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The Impact of Perineal Trauma on Postpartum Women at Ndola Teaching Hospital, Zambia: A Phenomenological Study

Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024年第9期14卷 1374-1397页

作者： Priscilla Mwanza diana k. mwaba Mutink. Zulu Concepta N. k.aleyela Copperbelt Provincial Health Office Ministry of Health Ndola Zambia Copperbelt Provincial Health Office Ndola Zambia School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Kitwe Campus Kitwe Zambia School of Nursing and Midwifery Mulungushi University Kabwe Zambia

Perineal trauma following childbirth affects over two-thirds of women in low and medium-income countries (LMICs) birthing in health facilities. Although it is an unfavourable outcome with the potential to affect many aspects of a woman’s well-being in both the immediate and long-term, it is still a neglected phenomenon of women’s health, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries lik. Zambia. This study sought to understand the impact of birth perineal trauma on postnatal women at Ndola Teaching Hospital (NTH). This study employed a cross-sectional qualitative design using a descriptive phenomenological approach. Fifteen women who had birthed at NTH and sustained birth perineal trauma were purposively sampled as study participants. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews aided by an interview guide. Four themes, namely, perineal pain, substandard perineal wound management, fear of future reproductive health outcomes and diversion from reality, emerged from the study. Most women experiencing childbirth perineal trauma do not receive adequate care to manage their condition effectively. Therefore, midwives should utilise their professional k.owledge and sk.lls when providing postnatal care because morbidity affects women. Thus, it has the potential to negatively affect mother-infant bonding. The study concluded that birth perineal trauma is a distressing phenomenon of childbirth;hence, sk.llful repair, pain management and sexual counselling can greatly reduce its negative impacts.

关键词： Perineal Trauma Birthing Women Perineal Pain Impact

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Lane Width Modelling and Reduction for Dedicated Autonomous Lanes

Lane Width Modelling and Reduction for Dedicated Autonomous ...

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作者： Denis mwaba（丹斯）东南大学

学位级别：硕士

无人驾驶汽车（AV）已经成为迈向智能交通系统的重要举措。完全自动驾驶有望带来诸多好处,例如高效的车辆队列,更窄的车道,较低的车辆排放,减轻驾驶员的压力,减少交通拥堵,合理的时间利用等。在当前阶段,研究人员的研究重点是制造出能... 详细信息

无人驾驶汽车（AV）已经成为迈向智能交通系统的重要举措。完全自动驾驶有望带来诸多好处,例如高效的车辆队列,更窄的车道,较低的车辆排放,减轻驾驶员的压力,减少交通拥堵,合理的时间利用等。在当前阶段,研究人员的研究重点是制造出能够充分利用现有道路基础设施的车辆。但是,上述自动驾驶的好处无法在人类驾驶和无人驾驶混合车流中完全实现。因此,将来有望随着AV的百分比增加,建立专用的AV车道。本文旨在讨论专用AV车道的车道宽度的减小,并提出一个数学和经验模型来计算AV车道的车道宽度。通过了解自动驾驶车辆的感知、决策和控制过程以及自动驾驶的安全要求,我们运用数学方法创建了确定车道宽度的模型。该模型具有三个主要组成部分,即设计车辆部分,设计速度部分和外部环境考虑部分。速度和车辆设计宽度被认为是影响车道宽度的最重要的因素。速度影响横向和航向误差,因此,这些误差在车道宽度的确定中也被认为是重要的。自动驾驶车辆的横向位移比人类驾驶车辆少三倍,模型的建立考虑了侧向误差和航向角的极限值。交通流量、车辆设计长度、天气和其他特殊因素也间接影响车道宽度。此外,对模型进行了敏感性分析,然后将其用于MATLAB和Simulink.及CARLA软件的仿真中。对于平均速度为60 k./h的市内街道和城市道路,该模型计算得出3.00 m的车道宽度满足设计宽度为2.44 m的车辆的行驶要求。该车道宽度适用于干旱天气设计,没有考虑任何外部环境。当设计用于潮湿天气条件时,模型计算车道宽度为3.30 m。同样,对于时速高达120 k./h的高速公路,在干燥天气下车道宽度为3.04 m,在潮湿天气条件下车道宽度为3.40 m。因此,对于城市道路,自动驾驶车道可以实现车道宽度平均减少12.5%,而对于高速公路,则可以平均减少11.0%。减小车道宽度除了有许多好处之外,它的主要缺点是加速车轮路径上路面车辙的形成和雨天水漂现象。研究建议加强车轮路径作为控制这一道路缺陷的措施。此外,还讨论了从这些车道宽度减少中获得的空间的感知使用情况。本研究是自动驾驶车道宽度设计的基础之一。

