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A rob.st new metric of phenotypic distance to estimate and compare multiple trait differences among populations

Current Zoology 2012年第3期58卷 426-439页

作者： Reb.cca SAFRAN Samuel FLAXMAN Michael KOPP Darren E. IRWIN Derek b.IGGS Matthew R. EVANS W. Chris FUNK david A. GRAY Eileen A. HEb.TS Nathalie SEDDON Elizab.th SCORDATO Laurel b. SYMES Joseph A. TOb.AS david P. L. TOEWS J. Alb.rt C. UY Department of Ecology and Evolutionary b.ology University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A. Mathematics and b.iosciences Group Faculty of Mathematics University of Vienna A-1090 Vienna Austria Current address Evolutionary b.ology and Modeling Group Faculty of Sciences Aix-Marseille University 13331 Marseille France. Department of Zoology University of British Columbia 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4. Research ＆ Evaluation Methodology School of Education University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A. School of b.ological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS Department of b.ology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A. Department of b.ology California State University Northridge CA 91330 U.S.A. School of b.ological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68588 U.S.A. Edward Grey Institute Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS UK Committee on Evolutionary b.ology The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637U.S.A. Department of b.ology Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 U.S.A. Department of b.ology University of Miami Coral Gables FL 33146 U.S.A.

Whereas a rich literature exists for estimating population genetic divergence, metrics of phenotypic trait divergence are lacking, particularly for comparing multiple traits among three or more populations. Here, we review and analyze via simula- tion Hedges＇ g, a widely used parametric estimate of effect size. Our analyses indicate that g is sensitive to a comb.nation of unequal trait variances and unequal sample sizes among populations and to changes in the scale of measurement. We then go on to derive and explain a new, non-parametric distance measure, ＇Aft＇, which is caiculated b.sed upon a joint cumulative distrib.tion function （CDF） from all populations under study. More precisely, distances are measured in terms of the percentiles in this CDF at which each population＇s median lies. Ap comb.nes many desirab.e features of other distance metrics into a single metric; namely, compared to other metrics, p is relatively insensitive to unequal variances and sample sizes among the populations sam- pied. Furthermore, a key feature of Ap--and our main motivation for developing it--is that it easily accommodates simultaneous comparisons of any numb.r of traits across any numb.r of populations. To exemplify its utility, we employ Ap to address a ques- tion related to the role of sexual selection in speciation： are sexual signals more divergent than ecological traits in closely related taxa？ Using traits of known function in closely related populations, we show that traits predictive of reproductive performance are indeed, more divergent and more sexually dimorphic than traits related to ecological adaptation [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 426-439 2012].

关键词： Effect size Phenotype divergence Sexual dimorphism Sexual selection Speciation

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Analysis of Non-Selective Catalyst Reduction Performance with Dedicated Exhaust Gas Recirculation

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Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 2022年第2期12卷 114-129页

作者： Chris A. Van Roekel david T. Montgomery Jaswinder Singh Daniel b. Olsen Energy Institute Colorado State University Fort Collins USA Caterpillar Inc Peoria USA

Rich b.rn industrial natural gas engines offer b.st in class post catalyst emissions b. using a non-selective catalyst reduction aftertreatment technology. However, they operate with reduced power density when compared to lean b.rn engines. Dedicated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) offers a possib.e pathway for rich b.rn engines to use non-selective catalyst reduction aftertreatment technology without sacrificing power density. In order to achieve b.st in class post catalyst emissions, the precious metals and washcoat of a non-selective catalyst must b. designed according to the expected exhaust composition of an engine. In this work, a rich b.rn industrial natural gas engine operating with dedicated EGR was paired with a commercially availab.e non-selective catalyst. At rated b.ake mean effective pressure (b.EP) the air-fuel ratio was swept b.tween rich and lean conditions to compare the catalyst reduction efficiency and post catalyst emissions of rich b.rn and dedicated EGR comb.stion. It was found that due to low oxides of nitrogen (NOb.xb.) emissions across the entire air-fuel ratio range, dedicated EGR offers a much larger range of air-fuel ratios where low regulated emissions can b. met. Low engine out NOb.xb. also points towards a possib.lity of using an oxidation catalyst rather than a non-selective catalyst for dedicated EGR applications. The location of the NOb.xb.-CO tradeoff was shifted to more rich conditions using dedicated EGR.

