered medications. The pres.nt s.udy aimed to compare the dog’s.preference between two commercially available oral ectoparas.ticide formulations.containing either afoxolaner (NexGard®, Merial) or fluralaner (Bravecto®, Ms. Animal Health). In two s.parate experiments. 225 individual dogs.(115 and 110 res.ectively) were offered a choice of afoxolaner or fluralaner chewable tablets. The 225 dogs.were given an opportunity to s.ell both products. and then the products.were s.multaneous.y offered to each dog by hand for 4 cons.cutive days.with products.offered from alternate hands.on each day. Individual cons.mption and related behaviors.were recorded. The s.me individual offered the products.to the dogs.throughout each s.udy. The total number of chewable tablets.for each formulation was.recorded and preference was.evaluated as.the cons.mption of a given formulation during more days. A total amount of 797 tablets.were cons.med by the 225 dogs.during the 4 days.of the s.udies. A total of 573 (71.9%) afoxolaner chews.and 224 (28.1%) fluralaner chews.were cons.med voluntarily. The overall cons.mption ratio was.2.56 to 1 for NexGard®?to Bravecto®, with s.gnificantly (p ®?than Bravecto®?on each day. As.for dogs.demons.rating a preference over the entire tes. period;83% of the dogs.tes.ed preferred NexGard®?to Bravecto®, res.lting in a preference ratio of 5 to 1 for afoxolaner formulation vers.s.fluralaner formulation. This.s.udy demons.rated that when dogs.were offered a choice between the two ectoparas.ticide products. a s.gnificant preference for NexGard

关键词： Palatability Preference Oral Ectoparas.ticide Treatment Compliance

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Mitigating os.eonecros.s.of the jaw(ONJ) through preventive dental care and unders.anding of ris. factors

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Bone Res.arch 2020年第1期8卷 14-25页

作者： Jas.n TWan douglas Ms.eeley Martha Js.merman Janice s.ee National Ins.itute of Dental and Craniofacial Res.arch National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA Laboratory for Oral Connective Tis.ue Biology National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA

It is.well es.ablis.ed that alterations.in phos.hate metabolis. have a profound effect on hard and s.ft tis.ues.of the oral cavity. The pres.nt-day clinical form of os.eonecros.s.of the jaw(ONJ) was.preceded by phos.horus.necros.s.of the jaw, ca. 1860. The s.bs.quent removal of yellow phos.horus.from matches.in the early 20 th century s.w a parallel decline in "phos.y jaw" until the early 2000 s. when s.milar reports.of unus.al jaw bone necros.s.began to appear in the literature des.ribing jaw necros.s.in patients.undergoing chemotherapy and concomitant s.eroid and bis.hos.honate treatment. Today, the potential s.de effect of ONJ as.ociated with medications.that block os.eoclas. activity(antires.rptive) is.well known, though the mechanis. remains.unclear and the management and outcomes.are often uns.tis.actory. Much of the exis.ing literature has.focus.d on the continuing concerns.of appropriate us. of bis.hos.honates.and other antires.rptive medications. the incomplete or underdeveloped res.arch on ONJ, and the us. of drugs.with anabolic potential for treatment of os.eoporos.s. While recognizing that ONJ is.a rare occurrence and ONJ-as.ociated medications.play an important role in fracture ris. reduction in os.eoporotic patients. evidence to date s.gges.s.that health care providers.can lower the ris. further by dental evaluations.and care prior to initiating antires.rptive therapies.and by monitoring dental health during and after treatment. This.review des.ribes.the current clinical management guidelines.for ONJ, the critical role of dental-medical management in mitigating ris.s. and the current unders.anding of the effects.of predominantly os.eoclas.-modulating drugs.on bone homeos.as.s.

关键词： drugs metabolis. alterations

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Mobilizing and integrating big data in s.udies.of s.atial and phylogenetic patterns.of biodivers.ty

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Plant Divers.ty 2016年第6期38卷 264-270页

作者： douglas E.s.ltis.Pamela s.s.ltis Florida Mus.um of Natural His.ory University of Florida Genetics.Ins.itute University of Florida Department of Biology University of Florida

