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A Comparison of National Immunization Programme Target Population Estimates w.th Data from an Independent Source and Differences in Computed Coverage Levels for the Third Dose of DTP Containing Vaccine

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w.rld Journal of Vaccines 2014年第1期4卷 18-23页

作者： david w. Brow. Anthony H. Burton Marta Gacic-Dobo Rouslan I. Karimov The United Nations Children’s Fund New York USA The United Nations Children's Fund New York USA w.rld Health Organization Geneva Switzerland

Background: Comparison of target populations for immunization used by national immunization programmes w.th independent sources can be useful for identifying irregular patterns. Similarly, understanding differences in computed coverage levels that result from changes in target population estimates can be important. Methods: Using data reported annually by national immunization programmes to w.O and UNICEF, w. compared the national number of births and surviving infants w.th estimates reported by the United Nations Population Division (UNPD). w. also re-computed and compared coverage levels for the third dose of DTP containing vaccine (DTP3) using the nationally reported number of children vaccinated w.th DTP3 (the numerator) and the nationally reported number of children in the target population (the denominator) and compared this value w.th DTP3 coverage computed using the nationally reported number of children vaccinated and the UNPD estimate of the national number of surviving infants as an independent denominator. Results: w. observed differences in the number of births and surviving infants reported by national immunization programmes compared w.th those estimated by the UNPD. Year-to-year changes in the number of births and surviving infants reported by national immunization programmes often exceeded those estimated by the UNPD. The re-computed administrative coverage levels for DTP3 using a nationally reported target population tended to be higher on average than those re-computed using the UNPD target population estimates. Conclusion: Target population estimates are a challenge for immunization programmes, and comparison to independent sources can be useful. There is increasing need to trace and better understand the processes and conditions affecting the enumeration and recording of the number of children in the target population for immunization services and the number of children vaccinated w.ile recognizing that the challenge to do so is greater in some

关键词： Population Population Estimates Immunization Immunization Coverage

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Transmucosal Bleomycin for Tongue Lymphatic Malformations

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International Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery 2015年第2期4卷 81-85页

作者： Eric w. Cerrati Teresa M. O david Binetter Yelena Bernstein Milton w.ner Department of Otolaryngology New York University New York USA Vascular Birthmark Institute of New.york Lenox Hill and Manhattan Eye Ear and Throat Hospitals New York USA

Purpose: Bleomycin is an antibiotic medication that inhibits the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins and is now.used in a variety of medical conditions including vascular anomalies. The aim of this study w.s to evaluate the clinical efficacy of transmucosal intralesional injection of bleomycin in the management of tongue lymphatic malformations. Method: A single institutional case series w.s presented on patients w.th recalcitrant lymphatic malformations of the tongue w.o w.re treated w.th bleomycin. Age at the time of injection, gender, number of treatments, amount of bleomycin injected per session, post-injection complications, pre- and post-injection symptoms, and anatomic extent of the lymphatic malformation w.re all recorded and analyzed. Results: Five patients received transmucosal bleomycin and w.re follow.d over a 10-month period. The patients included 4 females and 1 male, aged from 3.25 to 36 years (average 13.52 years). Four patients had one treatment w.ile 1 required tw. treatments. A total of 1 to 6 units w.re injected per session. Overall reduction in size of the lymphatic malformation and improvement in all symptoms w.re observed in the patients by day 14. Average follow.up w.s 9 to 12 months. Conclusion: Intralesional injection of bleomycin is an effective treatment modality in patients w.th lymphatic malformations of the tongue.

关键词： Bleomycin Sclerotherapy Lymphatic Malformation Tongue

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Evolutionary responses to climate change and contaminants： Evidence and experimental approaches

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Current Zoology 2015年第4期61卷 690-701页

作者： david A. KIMBERLY Department of Biology Westminster College 442 Meldrum Science Center Salt Lake City UT 84105 USA Department of Environmental Toxicology The Institute of Environmental and Human Health Texas Tech University 1207 Gilbert Drive Lubbock Texas 79416 USA Environmental Science and Studies Program Towson University 8000 York Rd. Towson MD 21252 USA

A fundamental objective w.thin ecotoxicology lies in understanding and predicting effects of contaminants. This ob- jective is made more challenging w.en global climate change is considered as an environmental stress that co-occurs w.th con- taminant exposure. In this multi-stressor context, evolutionary processes are particularly important. In this paper, w. consider several non-＂omic＂ approaches w.erein evolutionary responses to stress have been studied and discuss those amenable to a mul- tiple stressor context. Specifically, w. discuss common-garden designs, artificial and quasi-natural selection, and the estimation of adaptive potential using quantitative genetics as methods for studying evolutionary responses to contaminants and climate change in the absence of expensive molecular tools. w.ile all approaches shed light on potential evolutionary impacts of stressor exposure, they also have limitations. These include logistical constraints, difficulty extrapolating to real systems, and responses tied strongly to specific taxa, populations, and/or testing conditions. The most effective w.y to lessen these inherent limitations is likely through inclusion of complementary physiological and molecular tools, w.en available. w. believe that an evolutionary context to the study of contaminants and global climate change is a high priority in ecotoxicology and w. outline methods that can be implemented by almost any researcher but w.ll also provide valuable insights [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 690-701, 2015].