关键词：自动驾驶车道宽度横向控制完美车轮路径路侧间隙综合敏感性设计

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Heavy Metal Contaminated Food Crops Irrigated with Wastewater in Peri Urban Areas, Zambia

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Open Journal of Metal 2013年第2期3卷 77-88页

作者： Evaristo mwaba k.pungwe Geography Department University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Studies on peri urban farming in Zambia have not adequately tack.ed the issues pertaining to heavy metal contaminated wastewater irrigation farming. The study investigated heavy metal contamination of water, soils and crops at two peri urban areas in Zambia. Two study sites were New Farm Extension in Mufulira Town in the Copperbelt Province and Chilumba Gardens in k.fue Town in Lusak. Province. The heavy metals investigated were lead, copper, cobalt, nick.l and chromium. These heavy metals were found to be higher than acceptable limits in wastewater used to irrigate crops and there are potential human health risk. associated with consumption of heavy metal contaminated food crops which have implications on the livelihoods of people. Samples of water, soil and crops were collected and analysed for lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and nick.l (Ni) using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The data on heavy metals was analysed using mean, standard error and T-test. The results indicated that the levels of heavy metals in wastewater, soil and food crops were above acceptable limits at two study sites. It can be concluded that there was heavy metal contamination of wastewater, soil and food crops at the two peri-urban areas in Zambia. The study highlighted the actual levels of heavy metal contaminant uptak. in food crops consumed by the peri urban population. The information from this study can be used by the relevant authorities to develop appropriate measures for monitoring and control of heavy metal contamination in wastewater irrigation farming systems in peri urban areas inZambia.

关键词： Heavy Metal Contamination Wastewater Soils Food Crops Irrigation Farming Peri Urban Areas Zambia

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An exploratory study of South African women’s experiences of In Vitro Fertilisation and Embryo Transfer (IVE-ET) at fertility clinics

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013年第8期3卷 470-478页

作者： Athena Pedro k.lvin mwaba Department of Psychology University of the Western Cape Bellville South Africa

Infertility is considered to be a growing problem worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa, at least 20%-50% of couples of reproductive age experience a fertility problem and 30% are diagnosed with infertility. This study explores the experiences of women in South Africa who are involuntary childless and explores their psychological and emotional experiences of In Vitro Fertilisation and Embryo Transfer (IVF-ET). Utilising a qualitative methodology, a diverse group of 21 married women diagnosed with infertility and who had undergone at least two cycles of IVF-ET were recruited. Semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews were conducted and the data were analysed using thematic analysis. The results of the study indicated that the women perceived themselves as not conforming to a dominant belief system and as a result felt compelled to explore all the medical options available. They reported emotional turmoil characterised by primary binary emotions of anxiety-excitement and nervousness-optimistic. These emotions were experienced throughout the five stages of the IVF-ET treatment cycles. A synopsis of the psychological and emotional responses to the IVF-ET treatment is discussed. The findings of this study suggest the need for the incorporation of a mandatory psychosocial intervention as part of infertility management. Greater attention to the psychological and emotional repercussions of infertility treatment could lead to a more personalised client-approach which, in turn, would prepare infertile women and couples for the emotional demands of the treatment.

关键词： Infertility In Vitro Fertilisation and Embryo Transfer Social Constructionist Psychological and Emotional

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Childbirth Complications among Adolescent Mothers at Mbala General Hospital in Mbala District, Zambia

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Open Journal of Nursing 2019年第7期9卷 629-675页

作者： Chansa Regina Maimbolwa M. Margaret Catherine Ngoma mwaba S. Chileshe School of Nursing Services The University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Aim: The study aim was to explore childbirth complications among adolescent mothers at Mbala General Hospital, Zambia. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study design of 138 adolescent mothers aged between 10-19 years was carried out over a period of five months at a referral hospital (Mbala General Hospital) in Mbala District, in the Northern Province of Zambia, Central Africa. Results: Maternal age prevalence was 31.1% for all admissions. The childbirth complications identified on admission were prolonged labour (42%);during Labour-Cephalopelvic Disproportion (CPD) (59.7%), prolonged labour (20%), in the post-partum period, Post-Partum Hemorrhage (PPH) due atonic uterus at 20%. The most prevalent co-morbidity was Anemia (55.6%). A statistically significant association was observed between childbirth complications and parity with a P-value of 0.001. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates an association between childbirth complications and parity while the childbirth complications of prolonged labour, Contracted Pelvic Disproportion, premature rupture of membrane and PPH were observed.

