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西非经济货币联盟（WAEmU）小额信贷机构分析与效率评价

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西非经济货币联盟（WAEMU）小额信贷机构分析与效率评价

作者：高德文（kOUDALO Y m AGBEkO）内蒙古大学

学位级别：硕士

在西非经济货币联盟(WAEmU)中,小额信贷在90年代初显露了并成为了中小企业(SmEs)和农业领域的另一种融资体系。由于这些小额信贷机构(mFI)在一个非正式的环境操作,西非中央银行(BCEAO)决定通过建立一个监管框架为了促进小额信贷发展。... 详细信息

在西非经济货币联盟(WAEmU)中,小额信贷在90年代初显露了并成为了中小企业(SmEs)和农业领域的另一种融资体系。由于这些小额信贷机构(mFI)在一个非正式的环境操作,西非中央银行(BCEAO)决定通过建立一个监管框架为了促进小额信贷发展。这导致了PARmEC(支持和监管储蓄和信贷的项目)及其它项目和的出现,目的是保护储蓄者,SFD的财政自主权和非正式金融的法律框架的整合,总体来说提高小额信贷机构的效率。我们的研究首先通过WAEmU的小额信贷行业的分析使了解该行业整体的发展和不同国家的表现。事实上,按总体实力排名,前12位的机构(即非政府组织和合作社)单独占联盟总储蓄的88%和贷款总额的82%。关于不同国家mFI的发展,科特迪瓦(尽管投资组合的高降解率)和塞内加尔都在顶部。总体来看,这两个国家占西非经货联盟市场份额的40%：客户的41%,占贷款总额的39%,总存款的46%。对应于经济发展水平,小额信贷行业在几内亚比绍和尼日尔欠发达。研究后来通过使用dea(数据包络分析)的方法衡量西非经济货币联盟中小额信贷机构(mFI)的效率。这是考虑到在该区域这些机构的中介作用和支农功能的首批研究之一。我们发现非常低的平均效率,50%在规模报酬不变(CRS),63%在可变规模报酬(VRS)。在过去的十年(2004-2014年),整个地区的效率降低是由于小额信贷部门所面临的困难(这导致了一些机构的倒闭)以及支农指标的恶化,这种情况特别出现在科特迪瓦、塞内加尔和贝宁。我将效率得分与一系列影响小额信贷机构效率的因素进行了回归,得出结论如下：财务和投资组合的健全管理以及赠款对效率产生了积极影响,而小额信贷机构的大小和培训则对效率产生了负面影响。鉴于这些研究结果,小额信贷行业的挑战仍然很多。从小额信贷机构的本身到它们的监督机构,这个行业必须进行一些调整来使它更盈利和有效,从而减少贫困,因为这是联盟每个国家发展政策的主要领域之一。

关键词：效率小额信贷机构西非经货联盟数据包络分析

慢性肾病患者的心血管死亡风险:传统危险因素和新危险因素的比较

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（心脏病学分册） 2005年第11期1卷 25-26页

作者： Shlipak m. G. Fried L. F. Cushman m. 杜媛 General Internal medicine Section VA Medical Center(111A1) 4150 Clement St San Francisco CA 94121 United States Dr.

Context: Elderly persons with chronic kidney disease have substantial risk for cardiovascular mortality, but the relative importance of traditional and novel risk factors is unknown. Objective: To compare traditional and novel risk factors as predictors of cardiovascular mortality. Design, Setting, and Patients: A total of 5808 community-dwelling persons aged 65 years or older living in 4 communities in the United States participated in the Cardiovascular Health Study cohort. Participants were initially recruited from 1989 to June 1990; an additional 687 black participants were recruited in 1992-1993. The average length of follow-up in this longitudinal study was 8.6 years. main Outcome measures: Cardiovascular mortality among those with and without chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Results: Among the participants, 1249(22%) had chronic kidney disease at baseline. The cardiovascular mortality risk rate was 32 deaths/1000 person-years among those with chronic kidney disease vs 16/1000 person-years among those without it. In multivariate analyses, diabetes, systolic hypertension, sm.k.ng, low physical activity, nonuse of alcohol, and left ventricular hypertrophy were predictors of cardiovascular mortality in persons with chronic kidney disease(all P valuesmong the novel risk factors, only log C-reactive protein(P=.05) and log interleukin 6(Pme as linear predictors. Traditional risk factors were associated with the largest absolute increases in risks for cardiovascular deaths among persons with chronic kidney disease: for left ventricular hypertrophy, there were 25 deaths per 1000 person-years; current sm.k.ng, 20 per 1000 person-years; physical inactivity, 15 per 1000 person-years; systolic hypertension, 14 per 1000 personyears; diabetes, 14 per 1000 person-years; and nonuse of alcohol, 11 per 1000 person-years vs 5 dea

