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Interrelationships between Length of the Day, Moon Distance, Phanerozoic Geodynamic Cycles, Tidal Dissipation and Earth’s Core: Review and Analysis

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第5期15卷 396-415页

作者： Heinz-Jürgen brink Independent Researcher Hannover Germany

The rotation of the Earth and the related length of the day (LOD) are predominantly affected by tidal dissipation through the Moon and the growth of the Earth’s core. Due to the increased concentration of mass around the rotation axis of the spinning Earth during the growth of the core the rotation should have been accelerated. Controversially the tidal dissipation by the Moon, which is mainly dependent on the availability of open shallow seas and the kind of Moon escape from a nearby position, acts towards a deceleration of the rotating Earth. Measurements of LOD for Phanerozoic and Precambrian times open ways to solve questions concerning the geodynamical history of the Earth. These measurements encompass investigations of growth patterns in fossils and depositional patterns in sediments (Cyclostratigraphy, Tidalites, Stromatolites, Rhythmites). These patterns contain information on the LOD and on the changing distance between Earth and Moon and can be used as well for a discussion about the growth of the Earth’s core. By updating an older paper with its simple approach as well as incorporating newly published results provided by the geoscientific community, a moderate to fast growth of the core in a hot early Earth will be favored controversially to the assumption of a delayed development of the core in an originally cold Earth. Core development with acceleration of Earth’s rotation and the contemporaneous slowing down due to tidal dissipation during the filling of the ocean may significantly interrelate.

关键词： Length of the Day Moon Distance Phanerozoic Geodynamic Cycles Tidal Dissipation Earth’s Core

Does feeding more phases reduce ammonia concentrations from broiler litter?

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第4期11卷 152-159页

作者： Madri brink Geert P.J.Janssens Evelyne Delezie Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture Fisheries and Food(ILVO)Animal Sciences UnitScheldeweg 689090 MelleBelgium Department of Veterinary and Biosciences Ghent UniversityHeidestraat 199820 MerelbekeBelgium

We compared a 3-and 5-phase feeding program in terms of ammonia concentrations measured at litter level,litter composition and quality,nitrogen(N)utilization,performance,welfare,and meat deposition in broilers.A total of 744 Ross 308 male broilers was divided into 2 treatments,each with 6 *** 3-phase diets were formulated to CP and digestible lysine contents of 205 and 11.5 g/kg(0 to 9 d),195 and 10.8 g/kg(9 to 24 d),and 183.3 and 10.15 g/kg(24 to 39 d),*** 5-phase diets had additional phases from 17 to 24 d and 32 to 39 d with CP and digestible lysine contents of 188 and 10.4 g/kg and 177 and 9.8 g/kg,*** 5 phases reduced the NH3concentrations at litter level by37.95%and 20.81%at 23(P<0.05)and 37 d of age(P<0.05),*** was a tendency for a lower litter total ammoniacal nitrogen concentration for the 5-phase treatment than the 3-phase treatment at 24 and 39 d of age(P<0.1 for both).Total N concentration of the litter also tended to be lower for the 5-phase treatment at 39 d of age(P<0.1).The lower NH3coincided with a lower average litter pH at 24 and 32 d of age(P<0.05 for both).Birds fed the 5-phase treatments had a lower incidence of foot lesions at 24 d of age(P<0.001).Performance as well as carcass yield could be maintained,except for FCR,which was higher for the 5-phase treatment between 17 and 24 d of age and the overall period(P<0.05 and<0.001,respectively).The impact of the 5-phase treatment regarding the utilization of N(digestibility,excretion,and retention)was less clear,however the NH3volatilized from the litter was significantly *** 5 phases may therefore potentially reduce the NH3emitted from broiler houses which has several environmental and health *** the 5-phase treatment resulted in a significant decrease in feed efficiency,growth performance and meat deposition were maintained.

关键词： Broiler Ammonia Phase feeding Crude protein Performance

Reduction of dietary crude protein and feed form:Impact on broiler litter quality,ammonia concentrations,excreta composition,performance,welfare,and meat quality

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第2期9卷 291-303页

作者： Madri brink Geert P.J.Janssens Peter Demeyer Ozer Bagci Evelyne Delezie Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture Fisheries and Food(ILVO)Animal Sciences UnitScheldeweg 689090 MelleBelgium Department of Nutrition Genetics and EthologyGhent UniversityHeidestraat 199820 MerelbekeBelgium Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture Fisheries and Food(ILVO)Agricultural Engineering UnitBurg.Van Gansberghelaan 1159820 MerelbekeBelgium Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology5600 MB-EindhovenNetherlands.