The current global challenges.that threaten biodivers.ty are immens. and rapidly *** biodivers.ty challenges.demand approaches.that meld bioinformatics.large-s.ale phylogeny recons.ruction,us. of digitized s.ecimen data,and complex pos.-tree analys.s.*** modeling,niche divers.fication,and other ecological analys.s..Recent developments.in phylogenetics.coupled with emerging cyberinfras.ructure and new data s.urces.provide unparalleled opportunities.for mobilizing and integrating mas.ive amounts.of biological data,driving the dis.overy of complex patterns.and new hypothes.s.for further *** developments.are not trivial in that biodivers.ty data on the global s.ale now being collected and analyzed are inherently *** ongoing integration and maturation of biodivers.ty tools.dis.us.ed here is.trans.orming biodivers.ty s.ience,enabling what we broadly term"next-generation"inves.igations.in s.s.ematics.ecology,and evolution(i.e.,"biodivers.ty s.ience").New training that integrates.domain knowledge in biodivers.ty and data s.ience s.ills.is.als. needed to accelerate res.arch in thes. *** biodivers.ty s.ience is.crucial to the future of global *** cannot s.mply react to continued threats.to biodivers.ty,but via the us. of an integrative,multifaceted,big data approach,res.archers.can now make biodivers.ty projections.to provide crucial data not only for s.ientis.s.but als. for the public,land managers.policy makers.urban planners.and agriculture.

关键词： Biodivers.ty Big data Niche modeling Bioinformatics Phylogeny

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Interleukin-7 Receptor s.gnaling Network:An Integrated s.s.ems.Pers.ective

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2008年第2期5卷 79-89页

作者： Megan J. Palmer Vinay s. Mahajan Lily C. Trajman Darrell J. Irvine douglas A.Lauffenburger Jianzhu Chen Department of Biological Engineering Koch Ins.itute for Integrative Cancer Res.arch and Department of Biology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA

Interleukin-7 （IL-7） is.an es.ential cytokine for the development and homeos.atic maintenance of T and B lymphocytes. Binding of IL-7 to its.cognate receptor, the IL-7 receptor （IL-7R）, activates.multiple pathways.that regulate lymphocyte s.rvival, glucos. uptake, proliferation and differentiation. There has.been much interes. in unders.anding how IL-7 receptor s.gnaling is.modulated at multiple interconnected network levels. This.review examines.how the s.rength of the s.gnal through the IL-7 receptor is.modulated in T and B cells. including the us. of s.ared receptor components. s.gnaling cros.talk, s.ared interaction domains. feedback loops. integrated gene regulation, multimerization and ligand competition. We dis.us. how thes. network control mechanis.s.could integrate to govern the properties.of IL-7R s.gnaling in lymphocytes.in health and dis.as.. Analys.s.of IL-7 receptor s.gnaling at a network level in a s.s.ematic manner will allow for a comprehens.ve approach to unders.anding the impact of multiple s.gnaling pathways.on lymphocyte biology. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology.

关键词： IL-7 receptor cytokine s.gnaling network s.s.ems.biology modeling

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The Final s.ze of the Univers. Bas.d on the Elas.icity of the Fabric of s.acetime

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Journal of High Energy Phys.cs. Gravitation and Cos.ology 2020年第3期6卷 450-461页

作者： Geo douglas Naman s. Bajaj Author and Independent Res.archer New Jersey USA College of Engineering Pune India

We inves.igate the fabric of s.acetime, its.ability to s.retch, curve, and expand. Through our continuous.s.udies.of accretion dis.s.located at the core of galaxies. it is.our conclus.on that thes. dis.s.are s.parate from the hos. galaxy s.ellar dis.. Our res.arch has.als. determined that the radius.of accretion dis.s.in s.iral galaxies.follow a cons.s.ent ratio according to the circumference of their adjacent s.permas.ive black hole bas.d on its.s.hwarzchild radius. We pres.nt evidence s.gges.ing that galactic accretion dis.s.are a key element to unders.and galaxy formation and can provide a precis. calculation to how much the fabric of s.ace will s.retch. Once the degree of the elas.icity of s.acetime was.es.ablis.ed, we applied thes. meas.rements.to the s.ze of the univers. at 380,000 years.of age bas.d on the imagery of the cos.ic microwave background. This.calculation provided us.with the maximum diameter the univers. will reach, an exact time when the univers. will s.op expanding, and where we are today within that timeline.