关键词：慢性肾病患者传统危险因素死亡风险肾小球滤过率心血管健康收缩期高血压左室肥大体力活动心血管风险生活方式干预

Dielectric Analysis of Response Time in Electrorheological Fluids Developed for medical Devices

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2011年第2期2卷 85-92页

作者： Naullage I. Perera manik Pavan maheswaram Dhruthiman mantheni Dhanuja D. Perera m. Ellen matthews Alan Riga Tobili Sam Yellowe 不详

Three electrorheological fluids (ERFs) of recently synthesized *** and Cellulose fluids as well as a commercial product from Fludicon? (Germany), were evaluated with a two-electrode probe unit and by Dielectric Analysis (dea). The study was a part of an ongoing medical device development project. The dielectric response times were calculated using the critical peak frequency in a corresponding Debye plot of Tan Delta (loss factor/permittivity) vs. log frequency. The dea revealed the response times (tau, τ) in ms. The Fludicon? ERF was dea durable (repeat cycles produced same results) and the τ was temperature dependent: 16 ms at 25°C and 0.16 ms at 80°C. The Cellulose ERF was somewhat dea durable and the τ was 5.5 ms at 25°C and 0.21 ms at 80°C. The response times were logarithmic with the temperature (°C) with a correlation coefficient of >0.98 for the Cellulose and Fludicon? ERFs. The Polyaniline ERF had a τ of 53 ms at 25°C in the 1st dea run and there was no indication of a τ for the remaining dea tests.

关键词： ERF Tan Delta dea Fibrillation Debye Plot Response Time

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阿尔茨海默病的运动症状预示不良转归

世界核心医学期刊文摘（神经病学分册） 2005年第9期1卷 53-54页

作者： Scarmeas N. Albert m. Brandt J. 陈海 Columbia University medical Center 622 West 168th street New York NY 10032 United StatesDr.

Objective: To examine whether the presence of motor signs has predictive value for important outcomes in Alzheimer disease (AD). methods: A total of 533 patients with AD at early stages (mean Folstein mini-mental State Examination [mmSE] 21/30 at entry) were recruited and followed semiannually for up to 13.1 years ( mean 3) in five University-based AD centers in the United States and European U nion. Four outcomes, assessed every 6 months, were used in Cox models: cognitive endpoint (Columbia mini-mental State Examination ≤20/57 [～mmSE ≤10/30]), functional endpoint (Blessed Dementia Rating Scale ≥10), institutionalization equ ivalent index, and death. Using a standardized portion of the Unified PD Rating Scale (administered every 6 months for a total of 3,149 visit-assessments, aver age 5.9 per patient), the presence of motor signs, as well as of individual moto r sign domains, was examined as time-dependent predictor. The models controlled for cohort, recruitment center, sex, age, education, a comorbidity index, and b aseline cognitive and functional performance. Results: A total of 39%of the pat ients reached the cognitive, 41%the functional, 54%the institutionalization, a nd 47%the mortality endpoint. motor signs were noted for 14%of patients at bas eline and for 45%at any evaluation. Their presence was associated with increase d risk for cognitive decline (RR, 1.72; 95%CI, 1.24 to 2.38), functional declin e (1.80 [1.33 to 2.45]), institutionalization (1.68 [1.26 to 2.25]), and dea th (1.38 [1.05 to 1.82]). Tremor was associated with increased risk for reaching the cognitive and bradykinesia for reaching the functional endpoints. Posturalgait abnormalities carried increased risk for institutionalization and mortality. Fas ter rates of motor sign accumulation were associated with increased risk for all outcomes. Conclusions: motor signs predict cognitive and functional decline, in stitutionalization, and mortality in Alzheimer disease. Different motor sign dom ain

