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Sustainable plasticulture in Chinese agriculture: a review of challenges and routes to achieving long-term food and ecosecurity

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2024年第1期11卷 155-168页

作者： Samuel j.CUSWORTH William j.DAVIES Martin R.MCAINSH Carly j.stevens Weilu WANG Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster UniversityLancasterLA14YQUK The Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China

Plastic pollution is global concern, affecting most aspects of global food production systems. Plasticulture, a practice used in agriculture to improve crop quality and quantity, among other factors, is a significant source of plastic pollution. This review examines the extent of plasticulture in China, the implications of the practice across decades of use and the legislative instruments used to resolve those issues. It briefly assesses the effectiveness of these policies and proposes possible future innovations to promote increases in long-term food and eco-security, where sustainable plasticulture is a key agent for change. While plasticulture has increased agricultural productivity in growth-limiting conditions, plastic pollution in agricultural soils has become acute in China. Consequently, plastic pollution is having deleterious effects on soil health and in turn, crop productivity in China. Plastic pollution in agriculture is a multifaceted issue and so proposed solutions should be informed by this complexity. Current measures do not reflect a holistic approach to solving this socioecological challenge and adopt a top-down approach, with little or no supportive mechanisms. Future recommendations need to consider the particular set of conditions that influence the production, use and end-of-life management of agriplastics,specific to the environmental, economic and social conditions in each location.

关键词： Circular plastics economy crop production food security plastic pollution sustainable plasticulture

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禽流感病毒H5N1血凝素蛋白的细胞膜上提纯和结晶

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中国医师杂志 2009年第5期11卷 584-586,590页

作者：谌资郑煜煌 Yipu Lin david j stevens Steve A Wharton Patrick j Collins junfeng Liu Alan j Hay 中南大学湘雅二医院感染科湖南长沙410011 WHO Influenza Collaborating Centre National Institute for Medical Research NW7 1AA London UK Division of Virology and Molecular Biology National Institute for Medical Research NW7 1AA London UK

目的从细胞膜上提纯禽流感病毒H5N1的血凝素蛋白H51151F和H51151F＋A134V＋E186D，并使蛋白结晶。方法细胞内大量增殖重组牛痘病毒，去垢剂提取细胞膜中的HA蛋白，连续蔗糖密度梯度超速离心，Western印迹检测，菠萝蛋白酶等裂解HA，离... 详细信息

目的从细胞膜上提纯禽流感病毒H5N1的血凝素蛋白H51151F和H51151F＋A134V＋E186D，并使蛋白结晶。方法细胞内大量增殖重组牛痘病毒，去垢剂提取细胞膜中的HA蛋白，连续蔗糖密度梯度超速离心，Western印迹检测，菠萝蛋白酶等裂解HA，离子交换层析，SDS—PAGE电泳并染色检测蛋白纯度，坐滴气象扩散法结晶。结果从细胞膜中提取了高纯度的血凝素蛋白H51151F和H51151F＋A134V＋E186D，并得到了H51151F蛋白晶体。结论首次获得了禽流感病毒H5N1的I-IS1151F蛋白晶体，为进一步研究禽流感病毒人传人的可能性打下基础。

关键词：流感禽流感病毒A型鸟/分离和提纯血凝素糖蛋白类流感病毒/分离和提纯

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禽流感病毒H5N1血凝素蛋白的细胞膜上提纯和结晶

禽流感病毒H5N1血凝素蛋白的细胞膜上提纯和结晶

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中华医学会第四次全国艾滋病、病毒性丙型肝炎暨全国热带病学术会议

作者：谌资郑煜煌 Yipu Lin david j stevens Steve A Wharton Patrick j Collins junfeng Liu Alan j Hay 中南大学湘雅二医院感染科世界卫生组织流感合作中心