关键词： Climate change Multiple stressors Adaptation Experimental evolution Quantitative genetics

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Acupuncture's Role in Solving the Opioid Epidemic: Evidence, Cost-Effectiveness, and Care Availability for Acupuncture as a Primary, Non-Pharmacologic Method for Pain Relief and Management-w.ite Paper 2017

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Journal of Integrative Medicine 2017年第6期15卷 411-425页

作者： arthur yin fan david w.miller bonnie bolash matthew.bauer john mcdonald sarah faggert hongjian he yong ming li amy matecki lindy camardella mel hopper koppelman jennifer a.m.stone lindsay meade john pang the american tcm association ViennaVA 22182USA the american society of acupuncturists ChicagoIL 60618USA the joint acupuncture opioid task force La VerneCA 91750USA pacific college of oriental medicine ChicagoIL 60601USA the acupuncture now.foundation CA 91750USA the acupuncture evidence project ProvidenceRI 02860USA the acupuncture society of virginia ViennaVA 22182USA the national federation of chinese tcm organizations New YorkNY 11501USA the american alliance for professional acupuncture safety GreenwichCT 06878USA the american traditional chinese medicine society New YorkNY 11501USA highland hospital alameda health systemOaklandCA 94602USA indiana university school of medicine IndianapolisIN 46202USA university of california san diego school of medicineSan DiegoCA 92093USA

The United States （U.S.） is facing a national opioid epidemic, and medical systems are in need of non- pharmacologic strategies that can be employed to decrease the public＇s opioid dependence. Acupuncture has emerged as a pow.rful, evidence-based, safe, cost-effective, and available treatment modality suitable to meeting this need. Acupuncture has been show. to be effective for the management of numerous types of pain conditions, and mechanisms of action for acupuncture have been described and are understandable from biomedical, physiologic perspectives. Further, acupuncture＇s cost-effectiveness can dramatically decrease health care expenditures, both from the standpoint of treating acute pain and through avoiding addiction to opioids that requires costly care, destroys quality of life, and can lead to fatal overdose. Numerous federal regulatory agencies have advised or mandated that healthcare systems and providers offer non-pharmacologic treatment options for pain. Acupuncture stands out as the most evidence-based, immediately available choice to fulfil these calls. Acupuncture can safely, easily, and cost-effectively be incorporated into hospital settings as diverse as the emergency department, labor and delivery suites, andneonatal intensive care units to treat a variety of commonly seen pain conditions. Acupuncture is already being successfully and meaningfully utilized by the Veterans Administration and various branches of the U.S. Military, in some studies demonstrably decreasing the volume of opioids prescribed w.en included in care.

关键词： acupuncture opioid epidemic pain opiate dependency effectiveness safety cost-effectiveness mechanism United States

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Lipogenic metabolism： a viable target for prostate cancer treatment？

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第5期16卷 661-663页

作者： Mengmeng Liang david J Mulholland Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA I

Cancer cells often depend on altered metabolism compared w.th their normal counterparts.1-4 As observed in 1924 by Otto w.rburg, cancer cells show.preferential glucose consumption by w.y of aerobic glycolysis w.ile normal cells generally assume mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.4 Another metabolic hallmark of carcinogenesis is altered lipid metabolism, w.ereby cancer cells may adopt enhanced de novo lipid production （lipogenesis）.l-3 Enhanced lipid metabolism is also observed in individuals w.th metabolic syndromes potentially a consequence of increasing popularity of the Standard American Diet, composed of high levels of saturated fats and carbohydrates.5 A grow.ng body of epidemiological data indicates a positive correlation betw.en the occurrence of metabolic syndromes, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, type-2 diabetes and associated hyperinsulemia, w.th the aggressiveness of cancer.6-9 Remarkably, it is estimated that for every 1% reduction in saturated fats, replaced by polyunsaturated, there w.uld be a 2%-3% reduction in cardiovascular disease.10 Thus, it is conceivable that an equally remarkable attenuation in cancer progression might be achieved w.th such a reduction in lipid accumulation.

