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从脑科学的新发展看人文学问题

浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版） 2012年第4期42卷 6-17页

作者：包爱民罗建红迪克.斯瓦伯浙江大学医学院浙江杭州310058 荷兰皇家科学院神经科学研究所

神经科学的发展已经形成了关于人文学某些经典问题的重新思考或认识。当前的神经科学发现显示:我们的大脑和意识都是物质性的,意识的身心二元论是不能成立的,应该回归于大脑一元论。大脑很重要的一部分工作是无意识的,但却能很好地完成... 详细信息

神经科学的发展已经形成了关于人文学某些经典问题的重新思考或认识。当前的神经科学发现显示:我们的大脑和意识都是物质性的,意识的身心二元论是不能成立的,应该回归于大脑一元论。大脑很重要的一部分工作是无意识的,但却能很好地完成许多在常人看来需要意识去完成的工作,这种无意识的大脑运作过程也是大脑的一种客观属性。另外,常识心理学中所谓自由意志的存在是很可疑的,大脑在意识到自己作出决定之前已经作了决定,无意识的意志根据环境中发生的情况而作出瞬间的决定,其过程主要由大脑在发育期间所形成的工作方式以及由之后我们所学到的知识(记忆)决定。当然,自由意志是否存在这个重要问题的最终答案还应该来自于未来更多的科学实验。

关键词：神经科学人文学大脑意识自由意志

Activation of.the Brain to Postpone Dementia: A Concept Originating f.om Postmortem Human Brain Studies

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2019年第2期35卷 253-266页

作者： Qiong-Bin Zhu Ai-Min Bao dick swaab Department of.Neurology Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine Department of.Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Netherlands Institute f.r Neuroscience Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is characterized by decreased neuronal activity and atrophy, while hyperactivity of.neurons seems to make them resistant to aging and neurodegeneration, a phenomenon which we have paraphrased as ‘use it or lose it'. Our hypothesis proposes that(1) during their f.nctioning, neurons are damaged;(2)accumulation of.damage that is not repaired is the basis of.aging;(3) the vulnerability to AD is determined by the genetic background and the balance between the amount of.damage and the ef.iciency of.repair, and(4) by stimulating the brain, repair mechanisms are stimulated and cognitive reserve is increased, resulting in a decreased rate of.aging and risk f.r AD. Environmental stimulating f.ctors such as bilingualism/multilingualism, education, occupation, musical experience, physical exercise, and leisure activities have been reported to reduce the risk of.dementia and decrease the rate of.cognitive decline, although methodological problems are present.

关键词： Dementia Genes Environmental stimulation Brain activation Cognitive reserve Use it or lose it

Low-temperature catalytic methane deep oxidation over sol-gel derived mesoporous hausmannite (Mn_(3)O_(4)) spherical particles

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ChemPhysMater

ChemPhysMater 2024年第3期3卷 329-340页

作者： Patrick Ndouka Ndouka Stephane Kenmoe Jacques Richard Mache Elie Acayanka dick Hartmann Douma Ralph Gebauer Patrick Mountapmbeme Kouotou Department of.Chemistry Faculty of SciencesUniversity of MarouaP.O.Box 814 MarouaCameroon Department of.Theoretical Chemistry University of Duisburg-EssenD-45141 EssenGermany Department of.Mining Engineering School of Geology and Mining EngineeringUniversity of NgaoundéréP.O.Box 115 MeigangaCameroon Department of.Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of ScienceUniversity of YaoundéIP.O.Box 812 YaoundéCameroon Groupe de Simulations Numériques en Magnétisme et Catalyse Facultédes Sciences et TechniquesUniversitéMarien NgouabiB.P.69 BrazzavilleCongo The Abdus Salam International Centre f.r Theoretical Physics(ICTP) 34151 TriesteItaly National Advanced School of.Engineering of.Maroua University of MarouaP.O.Box 46 MarouaCameroon Higher Institute of.Agriculture WoodWater and EnvironmentUniversity of EbolowaP.O.Box 118 EbolowaCameroon