关键词： Accretion Dis. s.permas.ive Black Hole Galaxy Formation Univers. Fabric of s.ace

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Management of pancreaticobiliary dis.as. us.ng a new intra-ductal endos.ope:The Texas.experience

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World Journal of Gas.roenterology 2009年第11期15卷 1353-1358页

作者： douglas s.Fis.man Paul R Tarnas.y s.ndeep N Patel Is.ac Raijman Texas.Children’s.Hos.ital Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionBaylor College of Medicine6621 Fannin StreetHoustonTX 77030United States Diges.ive Health As.ociates Methodist Pavilion II 221 West Colorado Blvd.DallasTX 75208-2359United States Divis.on of Gas.roenterology and Nutrition The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio7703 Floyd Curl Drive San AntonioTX 78229-3900United States Diges.ive As.ociates.of Hous.on 6620 Main Street.HoustonTX 77030United States

AIM:To evaluate a new s.ngle-operator mini-endos.ope, s.yglas.,for its.performance,feas.bility and s.fety in the management of pancreaticobiliary dis.as.. METHODs.In a multicenter retros.ective analys.s.of patients.undergoing intraductal endos.opy,we evaluated 128 patients.71 men,mean age 57.6 years..Indications.were therapeutic(TX)in 72(56%) and diagnos.ic(DX)in 56(44%). REs.LTs.Peroral endos.opy was.performed in 121 and percutaneous.in *** indications.included CBD s.ones.in 41,PD s.ones.in s.x,and biliary s.rictures.in *** indications.included abnormal LFT’s.in 15, abnormal imaging in 38 and cholangiocarcinoma s.aging in *** of the s.one(s.was.cons.dered good in 31,fair in s.x,and poor in four. Advancement of the electrohydraulic lithotrips. probe was.not pos.ible in three patients.and proper targeting of the les.on was.partial in four patients.A holmium las.r was.us.d s.cces.fully in three *** clearance was.achieved in 37 patients.after one procedure and in four patients.after two *** of biliary s.rictures.was.modified in 20/29 and confirmed to be malignant in 10/*** the modified patients.no diagnos.s.was.available in *** demons.rated malignancy in 8/17 and non-malignancy in *** pathology by imaging s.udies.and abnormal LFT’s.was.modified in 43/63(66%).s.aging of cholangiocarcinoma demons.rated multicentric cholangiocarcinoma in 2/*** was.no morbidity as.ociated with the us. of s.yglas.. CONCLUs.ON:s.yglas. s.ys.opeis.a firs. generation, s.ngle operator miniature endos.ope that can evaluate and treat various.biliary and pancreatic tract dis.as.s.

关键词： Intra-ductal endos.opy Choledochos.opy Cholangiopancreatos.opy Endos.opic retrogradecholangiopancreatography Biliary dis.as. s.leros.ngcholangitis Cholangiocarcinoma Lithotrips. Pancreaticdis.as. s.yglas.

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Fores.s.atmos.heric water and an uncertain future: the new biology of the global water cycle

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Fores. Ecos.s.ems 2018年第3期5卷 236-257页

作者： douglas s.eil Faculty of Environmental s.iences.and Natural Res.urce Management(MINA) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)

Theory and evidence indicate that trees.and other vegetation influence the atmos.heric water-cycle in various.*** influences.are more important, more complex, and more poorly characteris.d than is.widely *** there is.little doubt that changes.in tree cover will impact the water-cycle, the wider cons.quences.remain difficult to predict as.the underlying relations.ips.and proces.es.remain poorly characteris.d. Nonetheles., as.fores.s.are vulnerable to human activities. thes. linked as.ects.of the water-cycle are als. at ris. and the potential cons.quences.of large s.ale fores. los. are s.vere. Here, for non-s.ecialis. readers. I review our knowledge of the links.between vegetation-cover and climate with a focus.on fores.s.and rain(precipitation). I highlight advances. uncertainties.and res.arch opportunities. There are s.gnificant s.ortcomings.in our unders.anding of the atmos.heric hydrological cycle and of its.repres.ntation in climate models. A better unders.anding of the role of vegetation and tree-cover wil reduce s.me of thes. s.ortcomings. I outline and il us.rate various.res.arch themes.where thes. advances.may be *** themes.include the biology of evaporation, aeros.ls.and atmos.heric motion, as.well as.the proces.es.that determine mons.ons.and diurnal precipitation cycles. A novel theory—the ‘biotic pump’—s.gges.s.that evaporation and condens.tion can exert a major influence over atmos.heric dynamics. This.theory explains.how high rainfall can be maintained within thos. continental land-mas.es.that are s.fficiently fores.ed. Feedbacks.within many of thes. proces.es.can res.lt in non-linear behaviours.and the potential for dramatic changes.as.a res.lt of fores. los.(or gain): for example, s.itching from a wet to a dry local climate(or vis.-vers.). Much remains.unknown and multiple res.arch dis.iplines.are needed to addres. this. fores. s.ientis.s.and other biologis.s.have a major role to *** ideas. methods.and data offer opportun

关键词： Biotic pump Climate Condens.tion Evaporation Ice-nucleation Trans.iration GCM Vapour Water-cycle

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