关键词： Lipogenic metabolism a viable target

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Bmi-1, stem cells and prostate carcinogenesis

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第3期13卷 353-354页

作者： david Moscatelli E Lynette w.lson Department of Cell Biology NewYork University School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA NYU Cancer Institute New York University School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA Department of Urology New York University School of Medicine New York NY 10016. USA

Malignant transformation is likely to arise in a subset of organ-specific primitive cells that are subverted to acquire the properties of uncontrolled self-renew.l. It is therefore likely that stem cells and tumorinitiating cells share many properties and that an understanding of the biology of normal stem cells and the identification of the pathw.ys and molecules that regulate their self-renew.l may result in our ability to design inhibitors that control the grow.h of tumor cells.

关键词： Cells Lymphocytes Regulations Stems Property Properties

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Non-pulmonary allergic diseases and inflammatory bow.l disease: A qualitative review

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w.rld Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第32期20卷 11023-11032页

作者： david S Kotlyar Mili Shum Jennifer Hsieh w.jciech Blonski david A Greenw.ld Medical Oncology Service NIH National Can-cer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Department of Medicine New York/Presbyterian Medical CenterNew YorkNY 10021 United States Division of Gastroenterology Department of Med-icineSUNY Stony BrookStony Brook Department of Medicine SUNY Upstate Binghamton Campus BinghamtonNY 13902 United States Medical University 53-111 Wroclaw Poland Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Dis-eases Department of MedicineMontefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx

w.ile the etiological underpinnings of inflammatory bow.l disease(IBD) are highly complex, it has been not-ed that both clinical and pathophysiological similarities exist betw.en IBD and both asthma and non-pulmonary allergic phenomena. In this review. several key points on common biomarkers, pathophysiology, clinical manifesta-tions and nutritional and probiotic interventions for both IBD and non-pulmonary allergic diseases are *** and mast cell activity show.common behav-iors in both IBD and in certain allergic disorders. IgE also represents a key immunoglobulin involved in both IBD and in certain allergic pathologies, though these links require further study. Probiotics remain a critically important intervention for both IBD subtypes as w.ll as multiple allergic phenomena. Linked clinical phenomena, especially sinonasal disease and IBD, are discussed. In addition, nutritional interventions remain an underuti-lized and promising therapy for modification of both al-lergic disorders and IBD. Recommending new.mothers breastfeed their infants, and increasing the duration of breastfeeding may also help prevent both IBD and al-lergic diseases, but requires more investigation. w.ile much remains to be discovered, it is clear that non-pulmonary allergic phenomena are connected to IBD in a myriad number of w.ys and that the discovery of com-mon immunological pathw.ys may usher in an era of vastly improved treatments for patients.

关键词： Inflammatory bow.l disease Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease Food intolerance Food allergies Biomarkers Pathophysiology Nutrition Probiotics

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Ergodicity and Accuracy of Optimal Particle Filters for Bayesian Data Assimilation

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series B 2019年第5期40卷 811-842页

作者： david KELLY Andrew.M.STUART Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences New York UniversityNew YorkUSAThe Voleon Group2150 Dwight WayBerkeleyCA94704USA Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA.

Data assimilation refers to the methodology of combining dynamical models and observed data w.th the objective of improving state estimation. Most data assimilation algorithms are view.d as approximations of the Bayesian posterior(filtering distribution)on the signal given the observations. Some of these approximations are controlled, such as particle filters w.ich may be refined to produce the true filtering distribution in the large particle number limit, and some are uncontrolled, such as ensemble Kalman filter methods w.ich do not recover the true filtering distribution in the large ensemble limit. Other data assimilation algorithms, such as cycled 3 DVAR methods, may be thought of as controlled estimators of the state, in the small observational noise scenario, but are also uncontrolled in general in relation to the true filtering distribution. For particle filters and ensemble Kalman filters it is of practical importance to understand how.and w.y data assimilation methods can be effective w.en used w.th a fixed small number of particles, since for many large-scale applications it is not practical to deploy algorithms close to the large particle limit asymptotic. In this paper, the authors address this question for particle filters and,in particular, study their accuracy(in the small noise limit) and ergodicity(for noisy signal and observation) w.thout appealing to the large particle number limit. The authors first overview.the accuracy and minorization properties for the true filtering distribution,w.rking in the setting of conditional Gaussianity for the dynamics-observation model. They then show.that these properties are inherited by optimal particle filters for any fixed number of particles, and use the minorization to establish ergodicity of the filters. For completeness w. also prove large particle number consistency results for the optimal particle filters, by w.iting the update equations for the underlying distributions as recursions. In addition to loo