目的从细胞膜上提纯禽流感病毒H5N1的血凝素蛋白H5 I151F和H5 I151F+A134V+E186D,并使蛋白结晶。方法细胞内大量增殖重组牛痘病毒,去垢剂提取细胞膜中的HA蛋白,连续蔗糖密度梯度超速离心,Western印迹检测,菠萝蛋白酶等裂解HA,离子交换层... 详细信息

目的从细胞膜上提纯禽流感病毒H5N1的血凝素蛋白H5 I151F和H5 I151F+A134V+E186D,并使蛋白结晶。方法细胞内大量增殖重组牛痘病毒,去垢剂提取细胞膜中的HA蛋白,连续蔗糖密度梯度超速离心,Western印迹检测,菠萝蛋白酶等裂解HA,离子交换层析,SDS-PAGE电泳并染色检测

关键词：禽流感病毒细胞膜

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Dynamics of self-hybridized exciton–polaritons in 2D halide perovskites

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第1期13卷 13-22页

作者： Surendra B.Anantharaman jason Lynch Christopher E.stevens Christopher Munley Chentao Li jin Hou Hao Zhang Andrew Torma Thomas Darlington Francis Coen Kevin Li Arka Majumdar Pjames Schuck Aditya Mohite Hayk Harutyunyan joshua R.Hendrickson Deep jariwala Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA KBR Inc. BeavercreekOH45431USA Air Force Research Laboratory Sensors DirectorateWright-Patterson Air Force BaseOH45433USA Department of Physics University of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA Department of Physics Emory UniversityAtlantaGA30322USA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA Applied Physics Program Smalley‐Curl InstituteRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA Department of Mechanical Engineering Columbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA

Excitons,bound electron–hole pairs,in two-dimensional hybrid organic inorganic perovskites(2D HOIPs)are capable of forming hybrid light-matter states known as exciton-polaritons(E–Ps)when the excitonic medium is confined in an optical *** the case of 2D HOIPs,they can self-hybridize into E–Ps at specific thicknesses of the HOIP crystals that form a resonant optical cavity with the ***,the fundamental properties of these self-hybridized E–Ps in 2D HOIPs,including their role in ultrafast energy and/or charge transfer at interfaces,remain ***,we demonstrate that>0.5µm thick 2D HOIP crystals on Au substrates are capable of supporting multiple-orders of self-hybridized E–P *** E–Ps have high Q factors(>100)and modulate the optical dispersion for the crystal to enhance sub-gap absorption and *** varying excitation energy and ultrafast measurements,we also confirm energy transfer from higher energy E–Ps to lower energy E–***,we also demonstrate that E–Ps are capable of charge transport and transfer at *** findings provide new insights into charge and energy transfer in E–Ps opening new opportunities towards their manipulation for polaritonic devices.

关键词： charge polar excitation

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Effect of nitrogen addition, form and clipping on competitive interactions between grassland species

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journal of Plant Ecology 2014年第3期7卷 222-230页

作者： Carly j.stevens david j.G.Gowing Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster UniversityLancasterLA14YQUK Department of Earth Environment and EcosystemsThe Open UniversityWalton HallMilton KeynesMK76AAUK

Aims Although the effects of N addition on plant biomass are well understood,we know a lot less about the importance of N form even though some studies have shown different impacts from reduced and oxidized forms of ***,responses to grazing are likely to interact with the response to N *** experiment investigates the interactive effects of N addition and form with clipping on competition between three grassland *** The three species(Anthoxanthum odoratum L.,Plantago lanceolata *** Prunella vulgaris L.)were grown alone and in combination with factorial additions of deionized water,sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride,and a clipping ***-and belowground biomass was harvested after 4 *** Findings In monocultures,the results show increases in biomass with N addition,but clipping resulted in fewer changes with species displaying varying degrees of growth *** was the strongest competitor when grown with other *** monocultures without clipping,N form was not important,but in the presence of clipping and in different species combinations,N form became *** two-and three-way interactive effects were observed showing that complex interactions exist between N addition,clipping and species *** results have important implications when considering the effects of N deposition.

