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Particuology 2019年第4期17卷 35-41页

作者： Mohamed S. Manga david willis Nurafiqah M. Ali david W. York School of Chemical and Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom

The appearance of deterge nt powder plays an importa nt role in con sumer perception of powder effectiveness for cleaning applications. In this study, we investigated the influence of numerous formulation and processing conditions on product discoloration. Product color was scrutinized using the L*a*b* color space, and in particular, L* and b*. Particle size, the method for introducing the optical brightener, and the raw material grade were very important in con trolling the optical properties of detergent granules. As the particle size decreased, the light reflected to the observer appeared brighter and bluer. This was observed as increased whiteness from L*= 84.03 with a particle size of >841 μm to L*= 90.59 with a particle size of <250 μm. Reducing the level of impurities found in the raw materials by changing the material source also improved color definition. A key finding is that the optical brightener should be applied by spraying and prepared by dispersion rather than dissolution. This improves the distribution within the granules and increases the whiteness when compared with pouring the brightener into the agglomeration vessel. Additional spray applications highlighted that brightener on the granule surface influenced whiteness more than embedded brightener. In addition, we report on the effects of the drying temperature and mixer impeller speed on powder color.

关键词： Detergent powder Powder processing Powder discoloration Optical brightener Characterization

Geodynamics of oceanic plateau and plume head accretion and their role in Phanerozoic orogenic systems of China

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Geoscience Frontiers 2015年第1期6卷 49-59页

作者： Peter G.Betts Louis Moresi Meghan S.Miller david willis School of Earth Atmosphere and EnvironmentMonash UniversityClayton Campus School of Mathematical Sciences Monash UniversityClayton Campus Department of Earth Sciences University of Melbourne Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California

We present three 3D numerical models of deep subduction where buoyant material from an oceanic plateau and a plume interact with the overriding plate to assess the influence on subduction dynamics, trench geometry, and mechanisms for plateau accretion and continental growth. Transient instabilities of the convergent margin are produced, resulting in： contorted trench geometry; trench migration parallel with the plate margin; folding of the subducting slab and orocline development at the convergent margin; and transfer of the plateau to the overriding plate. The presence of plume material beneath the oceanic plateau causes fiat subduction above the plume, resulting in a ＂bowed＂ shaped subducting slab. In plateau-only models, plateau accretion at the edge of the overriding plate results in trench migration around the edge of the plateau before subduction is re-established directly behind the trailing edge of the plateau. The plateau shortens and some plateau material subducts. The presence of buoyant plume material beneath the oceanic plateau has a profound influence on the behaviour of the convergent margin. In the plateau ~ plume model, plateau accretion causes rapid trench advance. Plate convergence is accommodated by shearing at the base of the plateau and shortening in the overriding plate. The trench migrates around the edge of the plateau and subduction is re-established well behind the trailing edge of the plateau, effectively embedding the plateau into the overriding plate. A slab window forms beneath the accreted plateau and plume material is transferred from the subducting plate to the over- riding plate through the window. In all of the models, the subduction zone maintains a relatively stable configuration away from the buoyancy anomalies within the downgoing plate. The models provide a dynamic context for plateau and plume accretion in Phanerozoic accretionary orogenic systems such as the East China Orogen and the Central Asian Orogen （Altiads）, which ar

关键词： Subduction Accretion Plateau Plume Central Asian Orogen Geodynamics

The Economic Contribution of Natural Resources to a State Economy: A South Carolina Case Study

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Natural Resources 2017年第3期8卷 115-129页

作者： david B. willis Thomas J. Straka College of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA

The structure of state or sub-state regional economies is heavily influenced by its natural resource endowment. Input-output analysis is often used to estimate the economic contribution of various sectors to a state’s economy. We apply input-output analysis to South Carolina’s economy to estimate the contribution of natural resource-based sectors to the overall economy. The natural resource-based sectors consist of six mutually exclusive sectors: fishing, hunting, and wildlife viewing;coastal tourism;commercial fisheries;boat industry;mining;and forestry. The total economic contribution of these six natural resource-based sectors is $33.4 billion, representing 8.3% of gross state product and 8.6% of all state employment.