关键词：运动症状阿尔茨海默病认知功能运动迟缓功能行为结构可靠性预后指标随访过程预测价值共济失调

脂肪醇醚硫酸酯钠盐/α-烯烃磺酸钠二元阴离子液体餐洗剂的配方改进及性能评价

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中国洗涤用品工业 2019年第7期 40-49页

作者：张家骆(译) Stevan N. Blagojeviv Slavica m. Blagojevicc Nata a D. Pejicc 江南大学化学与材料工程学院江苏无锡214122 Institute of General and Physical Chemistry Studentski trg 12/VPOB 45Belgrade 118 11158Serbia Department of Physical Chemistry and Instrumental methods Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeVojvode Stepe 450BelgradeSerbia

本文以脂肪醇醚硫酸酯钠盐(SLES)和α-烯烃磺酸钠(AOS)两种阴离子表面活性剂所组成的二元餐洗剂配方为基础,通过引入两性离子[椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱(CAB)]、非离子表面活性剂[椰油二乙醇酰胺(dea)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(C12–C15–7EO,C10–... 详细信息

本文以脂肪醇醚硫酸酯钠盐(SLES)和α-烯烃磺酸钠(AOS)两种阴离子表面活性剂所组成的二元餐洗剂配方为基础,通过引入两性离子[椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱(CAB)]、非离子表面活性剂[椰油二乙醇酰胺(dea)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(C12–C15–7EO,C10–7EO和C9–C11–7EO)、月桂基氧化胺(AO))对其进行配方改进。对比研究了6个餐洗剂配方(SLES/AOS、SLES/AOS/CAB/AO、SLES/AOS/dea/AO,SLES/AOS/C12-C15-7EO/AO,SLES/AOS/C107EO/AO和SLES/AOS/C9–C11–7EO/AO)的表面张力、临界胶束浓度(CmC)、清洗能力、发泡性、生物降解性和刺激性,以及温度的影响(17.0,23.0和42.0℃)。结果发现:相对于起始的二元配方,各种非离子表面活性剂的引入可以降低cmc和表面张力,提高餐洗剂配方的清洗能力和发泡性能,而对生物降解性和刺激性影响较小;相对于其他配方,配方(SLES/AOS/C9–C11–7EO/AO)展现了最小的cmc和表面张力值,以及最佳的清洗效果;无论低温清洗(17℃)还是正常清洗(42℃),阴离子-非离子表面活性剂的餐洗剂配方(SLES/AOS/ethoxylated alcohols/AO)均具有明显的协同效应,展现出更好的应用性能。

关键词：表面活性剂液体餐洗剂洗涤性能发泡刺激性生物降解性

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头臂干动脉残余夹层的意义、治疗及长期预后

世界核心医学期刊文摘（心脏病学分册） 2005年第2期1卷 60-61页

作者： Neri E. Sani G. massetti m. 陈云茹 Dipartimento di Chirurgia Unita’Oper. Chir. Dell’Aorta T. Uni versita’Agli Studi di Siena Siena Italy Dr.