关键词： aboveground biomass ammonium grazing nitrate root biomass

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NEXT NEAREST NEIGHBOR EFFECT ON TETRAHEDRAL FERROUS AND OCTAHEDRAL FERRIC IRON IN CHROMITE

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Science China Chemistry 1986年第8期29卷 889-896页

作者：李哲,j.G.stevens Institute of Geology Academia Sinica Beijing Mssbauer Effect Data Center University of North Carolina Asheville U. S. A.

Four chromites have been studied by using Mssbauer spectroscopy. Of the spectra of four chromites studied, three spectra aro fitted to three or four Fe2+doublets in the tetrahedral A sites and one or two Fe3+doublets in the tetrahedral A sites and octahedral B sites. The fourth spectrum is fitted to one Fe3+doublet in the A sites and two Fe3+doublets in tho B sites. Constant isomer shifts of approximately 0.9 mm/s for Fe2+ions in the A sites and 0.3 mm/s for Fe3+ions in the B sites as well as gradual changing quadrupole splitting for both of the A sites and the B sites are obtained. The binomial distributions in the B sites are ealeulated. Next nearest neighbor effect is used to explain the multiple doublets caused by Fe2+ions in the A sites in the spectra of chromites Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and by Fe3+ions in the B sites in the spectrum of chromite Ⅳ.

关键词： tetrahedral octahedral fitted NEXT neighbor explain nearest splitting fourth umber

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Thermodynamic functions of ZrW_2O_8 from its heat capacity

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2012年第4期55卷 563-567页

作者： ji FengMin DAI XianXi stevens R GOATES j B College of Sciences Ningbo University of TechnologyNingbo 315211China Research Group of Quantum Statistics and Methods of Theoretical Physics Department of PhysicsFudan University Shanghai 200433China Department of Chemistry Brigham Young UniversityProvoUT 84602USA

It is interesting to maximize the amount of information we can obtain from one experiment on a single sample. In obtaining all the thermodynamic properties of some materials from their experimental heat capacity data only, we aim to get the tempera- ture-independent energy spectrum. However, all the practical measured energy spectra depend on the temperature of experi- ments. One promising method to obtain the temperature-independent energy spectrum is to solve the so-called specific heat-phonon spectrum inversion （SPI） problem. Here we show, by developing a new practical solution method of SPI, the phonon spectrum of the negative thermal expansion material ZrW208 is obtained. This phonon spectrum is tempera- ture-independent and almost method independent. Hence all the thermodynamic properties of ZrW208, such as thermodynamic potential, entropy, Helmholtz free energy, etc. are obtained by heat capacity only.

关键词： holographic studies instability problems specific heat-phonon spectrum inversion problem DMF method

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Individual variation in ballooning dispersal by black widow spiderlings： The effects of family and social rearing

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Current Zoology 2015年第3期61卷 520-528页

作者： j. Chadwick jOHNSON Rebecca HALPIN Dale stevens II Annika VANNAN jesse LAM Katie BRATSCH School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences (2352) Arizona State University at the West Campus Glendale AZ 85306 USA

Individual behavioral variation is ubiquitous across taxa and important to understand if we wish to fully use beha- vioral data to understand the ecology and evolution of organisms. Only recently have studies of individual variation in dispersal behavior become a focus of research. A better understanding of individual variation in dispersal behavior is likely to improve our understanding of population dynamics. In particular, the dynamics of critically small populations （endangered species） and large populations （pest species） may be driven by unique dispersal variants. Here we documented individual variation in the ballooning dispersal behavior of Western black widow spiderlings Latrodectus hesperus, an urban pest species found in superabundant in- festations throughout cities of the desert Southwest USA. We found a great deal of family-level variation in ballooning dispersal, and this variation was highly consistent （repeatable） across time. Maternal egg investment was a poor predictor of this ballooning dispersal. Instead, we show that spiderlings reared in isolation are significantly slower to disperse than spiderlings raised in a more natural setting surrounded by full siblings. Thus, our study examines a widespread but poorly understood dispersal behavior （ballooning）, and suggests urban pest population dynamics are likely driven by the interaction of variation in individuals, families and social environments

