Business cycle dynamics are determined by relatively large volatilities in output,consumption,and investment,which leads to cyclical fluctuations in interest *** the Markov switching model,we model the nominal interes...
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Business cycle dynamics are determined by relatively large volatilities in output,consumption,and investment,which leads to cyclical fluctuations in interest *** the Markov switching model,we model the nominal interest rate movements to explain the volatility regime shifts in a set of selected emerging Asian *** estimated results provide significant evidence of regime-dependent means,variances,and probabilities in both stable and volatile regimes in selected countries,confirming the existence of two distinct regimes in nominal interest rate *** addition,the smoothed probability results of switching autoregressive model show that the model is capable of capturing the two regimes for the corresponding nominal interest rate ***,the results reveal that the stables regimes have higher durations than the volatile *** study also shows the advantage of Markov switching models over conventional regression models,allowing the identification of different regimes for the cyclical behavior of interest rates.
AIM: To investigate the expression levels of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) and CD44 genes and the relationship between their lev- ...
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AIM: To investigate the expression levels of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) and CD44 genes and the relationship between their lev- els and clinicopathological parameters in gastric ***: Tissue samples were obtained from 33 patients (8 females) with gastric cancer. mRNA levels of LYVE-1, VEGFR-3 and CD44 in normal and tumor tissues were quantitatively measured using real time polymerase chain reaction. The results were correlated with lymph node metastasis, histological type and differentiation of the tumor, T-stage, and presence of vascular, perineural and lymphatic invasions. The distribution of molecules in the tissue was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: LYVE-1, CD44 and VEGFR-3 gene expression levels were significantly higher in gastric cancer than in normal tissue. While there was no correlation between gene expressions and clinicopathologic fea- tures such as histologic type, differentiation and stage, gene expression levels were found to be increased in conjunction with positive lymph node/total lymph node ratio and the presence of perineural invasion. A significant correlation was also found between LYVE-1 and CD44 over-expressions and perineural invasion and lymph node positivity in gastric cancers. When the dis- tribution of LYVE-1 antibody-stained lymphatic vessels in tissue was evaluated, lymphatic vessels were located intra-tumorally in 13% and peri-tumorally in 27% of the patients. Moreover, lymph node metastases were also positive in all patients with LYVE-1-staining. CONCLUSION: LYVE-1, VEGFR-3 and CD44 all play an important role in lymphangiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. LYVE-1 is a perfectly reliable lymphatic vessel marker and useful for immunohistochemistry.
Background: We examined the impact of adjuvant modalities on resected pancreatic and periampullary adenocarcinoma(PAC).Methods: A total of 563 patients who were curatively resected for PAC were retrospectively ana...
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Background: We examined the impact of adjuvant modalities on resected pancreatic and periampullary adenocarcinoma(PAC).Methods: A total of 563 patients who were curatively resected for PAC were retrospectively analyzed between 2003 and ***: Of 563 patients, 472 received adjuvant chemotherapy(CT) alone, chemoradiotherapy(CRT) alone, and chemoradiotherapy plus chemotherapy(CRT-CT) were analyzed. Of the 472 patients, 231 were given CRT-CT, 26 were given CRT, and 215 were given CT. The median recurrence-free survival(RFS) and overall survival(OS) were 12 and 19 months, respectively. When CT and CRT-CT groups were compared, there was no significant difference with respect to both RFS and OS, and also there was no difference in RFS and OS among CRT-CT, CT and CRT groups. To further investigate the impact of radiation on subgroups, patients were stratified according to lymph node status and resection margins. In node-positive patients, both RFS and OS were significantly longer in CRT-CT than CT. In contrast, there was no significant differencebetween groups when patients with node-negative disease or patients with or without positive surgical margins were ***: Addition of radiation to CT has a survival benefit in patients with node-positive disease following pancreatic resection.
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