关键词： Natural Resources South Carolina Input-Output Analysis Economic Contribution

2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities:A third update of the energy costs of human activities

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 6-12页

作者： Stephen D.Herrmann Erik A.willis Barbara E.Ainsworth Tiago V.Barreira Mary Hastert Chelsea L.Kracht John M.Schuna Jr. Zhenghui Cai Minghui Quan Catrine Tudor-Locke Melicia C.Whitt-Glover david R. Jacobs Jr. Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599USA College of Health Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85003USA School of Exercise and Health Shanghai University of SportShanghai 200438China Exercise Science Department Syracuse UniversitySyracuseNY 13244USA Clinical Sciences Division Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA 70808USA School of Exercise and Sport Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA College of Health and Human Services University of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC 28223USA Gramercy Research Group KnightdaleNC 27545USA Division of Epidemiology and Community Health School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55454USA

Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across *** original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health ***:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by removing data from those≥60 *** a systematic review and supplementary searches,we identified new activities and their associated measured metabolic equivalent(MET)values(using indirect calorimetry)published since *** replaced estimated METs with measured values when ***:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from 701 *** added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing MET values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and removal of METs for older *** added a Major Heading(Video Games).The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs(912 with measured and 202 with estimated values)across 22 Major ***:This comprehensive update and refinement led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Compendium,which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare domains,as well as in the development of consumer health *** new website with the complete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://***.

关键词： Adults Energy expenditure Exercise MET Physical Activities

Inactivation of Salmonella Species on New Mexico Green Chile Peppers by Flame Roasting

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2012年第7期2卷 851-855页

作者： Ruben Zapata Paul Browning Cecelia Garcia david Lucero willis M. Fedio Food Safety Laboratory New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM 88001 USA Marketing and Development Division New Mexico Department of Agriculture Las Cruces NM 88001 USA

Salmonella spp. have been implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks involving chile peppers, usually in combination foods such as chile rellenos, salsa, pico de gallo, guacamole and others where the source of contamination is uncertain. Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 was used in this study to artificially inoculate green chile peppers. Green chile peppers were weighed and artificially contaminated by applying the calculated inoculation volumes of 4 o,L per g of pepper. No presumptive salmonellae were found on any of the peppers prior to inoculation with S. Typhimurium. Twenty inoculated chiles were transferred to a custom built lab-scale roaster and then flame roasted for five minutes until they were blistered on the surface, as is commonly at New Mexico supermarkets. The surface temperature of representative chiles was measured with an infrared thermometer. Flame roasting of green chile peppers is effective in reducing bacterial contaminants on fresh green chile peppers. Based on the TSAYE counts where inoculated chile peppers had a mean plate count of 7.21 and the roasted chile peppers 2.71 and 2.75, a 4.5 log reduction was seen. Results reveal the effectiveness of flame roasting on the microbiological safety and quality of roasted green chile peppers.

关键词： Salmonella spp. green chile peppers flame roasting.

Cholestatic liver diseases:An era of emerging therapies

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2019年第13期7卷 1571-1581页

作者： Hrishikesh Samant Wuttiporn Manatsathit david Dies Hosein Shokouh-Amiri Gazi Zibari Moheb Boktor Jonathan Steve Alexander Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of medicine LSU health Shreveport LA 71103 United States John C McDonald Transplant Center Willis Knighton Medical Center Shreveport LA 71103 United States Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Nebraska Omaha NE 68194 United States Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology Louisiana State University School of Medicine Shreveport LA 71103 United States

Recently the field of cholestasis has expanded enormously reflecting an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying bile secretion and its perturbation in chronic cholestatic disease. Novel anti-cholestatic therapeutic options have been developed for patients not favorably responding to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), the current standard treatment for cholestatic liver disease. Important novel treatment targets now also include nuclear receptors involved in bile acid (BA) homoeostasis like farnesoid X receptor and G proteincoupled receptors e.g., the G-protein-coupled BA receptor “transmembrane G coupled receptor 5”. Fibroblast growth factor-19 and enterohepatic BA transporters also deserve attention as additional drug targets as does the potential treatment agent norUDCA. In this review, we discuss recent and future promising therapeutic agents and their potential molecular mechanisms in cholestatic liver disorders.

关键词： Bile acids Drug therapy Cholestatic liver disease Nuclear receptor agonists