Objectives Residual dissection of the brachiocephalic arteries after operation s for acute type A dissection is considered a benign condition that does not exp ose patients to late neurologic events. This retrospective study, conducted on a n outpatient clinic basis between June 1995 and may 2003, had the objectives of evaluating the consequences of residual dissection of the brachiocephalic arteri es, investigating the long term outcomes of patients with this condition, and i llustrating our approach to the condition. methods Forty two of 137 patients wi th spontaneous aortic dissection were identified as having residual dissection o f the brachiocephalic arteries. There were 30 men and 12 women, with median age of 64.8 years. Patients were followed for a median time of 3.17 years(25th-75th percentile, 1.43-4.40 years; maximum, 7.5 years). The main outcome was the occ urrence of cerebral ischemic events (transient ischemic attack or stroke) or dea th. The functional consequences of brachiocephalic artery dissection were studie d by using duplex scanning and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Results Twe nty four focal neurologic complications occurred in 13 of 42 patients (incidenc e, 30.9%); major strokes occurred in 6 patients, and none were fatal. minor str okes occurred in 12 patients. In all patients the damaged territory was dependen t on a dissected artery. kaplan meier(90-months) freedom from focal neurologic events was 55.7%(95%confidence interval, 33.7%-72.9%). mean time of freedo m from focal neurologic events was 64.5 months (95%confidence interval, 53.1-7 5.9 months). Positive transcranial Doppler monitoring for microembolic signals w as 24.1%, and patients with clinical symptoms had higher microembolic signal co unts than did those without symptoms (8.4/h vs 1.9/h, Pmpaired brachiocephalic artery perfusion.

关键词：头臂干动脉灌注脑缺血神经学颅多普勒超声动脉血栓假腔百分位数神经病学超声检测

奥陶系上统赫南特阶全球层型剖面和点位的建立

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地层学杂志 2006年第4期30卷 289-305,T0001-T0002页

作者：陈旭戎嘉余樊隽轩詹仁斌 C.E.mitchell D.A.T.Harper m.J.melchin 彭平安 S.C.Finney 汪啸风现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所江苏南京210008 纽约州立大学地质系美国纽约ny142603050 哥本哈根大学地质博物馆圣弗朗西斯萨维尔大学地球科学系有机地球化学国家重点实验室中国科学院广州地球化学研究所广东广州510000 加州州立大学地球科学系美国长滩ca90840 国土资源部宜昌地质矿产研究所湖北宜昌443003

赫南特阶(上奥陶统)的全球界线层型剖面和点位确立在中国宜昌王家湾北剖面观音桥层底界之下0.39m处。该剖面位于中国湖北省宜昌市以北42km处的王家湾村,经纬度为30°58′56″N、111°25′10″E。赫南特阶底界的GSSP点位以笔石Normalogra... 详细信息

赫南特阶(上奥陶统)的全球界线层型剖面和点位确立在中国宜昌王家湾北剖面观音桥层底界之下0.39m处。该剖面位于中国湖北省宜昌市以北42km处的王家湾村,经纬度为30°58′56″N、111°25′10″E。赫南特阶底界的GSSP点位以笔石Normalograptusextraordinarius的首次出现层位(FAD)为标志。碳同位素在此层位显示的正漂移以及***的首现可作为第二标志。赫南特阶始于自Diceratograptusmirus亚带开始的全球生物大灭绝事件的主幕之后。王家湾北剖面出露完整,沉积和生物序列连续,笔石和壳相动物化石丰富并保存良好,王家湾北、王家湾南和王家湾小河边剖面都发育了合适的沉积相和生物相并具有广泛对比的潜力。该地区地质构造简单,岩石未经历较强的变质作用,且交通便利。王家湾小河边剖面尤其适合进行化学地层学研究和同位素年龄的测定。建立赫南特阶底界的全球界线层型剖面和点位的提案报告于2004年10月被国际地层委员会奥陶系分会通过,经补充完善后,于2006年2月被国际地层委员会通过,同年5月被国际地科联正式批准。

关键词：奥陶系赫南特阶全球界线层型剖面和点位(GSSP)

Waist Circumference Reference Values for Screening Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Chinese Children and Adolescents

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2010年第1期23卷 21-31页

作者： GUAN-SHENG mA CHENG-YE JI JUN mA JIE mI R1TA YT SLING FENG XIONG WEI-LI YAN XIAO-QI HU YAN-PING LI SONG-m1NG DU HONG-YUN FANG AND J1NG-XIONG JIANG National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing100050 China Institute of Child and Adolescent Health Peking gniversi07 Health Science Center Beijing100191 China Capital Institute of Pediatrics Beijing 100020 China Department of Paediatrics TheChinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Re'on China The Children's Hospital of Chongqing medical University Chongqing 400014 China School of Public Health Xinjiang Medical University Wulumuqi 830011 Xinjiang China National Center for Women and Childre's Health Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing 100013 China