In this study,Mn_(3)O_(4) spherical particles(SPs)were synthesized by the sol-gel process,af.er which they were thermally annealed at 400℃,and comprehensively characterized.X-ray Dif.raction(XRD)revealed that Mn_(3)O_(4) exhibited a tetragonal spinel structure,and f.urier transf.rmed inf.ared(f.IR)spectroscopy identif.ed surf.ceadsorbed f.nctional *** electron microscopy(SEM)and the specif.c surf.ce area analyses by Brunauer−Emmett−Teller(BET)revealed a porous,homogeneous surf.ce composed of.strongly agglomerated spherical grains with an estimated average particle size of.35 nm,which corresponded to a large specif.c surf.ce area of.81.5 m^(2)/g.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analysis indicated that Mn_(3)O_(4) was composed of.metallic cations(Mn^(4+),Mn_(3)+,and Mn^(2+))and oxygen species(O_(2)−,OH−and CO_(3)2−).The optical bandgap energy is∼2.55 *** of.the catalytic perf.rmance of.the Mn_(3)O_(4) SPs indicated T90 conversion of.CH4 to CO_(2) and H2O at 398℃ f.r gas hourly space velocity(GHSV)of.72000 mL^(3) g^(−1) h^(−1).This observed perf.rmance can be attributed to the cooperative ef.ects of.the smallest spherical grain size with a mesoporous structure,which is responsible f.r the larger specif.c surf.ce area and available surf.ce-active oxygenated *** cooperative ef.ect of.the good reducibility,higher ratio of.active species(OLat/OAds),and results of.density f.nctional theory(Df.)calculations suggested that the total oxidation of.CH4 over the mesoporous Mn_(3)O_(4) SPs might take place via a two-term process in which both the Langmuir−Hinshelwood and Mars−van Krevelen mechanisms are cooperatively involved.

关键词： Sol-gel Manganese oxide Catalytic oxidation Methane Langmuir−Hinshelwood mechanism Mars−van Krevelen route Two−term process

Human Brain Slice Culture: A Usef.l Tool to Study Brain Disorders and Potential Therapeutic Compounds

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2019年第2期35卷 244-252页

作者： Xin-Rui Qi Ronald W.H.Verwer Ai-Min Bao Rawien A.Balesar Sabina Luchetti Jiang-Ning Zhou dick f.swaab Center f.r Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine Department of.Neuropsychiatric Disorders Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Department of.Neurobiology Institute of NeuroscienceNHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyZhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of.Brain f.nction and Diseases School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences

Investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying brain disorders is a priority if.novel therapeutic strategies are to be developed. In vivo studies of.animal models and in vitro studies of.cell lines/primary cell cultures may provide usef.l tools to study certain aspects of.brain disorders. However, discrepancies among these studies or unsuccessf.l translation f.om animal/cell studies to human/clinical studies of.en occur, because these models generally represent only some symptoms of.a neuropsychiatric disorder rather than the complete disorder. Human brain slice cultures f.om postmortem tissue or resected tissue f.om operations have shown that, in vitro, neurons and glia can stay alive f.r long periods of.time, while their morphological and physiological characteristics, and their ability to respond to experimental manipulations are maintained. Human brain slices can thus provide a close representation of.neuronal networks in vivo, be a valuable tool f.r investigation of.the basis of.neuropsychiatric disorders, and provide a platf.rm f.r the evaluation of.novel pharmacological treatments of.human brain diseases.A brain bank needs to provide the necessary inf.astructure to bring together donors, hospitals, and researchers who want to investigate human brain slices in cultures of.clinically and neuropathologically well-documented material.

关键词： Alzheimer’s disease Brain bank Brain-derived neurotrophic f.ctor Depression Electrical activity Human brain slice culture Neuropsychiatric disorders Organotypic culture Postmortem human brain tissue Resected human brain tissue

Quanti?cation of.Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Erb B4 in the Locus Coeruleus of.Mood Disorder Patients Using a Multispectral Method to Prevent Interf.rence with Immunocytochemical Signals by Neuromelanin

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2019年第2期35卷 205-215页

作者： Lei Guo Jochem StormmesAND Zheng f.ng Qingbin Zhu Rawien Balesar Joop van Heerikhuize Arja Sluiter dick swaab Ai-Min Bao Department of.Neurobiology and Department of.Neurology of.the Second Af.iliated Hospital Institute of NeuroscienceNHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyZhejiang University School of Medicine Netherlands Institute f.r Neuroscience Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Department of.Neurology Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine

The locus coeruleus(LC) has been studied in major depressive disorder(MDD) and bipolar disorder(BD). A major problem of.immunocytochemical studies in the human LC is interf.rence with the staining of.the immunocytochemical end-product by the omnipresent natural brown pigment neuromelanin. Here, we used a multispectral method to untangle the two colors: blue immunocytochemical staining and brown *** f.und signif.cantly increased tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in the LC of.MDD patients—thus validating the method—but not in BD patients, and we did not f.nd signif.cant changes in the receptor tyrosine-protein kinase ErbB4 in the LC in MDD or BD patients. We observed clear co-localization of.ErbB4, TH, and neuromelanin in the LC neurons. The dif.erent stress-related molecular changes in the LC may contribute to the dif.erent clinical symptoms in MDD and BD.

