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Review and Analysis: Evaluation of the Impacts and Consequences of Using Agricultural Herbicides as military Chemical Weapons in Second Indochina War

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第8期14卷 471-498页

作者： david R. Speidel Kenneth R. Olson USDA Resource Conservationist and Agricultural Consultant with Natural Resource Conservation Service and Foreign Agricultural Service Benton Missouri USA College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The legacy of the human misery caused by the application of the herbicides including Agent Purple and Agent Orange contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, sprayed over the jungles, rice fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been prevented? Was it necessary United States military strategy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldiers and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their land and cause generations of harm? Alternatively, was it an unpreventable accident in the march of military history? What patterns in the U.S. government’s thought process could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these herbicides as tactical chemical weapons? If the introduction of herbicide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War and the Secret Wars in Laos and Cambodia have been any different? The objective of this treatise is to outline the role of world events and backgrounds and the role of the leaders, U.S. military, CIA, USDA, U.S. State Department, the U.S. President appointed Ambassadors to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and President Diệm’s Republic of Vietnam (RVN) government and military. Their collective advice led to the decision to use herbicides as military and environmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Were the National interests achieved by U.S. military strategy in the RVN using herbicide weapons worth the long-term environmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War?

关键词： Second Indochina War Cambodia Laos South Vietnam Vietnam War Tactical Herbicides Agent Blue Agent Orange Agent Purple Dioxin TCDD Arsenic

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Seasonal variations of polybrominated flame retardants bound to car dust under mediterranean climate

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第8期30卷 124-132页

作者： Yael Dubowski maisa Inibtawi david m.Broday Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technion - Israel Institute of Technology

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers（PBDEs） are commercial flame retardants that have been commonly used in vehicle interior to reduce fire-related hazards. Due to high temperatures and intense insolation that can be attained inside cars parked in the sun, additive PBDEs are prone to leach out and attach to in-vehicle dust, as well as to photo-debrominate. This study examines seasonal variations of concentrations of three common PBDE congeners（BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209） in car dust in Israel. The overall concentrations of these BDEs ranged from 1 to 29 μg/g, and were higher in the summer than in the winter（average of 10.2 and5.3 μg/g, respectively）. Congener-specific concentrations showed distinct seasonal pattern,representing the interplay between leaching, evaporation and photodebromination. Photolysis of the three congeners, while adsorbed on glass filters and exposed to solar radiation, revealed first order kinetics with debromination rates on the order of 10-2/min. Hence, seasonal variations of the meteorological conditions were found to affect the in-vehicle PBDE concentrations, and are therefore expected also to affect the exposure of passengers to PBDEs.

关键词： Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) Flame retardants Car dust Debromination mediterranean climate Photolysis

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Factors influencing mercury accumulation in three species of forage fish from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第8期22卷 1158-1163页

作者： matthew m Chumchal Ray W Drenner david R Cross K david Hambright Department of Biology Texas Christian University 2800 S. University Dr Department of Psychology Texas Christian University 2800 S. University Dr Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Biological Station and Department of Zoology 730 Van Vleet Oval University of Oklahoma

most studies that have examined mercury （Hg） contamination of fish have focused on game species feeding near the top of the food web, while studies that examine forage fish that feed near the base of the food web are rare. We conducted a survey of Hg contamination in three species of forage fish, brook silverside （Labidesthes sicculus）, threadfin shad （Dorosoma petenense） and gizzard shad （Dorosoma cepedianum）, from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA and found species-specific differences in Hg concentrations. We examined total length, age, trophic position （determined using δ15N）, and growth rate of forage fish as factors that could have influenced within-and between-species differences in Hg concentration. Total length and age were the best predictors of within-species differences in Hg concentration. Between-species differences in Hg concentrations were most strongly influenced by trophic position.

关键词： mercury trophic position forage fish

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Communication,Computation,and Governance:A multiscalar Vantage on the Prehispanic mesoamerican World

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Journal of Social Computing 2022年第1期3卷 91-118页

作者： Gary m.Feinman david m.Carballo the Negaunee Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoIL 60605USA Anthropology Archaeologyand Latin American StudiesBoston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA

Writing has often been put forth as one indicator of *** correspondence dovetails with the even broader cross-species expectation that the degrees of social complexity and levels of computational communication should closely *** in a general sense across human cooperative arrangements,a basic relationship between these variables undoubtedly exists,more detailed and fine-grained analyses indicate important axes of ***,our focus is on prehispanic mesoamerica and the means of computation and communication employed over more than three millennia(ca.1500 BCE-1520 CE).We take a multiscalar and diachronic analytical frame,in which we look at 30 central places,six macroregions,and mesoamerica as *** unraveling elements of“social complexity”,and decoupling computation from communication,we illustrate that institutional differences in governance had a marked effect on the specific modes and technologies through which prehispanic mesoamerican peoples communicated across time and *** and spatial scale,though relevant,do not alone determine time/space diversity in media of computational *** article is part of the theme issue“Evolution of Collective Computational Abilities of(Pre)Historic Societies”.