关键词： Individual variation Dispersal Spiders Ballooning Social rearing

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Exploring nationally and regionally defined models for large area population mapping

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International journal of Digital Earth 2015年第12期8卷 989-1006页

作者： A.E.Gaughan F.R.stevens C.Linard N.N.Patel A.j.Tatem Department of Geography and Geosciences University of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA Biological Control and Spatial Ecology UniversitéLibre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science George Mason UniversityFairfaxVAUSA Department of Geography and Environment University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK Fogarty International Center National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA Flowminder Foundation StockholmSweden

Interactions between humans,diseases,and the environment take place across a range of temporal and spatial scales,making accurate,contemporary data on human population distributions critical for a variety of *** for disaggregating census data to finer-scale,gridded population density estimates continue to be refined as computational power increases and more detailed census,input,and validation datasets become ***,the availability of spatially detailed census data still varies widely by *** this study,we develop quantitative guidelines for choosing regionally-parameterized census count disaggregation models over country-specific *** examine underlying methodological considerations for improving gridded population datasets for countries with coarser scale census data by investigating regional versus country-specific models used to estimate density surfaces for redistributing census *** is given to the spatial resolution of input census data using examples from East Africa and Southeast *** suggest that for many countries more accurate population maps can be produced by using regionally-parameterized models where more spatially refined data exists than that which is available for the focal *** study highlights the advancement of statistical toolsets and considerations for underlying data used in generating widely used gridded population data.

关键词： human population modeling random forest regression dasymetric mapping gridded population datasets

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Effects of the frequency and the rate of N enrichment on community structure in a temperate grassland

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journal of Plant Ecology 2018年第5期11卷 685-695页

作者： Yunhai Zhang jing Wang Carly j.stevens Xiaotao Lü Nianpeng He Changhui Wang Xingguo Han State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesNo.20 NanxincunXiangshanBeijing 100093China Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster UniversityLancaster LA14YQUK Department of Agroecology Aarhus UniversityBlichers Allé20Tjele 8830Denmark University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19 Yuquan RoadShijingshan DistrictBeijing 100049China Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and ManagementInstitute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesNo.72 Wenhua RoadShenhe DistrictShenyang 110016China Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences11ADatun RoadChaoyang DistrictBeijing 100101China

Aims Nitrogen(N)enrichment caused by human activities threatens bio-diversity and alters plant community composition and *** has been found that heavy and infrequent N inputs may over-estimate species extinction,but it remains unclear whether plant community structure will equally respond to frequent reactive N enriched *** We independently manipulated the rates and the frequencies of N addition in a temperate steppe,northern China,between 2008 and *** Findings We found that plant community structure changes,measured by‘Euclidean distance’involving species richness,composition and productivity,were significantly positively related to increasing N enrichment rates rather than *** in aboveground net primary productivity(ANPP),plant species richness and shifts in dominant species were *** ANPP increased with N enrichment,whereas species richness *** frequency of N enrichment increased species richness but had no impacts on community ANPP and the relative ANPP of the two dominant spe-cies,C3 perennial bunchgrass Stipa grandis and C3 perennial rhi-zome grass Leymus *** ANPP and relative ANPP of the two dominant species were significantly negatively correlated with each ***,changes in the relative ANPP of *** was negatively associated with the changes in community *** 5 years’treatment,direct influence of the frequency of N en-richment on plant community structure was not observed,but the effects of the rate of N enrichment were *** results sug-gested that further study in various ecosystems and with long-term and well-controlled comparisons the frequency *** rate of N enrichment may still be needed.

关键词： biodiversity dominance effect nitrogen addition frequency nitrogen deposition productivity

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