关键词： Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder Tyrosine hydroxylase ErbB4 Locus coeruleus

Role of.sex hormones on CRH expressing-neurons in the human hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

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Role of sex hormones on CRH expressing-neurons in the human ...

Brain banking and the matching f.ctors in postmortem study

中国神经科学学会第四次会员代表大会暨第七届全国学术会议

作者： dick f.swaab Netherlands Institute f.r Neuroscience Meibergdreef 471105 BA Amsterdam ZOThe Netherlands

＜正＞Introduction:The activity of.corticotropin-re leasing hormone（CRH） neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus（PVN） f.rms the basis of.the activity of.the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal（HPA）-axis,which is the f.nal common pathway f.r stress response and f.r a number of.signs and symptoms in specif.c neurological and psychiatric disorders. A number of.studies have pointed to the involvement of.sex steroids in the regulation of.the stress response and mood *** aimed at determining whether such regulations could be,at least partly,direct ef.ects of.sex steroids on the CRH-expressing neurons,via sex hormone ***,the gender dif.erence in age-related number of.CRH expressing-neurons and the role of.sex hormones on it was also studied. Materials and Methods:Immunocytochemical study:Human hypothalami tissue was obtained f.om the Netherlands Brain *** monoclonal rat anti-CRH’Pf. 83’ antibody and the polyclonal rabbit anti-estrogen receptor（ER）αantibody （MC-20） and polyclonal rabbit anti-androgen receptor（AR） antibody（ARIE） were used f.r double-labeling of.CRH and ERα,and CRH and AR,respectively,in the hypothalamic PVN（virtually no ERβwere f.und）.CRH and ERαcolocolization was f.rther studied in a depressed-patient-group,which was well-matched f.r the *** total numbers of.CRH neurons in the PVN were also analyzed in 22 control subjects（11 males and 11 f.males） between the ages of.22 and 89 year, and of.10 subjects with abnormal sex hormone *** assay and co-transf.ction experiment:The human CRH promoter region was searched and a sequence strongly resembling an androgen responsive element（ARE） was f.und. Bandshif. analysis of.this potential ARE was ***,the f.nction of.this ARE was investigated by cotransf.ction of.CRH-promoter reporter constructs with AR expression plasmid in SK-N-BE（2）c neuroblastoma ***: Signif.cant correlations between the number of.CRH cells and the number of.CRH-ERαnuclear

关键词： CRH neurons the HPA axis Sex hormones Mood disorders Aging Sex dif.erence

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Brain banking and the matching factors in postmortem study

Increased expression level of.corticotropin-releasing hormone in the amygdala and in the hypothalamus in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress

中国解剖学会2019年年会

作者： Aimin Bao dick f.swaab Department of.Neurobiology and Department of.Neurology of.the Second Af.iliated Hospital Institute of NeuroscienceNHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyZhejiang University School of Medicine Netherlands Institute f.r Neuroscience an Institute of theRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

＜正＞Human brain banks collect,preserve,and distribute postmortem brain samples f.r histological,pathological,and molecular research,with the purpose of.especially elucidating human brain *** quality of.postmortem study depends strongly on both the clear clinical inf.rmation of.the patient’s disorder and therapies,and a systematic and prof.ssional

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2010年第4期26卷 297-303页

作者：王姗姗闫雪波 Michel A.Hof.an dick f.swaab 周江宁解放军总医院南楼神经内科北京100853 合肥微尺度物质科学国家实验室中国科学技术大学生命科学院神经生物学系合肥230027 荷兰皇家艺术与科学研究院神经科学研究所

Objective Corticotropin-releasing hormone（CRH）plays an important role in neuroendocrine,autonomic and behavioral responses to *** the present study,the ef.ect of.chronic unpredictable mild stress（CUMS）on CRH neurons was investigated in rat *** The rats were exposed to one of.the stressors each day f.r 21 *** was perf.rmed to detect the CRH-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus（PVN）of.the hypothalamus and in *** Af.er the stress protocol,the animals showed a reduction in body weight gain as well as reduced sucrose pref.rence and locomotor ***,the CRH neurons in both PVN and central nucleus of.the amygdala（CeA）were stimulated by *** densities of.CRH-containing neurons in both PVN and CeA were signif.cantly higher than those in control *** The CRH systems in PVN and CeA may both contribute to depression-like behaviors during CUMS.

关键词： chronic unpredictable mild stress hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis corticotropin-releasing hormone amygdala paraventricular nucleus

Abnormal retinoid and TrkB signaling in the pref.ontal cortex in mood disorders

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Abnormal retinoid and TrkB signaling in the prefrontal corte...