关键词： mesoamerica archaeology communication computation writing polity scale calendrics maya Aztec

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Heat Transfer in the microlayer Under a Bubble During Nucleate Boiling

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2010年第4期15卷 404-413页

作者： david m.Christopher 张璐 Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of ministry of Education Department of Thermal Engineering Tsinghua University

many studies have shown that a very thin liquid microlayer forms under vapor bubbles during nucleate boiling. The heat transfer from the surface to the bubble is then significantly affected by this mi- crolayer and the curved region leading into the microlayer. Various models have been developed to predict the microlayer shape and the heat transfer along the curved interfacial region, but they tend to have incon- sistent boundary conditions or unrealistic results. This paper presents a theoretical model to predict the mi- crolayer thickness and the heat transfer rates for a variety of conditions. The results show how the wall su- perheat, the Hamaker constant, the bubble radius, and the accommodation coefficient at the interface affect the evaporation heat transfer rates and the microlayer shape for a large range of conditions for water and FC 72. The microlayer results are then shown to compare well with predictions made by solving the Na- vier-Stokes equations in the microlayer.

关键词： nucleate boiling bubble growth heat transfer microlayer

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The skeleton gets a （reproductive） life

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第5期13卷 651-652页

作者： Charles m Allan david l Handelsman ANZAC Research Institute Concord Hospital Universityof Sydney Sydney NSW 2139 Australia

To most well-informed scientists who do not work on bone, the idea that bones determine anything other than your posture and location for the miseries of arthritis would come as quite a surprise. It would be like imagining that the walls of our home played something more than a passive role in the complexities of the lives conducted within. Yet something precisely as radical as that is what Karsenty and his colleagues boldly imagined,1 and then provocatively established in a series of studies over the past decade.20steocalcin （OCN） is a vitamin K- dependent peptide hormone secreted by the bone-formine osteoblasts.

关键词： Transcription

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Prostate-specific antigen （PSA） screening： has the pendulum swung too far？

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第5期13卷 655-656页

作者： Jason m Phillips E david Crawford Department of Urology University of Colorado HealthSciences Center Aurora CO 80045 USA

Prostate-specific antigen （PSA） along with digital rectal exam has been the standard for prostate cancer screening in the United States for the past 20 years.1 During this time period, the improved detection of prostate cancer decreased related mortality more than 30%.2 In fact, metastases and their comorbidities have decreased more than 75% since the early 1990s, resulting in a higher incidence of early organ-confined disease. While it is clear that prostate cancer mortality statistics have improved, it is unclear whether men are overscreened.

关键词： Diseases Phenotypic screening

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Acacia mangium Willd: benefits and threats associated with its increasing use around the world

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Forest Ecosystems 2019年第1期6卷 13-25页

作者： Lydie-Stella Koutika david m.Richardson CRDPI Centre de Recherche sur la Durabilité et la Productivité des Plantations Industrielles Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany & Zoology Stellenbosch University

Background: Acacia mangium, a fast-growing tree native to parts of Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia,has been cultivated outside its native environment and introduced into humid tropical lowland regions of Asia,South America and Africa over the last few decades. It is a multipurpose tree used in agroforestry, forestry and for restoration of degraded lands. It is also highly invasive in many regions where it has been introduced outside its native range. This paper reviews evidence of its obvious benefits and its negative impacts on ***: A literature review on Australian acacias and especially on A. mangium was undertaken to highlight both benefits and threats associated with their increasing worldwide use outside their native ***: Through N_2 fixed from the atmosphere, A. mangium improves soil fertility, especially by increasing N status and soil C accretion when introduced to N-limited areas; it thus has the potential to restore nutrient cycling in degraded systems. No studies have, however, been done to assess the effectiveness of A. mangium in restoring biodiversity of degraded lands. most Australian acacias have traits that facilitate invasiveness, and 23 species have been recorded as invasive to date. A. mangium has been reported as invasive in Asia, Indonesia, Pacific Islands,Indian Ocean Islands, southern Africa and Brazil. Research on other invasive Australian acacias in several parts of the world has elucidated the types of impacts that are likely in different types of ecosystems and key options for mitigating ***: A. mangium has the potential to restore nutrient cycling in degraded systems, but is highly invasive wherever it is planted. many parts of the world have a large invasion debt for this species. Experience with other invasive acacias around the world suggests a suite of interventions that could be used to reduce invasions and mitigate impacts. Careful risk assessments should be undertaken prior to