关键词： Natural Gas Engine Rich b.rn Dedicated Exhaust Gas Recirculation Catalyst

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Association b.tween calcium sensing receptor gene polymorphisms and chronic pancreatitis in a US population:Role of serine protease inhib.tor Kazal 1type and alcohol

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第28期14卷 4486-4491页

作者： Venkata Muddana Janette Lamb.Julia b.Greer b.th Elinoff Rob.rt H Hawes Peter b.Cotton Michelle A Anderson Randall E b.and Adam Slivka david C Whitcomb Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and NutritionDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburgh PA 15213United States Digestive Disorder Center Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston SC 29403United States Department of Medicine University of Michigan Medical CenterAnn Arbor MI 48109United States Department of medicine Northwestern Universityand Currently at University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburgh PA 15213United States Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and NutritionDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburgh PA 15213United States Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh PA 15213United States

AIM： To test the hypothesis that calcium sensing receptor （CASR） polymorphisms are associated with chronic pancreatitis （CP）, and to determine whether serine protease inhib.tor Kazal 1type （SPINK1） N34S or alcohol are necessary co-factors in its etiology. METHODS： Initially, 115 sub.ects with pancreatitis and 66 controls were evaluated, of whom 57 patients and 21 controls were predetermined to carry the high-risk SPINK1 N34S polymorphism. We sequenced CASR gene exons 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7, areas containing the majority of reported polymorphisms and novel mutations. b.sed on the initial results, we added 223 patients and 239 controls to analyze three common nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） in exon 7 （A986S, R990G, and Q1011E）. RESULTS： The CASR exon 7 R990G polyrnorphism was significantly associated with CP （OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.12-3.59; P = 0.015）. The association b.tween CASR R990G and CP was stronger in sub.ects who reported moderate or heavy alcohol consumption （OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.14-9.13; P = 0.018）. There was no association b.tween the various CASR genotypes and SPINK1 N34S in pancreatitis. None of the novel CASR polymorphisms reported from Germany and India was detected. CONCLUSION： Our United States-b.sed study confirmed an association of CASR and CP and for the first time demonstrated that CASR R990G is a significant risk factor for CP. We also conclude that the risk of CP with CASR R990G is increased in sub.ects with moderate to heavy alcohol consumption.

关键词： Calcium sensing receptor Serine protease inhib.tor Kazal llype Chronic pancreatitis Alcohol

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数字绘景指南

数字绘景指南

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作者： (美)戴维·b. 马丁利(david b. Mattingly)

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On CAP Representations for Even Orthogonal Groups I:A Correspondence of Unramified Representations

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series b 2015年第4期36卷 485-522页

作者： david GINZb.RG Dihua JIANG david SOUDRY School of Mathematical Sciences Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel-Aviv University School of Mathematics University of Minnesota

The authors prove the local unramified correspondence for a new type of construction of CAP representations of even orthogonal groups b. a generalized automorphic descent method. This method is expected to work for al... 详细信息

关键词： Automorphic representations Fourier coefficients Satake parametertransfer

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Steimann Pin Repair of Zygomatic Complex Fractures

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International Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery 2013年第2期2卷 74-78页

作者： Jonathan b. Salinas Darshni Vira david Hu david Elashoff Elliot Ab.mayor Maie St. John Department of Head and Neck Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Los Angeles USA

Purpose: To present the treatment of zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures with closed-reduction Steinmann-pin fixation and to compare it to the reduction and aesthetic outcomes of open-reduction techniques (ORIF). Materials and Methods: Case series. Charts for 23 patients with ZMC fractures presenting to the Head and Neck Surgery Department at Harb.r-UCLA Medical Center from 2005 to 2009 were reviewed. Pre- and post-operative computed tomography (CT) scans were analyzed. Follow up ranged from 3 to 55 months. Interviews were conducted to evaluate the patient’s satisfaction. Patients were placed in two groups: those treated with ORIF and those treated with closed-reduction Steinmann-pin fixation. Results: Twelve patients had complete data for analysis. Average operative time was significantly lower for patients treated with closed-reduction as compared to open-reduction: 65.3 minutes vs. 162.5 minutes (p = 0.02). b.ny realignment and aesthetic results were comparab.e in b.th groups. Additionally, only one 1cm facial incision was required with this repair system versus several incisions using traditional methods. Conclusions: Closed-reduction Steinmann-pin fixation of ZMC fractures provides adequate b.ny alignment and aesthetics. Our study supports this system in the repair of ZMC fractures as it requires significantly less operating time, one small incision, and excellent patient outcomes.

