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Antimicrobial Activity of Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw. var. Pendula Leaf Extracts Against 91 Clinically Important Pathogenic Microbial Strains

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Chinese Medicine 2010年第2期1卷 31-38页

作者： Sumitra chanda Rathish Nair 不详

The methanol, acetone and 1,4-dioxan fractions of leaves of Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw. were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activity. 91 clinically important strains were used for the study which were both clinical isolates as well as identified strains. Piperacillin and gentamicin were used as standards for antibacterial assay, while nystatin and flucanazole were used as standards for antifungal assay. The antibacterial activity was more pronounced against gram positive bacterial and fungal strains. Poor activity was shown against gram negative bacterial strains studied.

关键词： Antibacterial Antifungal Polyalthia longifolia Clinical Isolates Organic Solvent Extracts

Bio-efficacy and persistence evaluation of Dimilin®GR-2% and Mosquiron®10 EC insect growth regulators against Anopheles gambiaes.l (diptera: Culicidae) larvae

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2013年第7期6卷 11-16页

作者： Emmanuel chanda Alister Kandyata Javan chanda Kumar S. Baboo Department of Biological Sciences School of Natural Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Community Medicine School of Medicine University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Directorate of Public Health and Research National Malaria Control Centre Ministry of Health Lusaka Zambia

Expansive chemical-based vector control has resulted in development of vector resistance to different insecticides harnessed for prevention of disease transmission in public health. The environmentally safe insect growth regulators and microbial larvicides provide potential tools for insecticide resistance management. The efficacy and persistence of Dimilin GR-2% and Mosquiron 10 EC insect growth regulators were evaluated against Anopheles gambiae s.l larvae under laboratory and simulated field conditions. In laboratory bio-efficacy trials, complete emergence inhibition was achieved at higher concentrations with 96 hours post exposure of mosquito aquatic stages to the two larvicides. In simulation field trials, persistence of both larvicides at higher concentrations increased gradually with complete inhibition attained at 7 days and maintained up to 21 days. In the quest of deploying non insecticide based interventions for a sustainable environment, insect growth regulators can be recommended for operational scale larviciding for mosquito larval control in the context of integrated vector management.

关键词： Evaluation Insect Growth Regulators Integrated Vector Management Malaria Control

Decliners of provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling: Characteristics of participants who refused HIV testing in a population survey in Zambia

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2015年第8期5卷 669-672页

作者： Pascalina chanda-Kapata William Ngosa Albertina Ngomah Moraes Nicole Maddox Nathan Kapata Department of Disease Surveillance Control and ResearchMinistry of Health Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine Amsterdam Medical Centre University of Amsterdam National TB/Leprosy Control Programme Ministry of Community DevelopmentMother and Child Health

Objective: To assess the prevalence of HIV infection, to highlight HIV-testing refusal rates among participants in a population-based tuberculosis survey and to assess the implication for programme ***: This cross-sectional study on the characteristics of participants who refused HIV testing was conducted in a national survey in Zambia. All eligible participants were aged above 15 years and included in the ***: Out of the 44 791 tuberculosis survey participants, 14 164(31.6%) refused to participate in HIV testing. The unemployed, rural dwellers, married, and those aged 15-24 years were associated with higher refusal ***: Strategies to improve HIV testing acceptance are necessary. Qualitative research is recommended to understand the reasons for testing refusals so that remedial interventions can be implemented.

关键词： HIV/AIDS Zambia Testing Refusals Population survey

Antimicrobial Activity of Terminalia catappaL. Leaf Extracts against Some Clinically Important Pathogenic Microbial Strains

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Chinese Medicine 2011年第4期2卷 171-177页