Nitrogen(N)excreted by poultry is converted to ammonia(NH3),presenting an environmental risk and a health risk to the farmer and animals.A study was performed to investigate the effect of reduced CP and feed form on broiler performance and welfare,meat and litter quality,N utilization,and NH3 concentrations at litter level.A total of 2,232 Ross 308 male broilers was divided into 6 treatments and 6 replicates,which was fed diets in both pellet and mash forms with different CP levels of 205.0 g/kg(H,high),187.5 g/kg(M,intermediate)and 175.0 g/kg(L,low)in the grower phase and 195.0 g/kg(H),180.0 g/kg(M)and 165.6 g/kg(L)in the finisher *** amino acids(AA)were supplemented to maintain digestible AA-to-digestible lysine *** dietary CP content to 187.5 g/kg in the grower phase and 180.0 g/kg in the finisher phase reduced NH3 concentrations at litter level(P<0.001),but a further reduction in dietary CP had no additional *** treatments had better litter qualities and lower incidences of foot and hock lesions than pellet treatments at d 38(P<0.001).In addition,treatments with reduced CP had lower incidence of foot lesions at d 38(P<0.001).Broilers fed pelleted diets had higher ADFI,ADG,and final BW,improved feed conversion ratio(FCR),and heavier carcasses(P<0.001)than those fed mash diets over a production period of 39 *** could not be maintained when birds were fed L CP pelleted *** study demonstrated that,with the supplementation of AA to meet requirements,the concentration of dietary CP can be reduced to 187.5 and 180.0 g/kg in the grower and finisher phases respectively,without impairing broiler performance,meat yield and *** diets were favorable when considering the overall litter quality and welfare of the ***,they could not maintain the same broiler performance and slaughter yield as pelleted *** from the present study may assist the poultry sector towards a socially acceptable lowemission

关键词： Broiler Ammonia Crude protein Feed form Performance

Nonpolar Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)N/Al_(y)Ga_(1−y)N multiple quantum wells on GaN nanowire for UV emission

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Nano Research 2022年第8期15卷 7670-7680页

作者： Sonachand Adhikari Olivier Lee Cheong Lem Felipe Kremer Kaushal Vora Frank brink Mykhaylo Lysevych Hark Hoe Tan Chennupati Jagadish Department of Electronic Materials Engineering Research School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia Semiconductor Device Fabrication Group CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research InstitutePilaniRajasthan 333031India Australian National Fabrication Facility ACT Node Research School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia Centre for Advanced Microscopy The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems Research School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia

Nonpolar m-plane AlGaN offers the advantage of polarization-free multiple quantum wells(MQWs)for ultraviolet(UV)emission and can be achieved on the sidewalls of selective area grown GaN *** reveal that the growth of AlGaN on GaN nanowires by metal organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD)is driven by vapor-phase diffusion,and consequently puts a limit on the pitch of nanowire array due to shadowing *** insight into the difficulty of achieving metal-polar AlGaN nanowire by selective area growth(SAG)in MOCVD is also provided and can be attributed to the strong tendency to form pyramidal structure due to a very small growth rate of{1011}semipolar planes compared to(0001)*** nonpolar m-plane sidewalls of GaN nanowires obtained via SAG provides an excellent platform for growth of nonpolar AlGaN *** emission from mplane Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)N/Al_(y)Ga_(1−y)N MQWs grown on sidewalls of dislocation-free GaN nanowire is demonstrated in the wavelength range of 318–343 nm.