Objectives To explore the optimal threshold values of waist circumference （WC） for detecting cardiovascular （CV） risk factors among Chinese children and adolescents. methods Association of WC with CV risk factors was studied among 65 898 children aged 7-18 years whose data were pooled from nine previous studies in China. CV risk factors in this study included hypertension （blood pressure above 95 percentile levels）, dyslipidemia （with one or more of the following three indexes： TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L, TC ≥ 5.18 mmol/L, and HDL-C ≤ 1.04 mmol/L） and elevated glucose level （fasting plasma glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L）. Receive-operating characteristic analysis （ROC） and logistic regression were employed to derive optimal age- and sex-specific waist circumference references for predicting CV risk factors. Results A slight increasing trend of CV risk factors was observed starting from the 75th percentile of waist circumference in the study population, while a remarkable increasing trend occurred from the 90th percentile. The optimal waist circumference thresholds for predicting high blood pressures were at the 75th percentile for both boys and girls, which was at the 90th percentiles for detecting at least two of the above three CV risk factors. In comparison with children with waist circumference below the 75th percentile, the odds ratio of two CV risk factors doubled among children with waist circumference between the 75th and the 90th percentile, and increased by 6 times among children with waist circumference above the 90th percentile. The trend of high blood pressure increasing with waist circumference remained significant after having been stratified by BmI category. Conclusion The 75th and the 90th percentiles of WC are the optimal cut-off points for predicting an increased and a substantially increased risk of CV factors in Chinese children and adolescents, respectively.

关键词： Waist circumference Cardiovascular disease risk factor China

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妊娠期外伤:母亲和胎儿结局的大样本分析

世界核心医学期刊文摘（妇产科学分册） 2005年第1期1卷 14-15页

作者： El kady D. Gilbert W.m. Anderson J. L.H.Smith 郭慧方 Depts. Obstet. Gyne col. and Surg. Div. Trauma Surg. Univ. C. Sch. Med. Sacramento Calif H. Ro cklinCA United States Dr.

Objective This study was undertaken to determine the occurrence rates , outcome s, risk factors, and timing of obstetric delivery for trauma sustained during pr egnancy. Study design This is a retrospective cohort study of women hospitalized for trauma in California (1991-1999). International Classification of Disease, ninth revision, Clinical modification codes, and external causation codes for i njury were identified. maternal and fetal/neonatal outcomes were analyzed for wo men delivering at the trauma hospitalization (group 1), and women sustaining tra uma prenatally (group 2), compared with nontrauma controls. Injury severity scor es and injury types were used to stratify risk in relation to outcome. Statistic al comparisons are expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95%CIs. Results A total of 10,316 deliveries fulfilling study criteria were identified in 4,833,286 tota l deliveries. Fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains were the most common type of injury. Group 1 was associated with the worst outcomes: maternal death OR 69 (95%CI 42-115), fetal death OR 4.7 (95%CI 3.4-6.4), uterine rupture OR 43 (95%CI 19-97), and placental abruption OR 9.2 (95%CI 7.8-11). Group 2 al so resulted in increased risks at delivery: placental abruption OR 1.6 (95%CI 1 .3-1.9), preterm labor OR 2.7 (95%CI 2.5-2.9), maternal death OR 4.4 (95%CI 1.4-14). As injury severity scores increased, outcomes worsened, yet were stati stically nonpredictive. The type of injury most commonly leading to maternal dea th was internal injury. The risk of fetal, neonatal, and infant death was strong ly influenced by gestational age at the time of delivery. Conclusion Women deliv ering at the trauma hospitalization (group 1) had the worst outcomes, regardless of the severity of the injury. Group 2 women (prenatal injury) had an increased risk of adverse outcomes at delivery, and therefore should be monitored closely during the subsequent course of the pregnancy. This study highlights the need t o

关键词：胎盘早剥样本分析子宫破裂终止妊娠国际疾病分类婴儿死亡加利福尼亚州队列分析持续性预防教育