作者： Sumitra chanda Kalpna Rakholiya Rathish Nair 不详

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate in-vitro antimicrobial activity of methanol, acetone and N, N-dimethylformamide extracts from leaf of Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae). Methods: In vitro antimicrobial activity of all the extracts was done by agar disc diffusion assay. 91 clinically important strains were used for the study, which were both clinical isolates as well as identified strains. Piperacillin and gentamicin were used as standards for antibacterial assay, while nystatin and flucanazole were used as standards for antifungal assay. Antimicrobial activity was determined by measurement of inhibition zone around each paper disc. For each extract three replicate trials were conducted against each organism. Results: The antibacterial activity was more pronounced against bacteria than fungal strains. The Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram negative bacteria. The methanol extract showed best antibacterial activity. T. catappa leaf extracts showed better antibacterial activity than commercially used antibiotics. Conclusion: Demonstration of antimicrobial activity of T. catappa provides the scientific basis for the use of this plant in the traditional treatment of diseases and may help to discover new chemical classes of antibiotic substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious disease chemotherapy and control. This investigation has opened up the possibility of the use of this plant in drug development for human consumption possibly for the treatment of various infections caused by microbes.

关键词： Terminalia catappa Antibacterial Activity Antifungal Activity Clinical Strains Organic Solvents

亚麻酸联合妥布霉素抗铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成效应的群体感应系统机制研究

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亚麻酸联合妥布霉素抗铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成效应的群体感应系统...

作者： chanda WARREN 大连医科大学

学位级别：硕士

背景:自然界中的微生物为人类带来了有利同时又有害的影响。其有利的一面源于人类与微生物界的共生关系。然而人类一些疾病的发生使得看似“友善”的微生物成为了会导致人类许多微生物相关疾病的条件致病菌。许多细菌通过产生生物膜来... 详细信息