关键词： Biodiversity Biological invasions C sequestration Soil N status Tree invasions

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Change in Functional Status from Preoperative to One Year Postoperative in Patients Who Have Undergone Elective Open-Heart Surgery: A Repeated-measures Study

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 2024年第6期14卷 421-433页

作者： A. Kate macPhedran david Barker mark marbey Kieran Fogarty Physical Therapy Program Morosky College of Health Professions and Sciences Gannon University Erie PA USA Interdisciplinary Health Sciences PhD Program College of Health and Human Sciences Western Michigan University Kalamazoo MI USA Organizational Learning and Leadership PhD Program College of Humanities Education and Social Sciences Gannon University Erie PA USA Cardiac Surgery Services AHN Saint Vincent Health Center Erie PA USA

Purpose: Although patient-related factors affect surgical outcomes, preoperative functional status is not measured by any cardiac risk score. Functional status can, however, be objectively measured using validated outcome tools such as the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI). The purpose of this study was to determine 1) if there was a change over time in functional status, as measured by the LLFDI, in patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery, and if so, 2) what specific aspect(s) of functional status changed. methods: A prospective longitudinal study of one year was conducted on elective cardiac surgery patients (n = 43) using the self-reported LLFDI, which measures Disability Frequency (frequency of participation in social tasks), Disability Limitation (ability to participate in social tasks) and Function Total (ease in performing routine activities). Higher scores indicate increased function and decreased disability. LLFDI scores were compared at three times (preoperative, six-week and one-year postoperative) using repeated measures ANOVA. Post hoc pairwise comparison was conducted for specific interactions. Results: Both Function Total and Disability Frequency significantly changed over time (p = 0.047 and p = 0.013, respectively). Specifically, patients’ function level was significantly higher one-year postoperative compared to preoperative (m difference = +3.48, SE = 1.48, p = 0.026). Likewise, Disability Frequency scores were significantly higher (i.e. more active) at one-year postoperative versus preoperative (m difference= +5.98, SE = 2.19, p = 0.033). Disability Limitation scores were not significantly different between any time points (p > 0.05). Conclusion: By one-year postoperative, patients demonstrated increased ease in their routine physical activities and were more participatory in social life tasks. Individuals who underwent elective cardiac surgery took more than six weeks to detect notable improvement in functional status,

关键词： Functional Status Elective Cardiac Surgery Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument

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CD40 interacts directly with RAG1 and RAG2 in autoaggressive T cells and Fas prevents CD40-induced RAG expression

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Cellular & molecular Immunology 2013年第6期10卷 483-489页

作者： Gisela m Vaitaitis david H Wagner Jr Department of medicine and Webb-Waring Center University of Colorado Denver Aurora CO USA

CD4＋ T cells expressing CD40 （Th40 cells） constitute a pathogenic T-cell subset that is necessary and sufficient to transfer autoimmune disease. We have previously demonstrated that CD40 signals peripheral Th40 cells to induce RAG1 and RAG2 expression, proteins necessary for the expression of T-cell receptor （TCR）, leading to TCR revision. The dependency of TCR expression in the thymus on RAG proteins has long been known. However, despite numerous publications, there is controversy as to whether TCR expression can be altered in the periphery, post-thymic selective pressures. Therefore, a better understanding of TCR expression in primary peripheral cells is needed. We now show that the CD40 protein itself interacts with RAG1 and RAG2 as well as with Ku70 and translocates to the nucleus in Th40 cells. This indicates that the CD40 molecule is closely involved in the mechanism of TCR expression in the periphery. In addition, Fas signals act as a silencing mechanism for CD40-induced RAGs and prevent CD40 translocation to the nucleus. It will be important to further understand the involvement of CD40 in peripheral TCR expression and how TCR revision impacts auto-antigen recognition in order to effectively target and tolerize autoaggressive T cells in autoimmune disease.

关键词： autoimmunity CD40 Fas RAG T-cell receptor

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