关键词： metal organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD) nanowire nonpolar plane AlGaN selective area growth multiple quantum wells

The Hawaiian Volcanic Hotspot in View of Globally Active Geological, Meteorological and Cosmic Processes

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International Journal of Geosciences 2022年第5期13卷 349-360页

作者： Heinz-Jürgen brink Hindenburgstraß e 39 Hannover Germany

Some volcanic events including flood basalt eruptions and hotspots on earth may strongly be related to (chaotic) Asteroid impacts and (more periodic) near solar system Supernovae explosions. Impacts may define some of the eruption sites and Supernovae, their intensity. The accompanied heat event can lead to a sedimentary basin on top, where a metamorphic process in the lower crust provides a depression at the surface of the earth due to rock volume reduction by water release. The definitely alternating heat event may generally be fixed to the original geographically defined impact site and can certainly last hundreds of Million years. Plate tectonics distribute the relicts of the (tornado like spiraling upwards?) volcanism across the globe. The Hawaiian volcanic hotspot and its possible origin in Northern Australia beginning with the eruptions of Cambrian Antrim flood basalts and a speculative initiating earlier Asteroid impact may act as a further example. Similar to the footprints of astronomical events on climate and life on earth geological processes like volcanism, metamorphism within the earth’s crust and subsequent sedimentary basin development may also be marks of some cosmic influence.

关键词： Hawaiian Volcanic Hotspot Antrim Flood Basalt Asteroid Impact Tornado Shiprock Volcanic Core Salt Diapir Rotation Supernovae Neutrinos Eocene

Cosmic Contributions to the Deposition of Petroleum Source Rocks: Review and Analysis

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International Journal of Geosciences 2023年第11期14卷 1123-1145页

作者： Heinz-Jürgen brink Independent Researcher Hannover Germany

The development of globally distributed Phanerozoic petroleum source rocks is concentrated on time intervals, which correlate convincingly with climatic driven glaciation epochs of Earth’s history, repeated every 150 million years, and during sea level high stands and maxima of global magmatism with a period of 300 million years. The 150 million year periodicity appears to be related to the path of the solar system through the spiral arms of the Milky Way and the 300 million year periodicity to changes of the spiral system. The spiral arms are preferred birth places of new stars, of which the larger ones have only smaller lifespans. Their preliminary deaths ended with explosions and selectively with the development of so-called white dwarfs, neutron stars or black holes. The times of the explosions of intermediate (sun-like) stars can be determined by measuring the present brightness of the dwarfs. Not surprisingly the last two maxima of recordable near solar system star explosions took place during the presumably spiral arms driven glacial epochs in Eocene to present and Upper Jurassic times. Such near solar system star explosions may have been the source of intense neutrino showers, cosmic rays and star dust. This dust contained all kinds of chemical elements, including phosphorus and uranium. Such cosmic phosphorus may have supported, through fertilizing, the distribution of life on Earth additionally to local phosphorus resources via bloom of biota in lakes and oceans and the enhanced growth of plants on land across all climatic zones. Subsequently it maintained the development of petroleum source rocks of all organic matter types within black shales and coals. Via the distribution of remnants of exploding stars—mainly white dwarfs, but neutron stars and black holes have to be counted as well—a cosmic contribution can therefore casually linked to the deposition of petroleum source rocks on Earth, not only purely correlatively by their contemporaneous appearances

关键词： Cosmic Rays Cosmic Dust Milky Way Spiral Arms Stars Phosphorus Uranium Petroleum Source Rock

Wisdom and Geology, the North German Basin, and the Significance of Thrown Dices

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International Journal of Geosciences 2023年第1期14卷 150-186页

作者： Heinz-Jürgen brink Hindenburgstrasse 39 Hannover Germany

For thousands of years, mankind is observing the surrounding nature. Often, they found no obvious clues for inexplicable and complex facts, leading to the belief that their wisdom was limited. This is in the majority of cases still true today, but based on hundreds of years of (geo-) scientific work some older thoughts can now be readjusted by combining newer geological, environmental, historical and philosophical clues. Facts about the development of the North German Basin are used to demonstrate the variability of geological systems and how these can be described by taking dice as a metaphor for ruling geological parameters. This includes all kinds of plate tectonically controlled basin forming processes, especially metamorphism of the lower crust due to a fixed mantle plume, basin filling processes with their galactic and lunar overprints, basin modifying tectonics due to internal (halokinesis, inversion) or external forces (one-sided loads at the surface due to mighty Delta sediments or glacial ice sheets) and geochemical reactions as a result of pressure and temperature changes in course of subsidence. Especially, the Rotliegend (Lower Permian) Gas Play is one of the possible illustrations of the entity of the North German Basin with its more than 70 - 90 independent parameters belonging to a global set of very complex hydrocarbon systems. Processes on Earth like the formation of systems of hydrocarbon fields as well as environmental systems (e.g. river systems, lakes, islands, sedimentary basins) are subordinated to the dices of nature and are steered invisibly by a selection of rules of the game that one understands as natural laws. The facts and remaining uncertainties as well as problems with subsurface-related processes (e.g. manmade tectonics, subsidence and uplift) guide the thoughts of engaged individuals on how to proceed wisely with limited predictability of challenges and dangers of a subsurface system. This work will be a trial to associate once mor