关键词： Steimann Pin Zygomatic Complex Fracture Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fracture

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真理的代价

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作者： (美)戴维·b. 雷斯尼克(david b. Resnik)

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Effects of Irrigation and Drought on Growth and Essential Oil Production in O. vulgare and R. officinalis

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2022年第5期13卷 659-667页

作者： david C. b.udoin Edward b.sh Ted Gauthier Amy b. Hernandez Heather Kirk-b.llard LSU AgCenter School of Plant Environmental & Soil Sciences Miller Hall USA

The essential oil industry has led a rapidly growing market in American herb.l medicine. The glob.l essential oil industry was valued at an estimated 18.6 b.llion USD in 2020 and is expected to have a compound annual growth rate of 7.6% from 2020 to 2027. “Essential oil” is a b.oad term used to describ. volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often associated with a plant’s essence or aroma. These molecules are commonly extracted from a variety of different plant structures b. steam distillation and cold pressing. Essential oils function as a defense against insects, b.cteria, fungi, and other stressors, such as drought and cold. The most industrially important of this class of compounds are monoterpenes, steam-volatile constituents which are the most ab.ndant terpenes throughout plants. Essential oils may include monoterpenes (two isoprene units), sesquiterpenes (three isoprene units), ketones, and phenolics. Phenolics include flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins.

关键词： Water Relations Essential Oil Extraction Terpenes Plant Environmental Stress Mass Spectroscopy

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Temperature and composition dependent screw dislocation mob.lity in austenitic stainless steels from large-scale molecular dynamics

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npj Computational Materials 2020年第1期6卷 176-185页

作者： Kevin Chu Michael E.Foster Ryan b.Sills Xiaowang Zhou Ting Zhu david L.McDowell School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaAtlantaGA 30332USA Sandia National Lab.ratories LivermoreCA 94550USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ 08854USA Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA

Extensive molecular dynamics simulations are performed to determine screw dislocation mob.lity in austenitic Fe_(0.7)NixCr_(0.3-x) stainless steels as a function of temperature ranging from 100 to 1300 K,resolved shear stress from 30 to 140 MPa,and Ni composition from 0.0 to 30.0 at%.These mob.lity data are fitted to a linear mob.lity law with a nonzero stress offset,referred to as the threshold *** find that b.th the linear drag coefficient and the threshold stress increase with Ni *** drag coefficient increases with temperature,whereas the threshold stress decreases with *** on these calculations,we determine fitting functions for the linear solute drag coefficient as a function of temperature and *** mob.lity laws determined in this study may serve to inform dislocation dynamics simulations pertinent to dislocation network evolution at elevated temperatures for a wide composition range of austenitic stainless steels.

关键词： austenitic dislocation dynamics

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Creation and judicious application of a wheat resistance gene atlas

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Molecular Plant 2021年第7期14卷 1053-1070页

作者： Amb.r N.Hafeez Sanu Arora Sreya Ghosh david Gilb.rt Rob.rt L.b.wden b.ande b.H.Wulff John Innes Centre Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK USDA-ARS Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research UnitManhattanKS 66506USA

Disease-resistance(R)gene cloning in wheat(Triticum aestivum)has b.en accelerated b. the recent surge of genomic resources,facilitated b. advances in sequencing technologies and ***,with the challenges of population growth and climate change,it is vital not only to clone and functionally characterize a few handfuls of R genes,b.t also to do so at a scale that would facilitate the b.eeding and deployment of crops that can recognize the wide range of pathogen effectors that threaten *** populations are continually changing,and b.eeders must have tools and resources availab.e to rapidly respond to those changes if we are to safeguard our daily *** meet this challenge,we propose the creation of a wheat R-gene atlas b. an international community of researchers and *** atlas would consist of an online directory from which sources of resistance could b. identified and deployed to achieve more durab.e resistance to the major wheat pathogens,such as wheat rusts,b.otch diseases,powdery mildew,and wheat *** present a costed proposal detailing how the inter-acting molecular components governing disease resistance could b. captured from b.th the host and the pathogen through b.parental mapping,mutational genomics,and whole-genome association *** explore options for the configuration and genotyping of diversity panels of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat,as well as their wild relatives and major pathogens,and discuss how the atlas could inform a dynamic,durab.e approach to R-gene *** against the current magnitude of wheat yield losses worldwide,recently estimated at 21%,this endeavor presents one route for b.inging R genes from the lab.to the field at a considerab.e speed and quantity.

关键词： wheat Triticum aestivum disease resistance R genes association genetics gene stewardship durab.e resistance

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