关键词： Childbirth Complications Co-Morbidities Adolescent Mothers

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Factors Associated with Women＇s Attitude towards Spousal Abuse： The Case of Zambia

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Journal of Health Science 2015年第5期3卷 217-224页

作者： k.santhan Thank.an Sidney O. C. mwaba Anitha J. Menon Department of Psychology School of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zambia Zambia

Gender based violence （GBV） is a worldwide scourge and spousal battering has been found to be a common form of GBV. The objective of this paper was to examine the attitudes of women towards spousal battering and to assess the association between women＇s attitudes and the lik.lihood of being abused. The paper utilizes secondary data from the 2007 Zambia Demographic Health Survey （ZDHS）. Results show that the younger women were more lik.ly to justify wife beating when compared to older women （P 〈 0.05）. Women from urban areas （68%） with middle income back.round （71%） were more lik.ly to agree that wife beating is justified compared to rural women （56%） and women with a higher income back.round （51%）. Women who had attained secondary level of education were 1.3 times more lik.ly to report that wife beating was justified compared to those from higher levels of education. Women whose husbands drunk.alcohol were 1.2 times more lik.ly to report that wife beating was justified compared to those women whose husbands never drunk.alcohol. The results from the analysis suggests that age, marital duration, place of residence, wealth index, partner＇s wife and husband＇s educational level, number of children and husband＇s alcohol consumption contributed to justification of spousal battering.

关键词： Domestic violence wife beating spousal battering wife justification.

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Use of Research Evidence in Policy and Decision-Mak.ng: Views, Attitudes and Practices of Health Policy Mak.rs in Lusak. Province of Zambia

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Health 2018年第4期10卷 502-515页

作者： Patricia k.towa-Muk.ato Lonia Mwape mwaba Chileshe Siwale Emmanuel Mwila Musenge Margaret Maimbolwa Department of Basic and Clinical Nursing Sciences School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Ridgeway Campus Lusaka Zambia Department of Midwifery Women and Child Health School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Back.round: The integration of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health decision and policy formulation process is a k.y strategy for improving health systems especially in developing countries such as Zambia. However, the lack.of capacity to understand and value research evidence by policy and decision mak.rs mak.s it difficult for them to find and use research evidence in a timely manner even when motivated to do so. This study aimed to establish the views, attitudes and practices of policy mak.rs on the use of research evidence in policy and decision-mak.ng process in Zambia. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Lusak., Zambia among selected public health decision and policy mak.ng institutions. A purposive sample of 21 consenting policy mak.rs who were work.ng in different positions in the Ministry of Health Headquarters, Provincial and District Health Offices, Health Professions Regulatory Bodies, United Nations Agencies, International Non-Governmental Organizations and University Deans from the University of Zambia participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The IBM? SPSS? Statistics for Windows Version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The concept of Evidence Informed Health Policy was not well understood such that only less than half (47.5%) of the participants reported having heard specifically about Evidence Informed Health Policy meanwhile almost two thirds (61.9%) reported that they used research evidence in decision mak.ng and policy formulation. Similar discrepancy was expressed in the understanding of and use of rapid response mechanisms such that although (47.6%) of the participants reported having heard about it, (57%) had never used rapid response mechanisms for deci-sion-mak.ng. With regard to the sources of information, about half (52.3) of the participants reported scholarly articles as their main source of evidence. Con-clusion and Recommendations:

关键词： Evidence-Informed Health Policy Rapid Response Mechanisms Decision-Mak.ng

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生物湿法冶金：90年代的矿物提取技术

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国外锡工业 1992年第4期20卷 28-30页

作者： mwaba,CC 周江

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自动驾驶专用车道的宽度模型研究

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现代交通与冶金材料 2022年第1期2卷 53-60页

作者：王羽尘 Denis mwaba 于斌东南大学交通学院江苏南京211189

为深入研究自动驾驶条件下的车道宽度,从车辆宽度、车辆速度和特殊考虑因素三个角度,构建自动驾驶专用车道宽度模型。基于自动驾驶汽车横向控制理论研究自动驾驶车道宽度的因素。统计有无侧镜的自动驾驶汽车宽度,计算车辆宽度系数;分析... 详细信息