关键词： North German Basin Subsurface Problems Geological Parameters Wisdom Thoughts Dices

Nanostructure and thermal power of highly-textured and single-crystal-like Bi_(2)Te_(3) thin films

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Nano Research 2022年第3期15卷 2382-2390页

作者： Heng Zhang Jamo Momand Joshua Levinsky Qikai Guo Xiaotian Zhu Gert H ten brink Graeme R.Blake George Palasantzas Bart J.Kooi Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AG GroningenThe Netherlands

Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based alloys are known to have outstanding thermoelectric *** structure–property relations have been studied,still,detailed analysis of the atomic and nano-scale structure of Bi_(2)Te_(3)thin film in relation to their thermoelectric properties remains poorly ***,highly-textured(HT)and single-crystal-like(SCL)Bi_(2)Te_(3)films have been grown using pulsed laser deposition(PLD)on Si wafer covered with(native or thermal)SiOx and mica *** films are highly textured with c-axis out-of-plane,but the in-plane orientation is random for the films grown on oxide and single-crystal-like for the ones grown on *** power factor of the film on thermal oxide is about four times higher(56.8μW·cm^(−1)·K^(−2))than that of the film on mica(12.8μW·cm^(−1)·K^(−2)),which is comparable to the one of the polycrystalline ingot at room temperature(RT).Reduced electron scattering in the textured thin films results in high electrical conductivity,where the SCL film shows the highest ***,its Seebeck coefficient shows a low *** measured properties are correlated with the atomic structure details unveiled by scanning transmission electron *** instance,the high concentration of stacking defects observed in the HT film is considered responsible for the increase of Seebeck coefficient compared to the SCL *** study demonstrates the influence of nanoscale structural effects on thermoelectric properties,which sheds light on tailoring thermoelectric thin films towards high performance.

关键词： Bi_(2)Te_(3)films highly-textured structure single-crystal-like structure thermoelectric properties pulsed laser deposition

Past,present and future of industrial plantation forestry and implication on future timber harvesting technology

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Journal of Forestry Research 2020年第2期31卷 339-351页

作者： Andrew McEwan Enrico Marchi Raffaele Spinelli Michal brink Department of Agriculture Food and Forest SystemsFlorence UniversityVia San Bonaventura1350145 FlorenceItaly School of Natural Resource Management Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityGeorge CampusGeorgeSouth Africa Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la BioEconomiaVia Madonna del Piano 10Sesto FiorentinoItaly Australian Forest Operations Research Alliance University of the Sunshine CoastLocked Bag 4Maroochydore DCQLD 4558Australia University of Pretoria Private Bag X20HatfieldPretoria 0028South Africa

Plantation forests are established,and expanding,to satisfy increasing global demand for timber *** societal values,such as safety,productivity,environmental,quality and social are influencing the plantation forestry *** is primarily driven through an ever increasing world population,which in turn influences the way nations view the value systems by which they *** people require more resources-also forest ***,the availability of information is influencing the pace of technological *** changes could result in a difference in the management of plantations that could affect the forest engineering systems of the *** review aimed to summarize the current status of plantation forests;summarize future developments and possible scenarios in forest plantation management for the various products;and assess whether these developments in a plantation environment could affect the harvesting systems *** influencing the form of plantations include the type and nature of the plantation owner;the change in demand for different and new forest products;climate change factors,including the use of biomass for energy,carbon sequestration and trading;ecosystem services and other products and services;and sustainability certification of forest *** impact and influence of these factors were summarised into a series of key drivers that will influence the technology used in harvesting machines,as well as the choice of harvesting machines,systems and *** drivers were the effect of variations in tree size,the expansion of plantation areas onto more difficult terrain,diversity in plantation design,increased attention towards site impacts and the increased use of biomass for *** information is provided regarding how the harvesting systems could be affected.

关键词： Plantations Forest products Biomass Harvesting system Mechanization Trends Technology