背景:自然界中的微生物为人类带来了有利同时又有害的影响。其有利的一面源于人类与微生物界的共生关系。然而人类一些疾病的发生使得看似“友善”的微生物成为了会导致人类许多微生物相关疾病的条件致病菌。许多细菌通过产生生物膜来抵御不利的生存环境,这是其中一种防御机制。生物膜的形成是一个主动过程,主要取决于当环境信号刺激细胞进入周期增长阶段的时间,并且生物膜的形成过程是由一系列由群体感应系统(QS)支配的基因调控的。另外,生物膜结构因多糖、蛋白质、脂类及胞外DNA等大分子物质的存在而被强化,这些物质使得微生物能抵抗杀菌药物。铜绿假单胞菌,一种广泛存在于自然界中的革兰阴性的条件致病菌,是医院内感染的主要病原菌之一。铜绿假单胞菌有三种相关的群体感应系统(QS),通过这些群体感应系统,调控一些毒力因子的产生,从而导致铜绿假单胞菌引起人类严重威胁生命的感染,这迫使临床医生大量使用抗生素来应对这些感染疾病,从而出现了多重耐药菌株。近年来,临床上常用妥布霉素治疗由铜绿假单胞菌引起的肺部感染,但是铜绿假单胞菌也产生了对妥布霉素的抗药性。目前通过研发和使用抗生素来治疗这些感染,尽管大量关于药物开发的研究都致力于减少微生物的耐药性,但是某些特定抗菌化合物的毒性和耐受性问题以及微生物的持续进化给研发带来很多困难,这些迫使研究者关注和筛选天然植物化学成分和膳食成分作为抗菌药物。脂肪酸是人体营养的重要组成部分,在人体生长过程中扮演十分重要的角色。脂肪酸作为活性物质和药物载体应用在制药行业,例如脂质体制剂以及ω-3脂肪酸在脂质异常、糖尿病、癌症以及抗炎和免疫调节活动中的作用,使得人们开始利用以及评估它在微生物相关传染病中的价值,尽管它有不利的一面,但它可能对人类健康有更多有益的价值。在细菌中,游离脂肪酸通过多种方式首先作用于细菌细胞膜,使细菌繁殖受阻或引起类细胞凋亡样的杀菌效应。这些游离脂肪酸有必需脂肪酸,例如亚油酸和亚麻酸,人体不能合成,但可以通过营养和膳食补充剂获得。亚麻酸连同其ω-3脂肪酸衍生物具有抗多种微生物的能力。所以我们推断亚麻酸也能具备抗铜绿假单胞菌生物膜,并能提高妥布霉素的药效。方法:为了证明这一猜想,本研究主要观察亚麻酸及妥布霉素对铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株、环境分离株和实验室标准株(ATCC 27853)的影响。采用结晶紫染色检测生物膜生物量厚度的差异来评估生物膜的形成。生物膜越厚,吸收的染液越多,与对照组相比,如果染色越轻,说明是由药物抑制作用引起的。由于染色法不能区分附着在生物膜上的活细胞和死细胞,我们采用Alarma Blue法来测定生物膜代谢活性,去更好地解释亚麻酸或妥布霉素的作用。此外,我们用荧光显微镜观察生物膜生物量的变化。由于生物膜的形成由群体感应系统控制,我们通过实时定量PCR检测了选择性群体感应、生物膜和毒力因子相关基因的表达水平。另一方面,铜绿假单胞菌产生的多种毒力因子会导致宿主组织损伤,因此我们也检测了QS相关毒力因子如群集运动、绿脓菌素、Las A活性以及偶氮酪蛋白酶的表达情况,从而确认亚麻酸或联合妥布霉素是否可以减少这些毒性表型特征的产生从而减轻了铜绿假单胞菌的毒性。结果:实验结果发现亚麻酸和妥布霉素对这些铜绿假单胞菌菌株的中位最小抑菌浓度分别是1.56mg/ml和0.3125mg/ml,其中一株临床分离株C2对最小抑菌亚浓度为0.078mg/ml的妥布霉素显示出抵抗,因此采用此株菌来研究在不受妥布霉素影响下,最小抑菌亚浓度的亚麻酸对细菌的作用效果。在单独使用亚麻酸以及联合使用妥布霉素会破坏铜绿假单胞菌生物膜的形成,减少生物膜细胞的代谢活动。在动力试验中,与未处理对照组相比,使用最大药物剂量能进一步阻止群集运动。亚麻酸也可以减少绿脓菌素的产生以及降低偶氮酪蛋白的活性,并具有剂量依赖性,而妥布霉素不然。同样也发现Las A活性受到抑制。基因表达分析结果也证实联合使用亚麻酸和妥布霉素会下调铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统、生物膜和毒力因子相关基因的表达。药物相互作用分析结果也证实了这种协同作用。结论:因此,亚麻酸可以抑制铜绿假单胞菌生物膜的形成从而可以成为一种潜在的辅助药物。这种联合疗法能够降低妥布霉素的药用剂量从而减少氨基糖苷类抗生素对人体的负面影响,这为未来治疗和控制铜绿假单胞菌的感染奠定坚实基础。

关键词：铜绿假单胞菌亚麻酸抗生物膜菌群感应系统妥布霉素

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Status of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria on Handheld Shopping Trolleys and Baskets in Supermarkets in Ndola, Zambia

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2023年第4期13卷 235-249页

作者： Shivangi Patel Victor Daka Steward Mudenda Mulemba Samutela Misheck Chileshe Warren chanda Imukusi Mutanekelwa Ephraim Chikwanda Titus Haakonde Tobela Mudenda Scott Matafwali Samson Mwale Ruth Lindizyani Mfune Public Health Department School of Medicine Copperbelt University Ndola Zambia School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Mary Begg Health Services Ndola Zambia School of Medicine and Health Sciences Mulungushi University Livingstone Zambia Tropical Disease Research Centre Ndola Zambia Environmental Health Section School of Applied and Health Sciences Evelyn Hone College of Applied Arts and Commerce Lusaka Zambia Pathology and Laboratory Department Ndola Teaching Hospital Ndola Zambia Clinical Research Department Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK

Background: Supermarkets are a place visited by individuals with different health conditions daily where microbiological contaminants through touch onto fomites such as trolleys and baskets can be passed on to other people hence potentially spreading infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria on handheld shopping trolleys and baskets and their antimicrobial susceptibility status against commonly used antibiotics in Zambia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Trolleys and basket handles were swabbed and standard microbiological methods were used to identify the bacteria and disc diffusion to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility status. Data was collected from December 2021 to April 2022. Data was analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22. Results: Twenty-eight percent of the 200 total samples were found to be culture-positive and predominant isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (17.3%), Pseudomonas species (4.5%), Escherichia coli (2%), Corynebacterium species (2%), Staphylococcus species (1.5%) and Enterobacter aerogenes (0.5%). Staphylococcus aureus showed the most resistance to azithromycin (17%) followed by ciprofloxacin (2.8%), nitrofurantoin (2.8%) and chloramphenicol (2.8%). Escherichia coli showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin, cloxacillin and ampicillin, 75% resistance to ciprofloxacin and the least resistance to azithromycin (25%) while it was susceptible to nitrofurantoin. Staphylococcus species, Corynebacterium species, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas species showed no resistance to any antibiotics. Conclusion: The study showed the presence of microorganisms with considerable antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics in Zambia on trolley and basket handles indicating the need for more initiatives to address proper hygiene in public environmental sites for better infection prevention and control.

关键词： Antimicrobial Resistance Coliform Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Supermarket Shopping Trolleys and Baskets

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of a mangrove plant Avicennia marina(Forsk.)

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2015年第9期 713-717页

作者： Pooja Moteriya Ashish Dalsaniya Sumitra chanda Phytochemical Pharmacological and Microbiological LaboratoryDepartment of BiosciencesSaurashtra UniversityRajkot 360005GujaratIndia

Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of different parts(leaf,stem and pneumatophore)of a mangrove plant Avicennia marina(Forsk.)Vierh(Avicenniaceae).Methods:The extraction was done by cold percolation method using solvents of hexane,ethyl acetate,acetone,methanol and *** phenol and flavonoid content were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric method *** antioxidant activity was evaluated using antioxidant assays of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity,superoxide radical scavenging assay,2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethyl)benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid,ferric reducing antioxidant power and reducing capacity *** antibacterial activity was done by agar well diffusion method against four Gram-positive,four Gram-negative bacteria and four ***:Different antioxidant assays showed different levels of activity in different parts and different solvent ***,acetone extract of stem showed the best antioxidant *** Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria and ***:The results indicated extract of Avicennia marina can be used as a promising source of natural antioxidant.

关键词： Avicennia marina Mangrove Antioxidant activity Total phenol content Total flavonoid content

Knowledge Based Consolidation of UML Diagrams for Creation of Virtual Enterprise

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Intelligent Information Management 2010年第3期2卷 159-177页

作者： Debasis chanda Dwijesh Dutta Majumder Swapan Bhattacharya 不详

In this paper we address the problem related to determination of the most suitable candidates for an M&A (Merger &Acquisition) scenario of Banks/Financial Institutions. During the pre-merger period of an M&A, a number of candidates may be available to undergo the Merger/Acquisition, but all of them may not be suitable. The normal practice is to carry out a due diligence exercise to identify the candidates that should lead to optimum increase in shareholder value and customer satisfaction, post-merger. The due diligence ought to be able to determine those candidates that are unsuitable for merger, those candidates that are relatively suitable, and those that are most suitable. Towards achieving the above objective, we propose a Fuzzy Data Mining Framework wherein Fuzzy Cluster Analysis concept is used for advisability of merger of two banks and other Financial Institutions. Subsequently, we propose orchestration/composition of business processes of two banks into consolidated business process during Merger &Acquisition (M&A) scenario. Our paper discusses modeling of individual business process with UML, and the consolidation of the individual business process models by means of our proposed Knowledge Based approach.

关键词： Knowledge Base Predicate Calculus Service Oriented Architecture UML Fuzzy Data Mining Cluster Analysis

孟莫克SULFOX技术在德克萨斯州清洁能源项目上的应用

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孟莫克SULFOX技术在德克萨斯州清洁能源项目上的应用