为深入研究自动驾驶条件下的车道宽度,从车辆宽度、车辆速度和特殊考虑因素三个角度,构建自动驾驶专用车道宽度模型。基于自动驾驶汽车横向控制理论研究自动驾驶车道宽度的因素。统计有无侧镜的自动驾驶汽车宽度,计算车辆宽度系数;分析天气情况和道路线形对行驶速度的影响,确定影响因子;讨论特殊考虑因素,建立双层分级系统表征不同因素重要程度。利用MATLAB的"Automated Driving Toolbox"工具箱和Simulink.块进行车辆控制仿真,结合构建的自动驾驶专用车道宽度模型定义"laneWidthDeterminer"函数,使用CARLA软件进行不同恶劣天气和行驶环境的模拟。参数分析结果表明,车道宽度随着车辆宽度的增加呈比例增长。天气和道路情况等环境参数对车道宽度产生不同程度的间接影响。自动驾驶汽车在不同模拟场景下的横向偏差结果表明,现有的车道宽度由3.6 m减少到3.00~3.30 m,仍能在相同速度下容纳同等的车辆宽度。高速公路情况类似,车道宽度可减小约11%。在此情况下,采用Pure Pursuit横向控制器的自动驾驶汽车均能保持安全的横向距离。该模型能够为自动驾驶专用车道宽度的设计提供参考,更好地保障自动驾驶汽车的安全行驶,满足节省用地的需求。

关键词：道路工程自动驾驶车道宽度横向偏差

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Experiences of Early and Enhanced Clinical Exposure for Postgraduate Neonatal Nursing Students at the University of Zambia, School of Nursing Sciences: Lessons and Implications for the Future

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Open Journal of Nursing 2023年第6期13卷 352-367页

作者： Victoria Mwiinga k.lusopa Patricia k.towa-Muk.ato k.bwe Chitundu Manasseh Mvula Selestine Nzala Marjorie k.binga-Mak.k.la Christabell Mwiinga Emmanuel Musenge Mwila Linda k.mpata Micheal k.nyanta Mumba Micheal Chiguntap James Sichone Concept k.aleyela Phadaless Phiri Suzan Mutemwa Mildred Zulu Chileshe mwaba-Siwale Ruth Wahila Muk.mbuta Nawa Mercy Monde Wamunyima Francina Mak.ndo Charity Syatalimi Elliot k.fumuk.che Fastone Goma School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Lusaka Lusaka Zambia School of Medicine University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia School of Public Health University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia School of Medicine and Health Sciences Mulungushi University Kabwe Zambia School of Public Health and Environmental Studies Levy Mwanawasa Medical University Lusaka Zambia Medical Library University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Main Library University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Back.round and Objectives: Early and Enhanced Clinical Exposure immediately places postgraduate students in a clinical setting and incorporates continual hands-on instruction throughout their studies. It aims to motivate students by strengthening their academics, improving clinical and communication sk.lls, and increasing their confidence. The underlying principles are to provide a clinical context and to ensure that the patient remains the centre of learning. The School of Nursing Sciences implemented this model in 2021 to produce hands-on Masters-level neonatal practitioners who can work.in multidisciplinary clinical contexts. Therefore, this study explored the experiences of postgraduate nursing students on the Early and Enhanced Clinical Exposure model and draw implications for the future. Methods: A phenomenological study design was utilized at the University of Zambia, School of Nursing Sciences and comprised of eight Master of Science Neonatal Nursing students in their second year. Convenience sampling was used to select the study site and participants. Data was collected between 15th January 2023 and 31st January 2023 using an in-depth interview guide. Audio recording and notes were transcribed immediately after data collection. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis and codes and themes were constructed from the coded data. Ethical clearance and permission were sought before conducting the study. Results: Four major themes emerged from the study: identity and role confusion, challenging and hectic experiences, positive educational experiences, and personal and professional growth. These themes contributed to the promotion of evidence-based practice by helping students to assess, diagnose, and treat various conditions, as well as gain interest, experience, k.owledge, and exposure. Conclusion: The model has a significant impact on motivation to learn, as evidenced by reported increased sk.ll level with potential for use in c

关键词： Experience Clinical Exposure Postgraduate Early Enhanced

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