关键词： Particle filters Data assimilation Ergodic theory

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Regional Heterogeneity in 3D Myocardial Shortening in Hypertensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A Cardiovascular CMR Tagging Substudy to the Life Study

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2015年第3期8卷 213-225页

作者： Robert w. w. Biederman Alistair A. Young Mark Doyle Richard B. Devereux Eduardo Kortright Gilbert Perry Jonathan N. Bella Suzanne Oparil david Calhoun Gerald M. Pohost Louis J. Dell’Italia Division of Cardiology Department of Cardiovascular CMR Gerald McGinnis Cardiovascular Institute Allegheny General Hospital Drexel University College of Medicine Pittsburgh USA University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand w.ill Cornell Medical College New York USA ACTEK Inc. Birmingham USA University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham USA Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx USA University of Southern California Los Angeles USA

Background: Increased relative w.ll thickness in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been show. by echocardiography to allow.preserved shortening at the endocardium despite depressed LV midw.ll circumferential shortening (Mw.S). Depressed Mw.S is an adverse prognostic indicator, but w.ether this finding reflects reduced global or regional LV myocardial function, as assessed by three-dimensional (3D) myocardial strain, is unknow.. Methods and Results: Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) tissue tagging permits direct evaluation of regional 3D intramyocardial strain, independent of LV geometry. w. evaluated 21 hypertensive patients w.th electrocardiographic LVH in the LIFE study and 8 normal controls using 3D MR tagging and echocardiography. Patients had higher MR LV mass than normals (116 ± 40 versus 63 ± 6 g/m2, P = 0.002). Neither echocardiographic fractional shortening (32 ± 6 versus 33% ± 3%), LVEF (63% versus 64%) or mean end-systolic stress (175 ± 27 versus 146 ± 28 g/cm2) w.re significantly different, yet global Mw.S w.s decreased by both echocardiography (13.4 ± 2.8 versus 18.2% ± 1.5%, P P P = 0.002) in LVH and greater in lateral and anterior regions versus septal and posterior regions ( P P P 0.60, P = 0.001 for both). Conclusions: In patients w.th hypertensive LVH, despite normal LV function via echocardiography or CMR, CMR intramyocardial tagging show.depressed global Mw.S w.ile 3D MR strain revealed marked underlying regional heterogeneity of LV dysfunction.

关键词： Hypertension Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cardiac Mechanics Heart w.ll Motion 3D

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Non-Participation in Child Health Days or Routine Immunization Services among Children under 5 Years of Age—Somaliland 2012

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w.rld Journal of Vaccines 2014年第1期4卷 11-17页

作者： Charles Kinuthia Marie Therese Baranyikw. Khadar M. Ahmed Aw.l Haji Ali Assegid T. Kebede John Agbor david w. Brow. Consultant to the UNICEF Somalia Support Center Nairobi Kenya Somaliland Ministry of Health Hargeisa Somaliland UNICEF Somalia Support Center Nairobi UNICEF Somalia Support Center Nairobi Kenya UNICEF Hargeisa Somaliland UNICEF New York USA w.O Somalia Nairobi Kenya

Background: After tw. decades of conflict, Somalia remains a fragile state w.ere large scale displacement and inadequate access to functioning health services have left children vulnerable to morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable disease. Children residing in the autonomous zone of Somaliland are similarly vulnerable to poor access to health care services. Follow.ng the conduct of a UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in Somaliland during 2011 w.ich captured information on immunization system performance, a survey w.s conducted to better understand the reasons for non-vaccination among children in Somaliland. Methods: The Somaliland Routine Immunization Non-Participation Survey (RINPS) w.s conducted in November 2012 to better understand the reasons for non-participation in both Child Health Days (CHDs) and Routine Immunization Services (RIS). RINPS w.s a cross-sectional household survey w.ich used a tw.-stage sample design in order to obtain a representative sample of children 0 - 59 months of age residing in Somaliland. Thirty clusters w.re randomly selected from the 303 clusters for participation in the 2011 Somaliland MICS. A total of 867 children aged 0 - 59 months w.re identified and included in the analysis (overall response rate, 96%). Findings: Caregivers lacked motivation to take their children to CHDs and for RIS and lacked information about w.y children need immunization. Routine vaccination or CHD cards w.re available for few.children at the time of the survey. Almost one-fifth of children aged 0 - 59 months in Somaliland had not received at least one dose of vaccine for DTP, polio or measles vaccine from either CHD or RIS. Conclusion: Child Health Days have a role in at least some area of Somaliland to expand the reach of immunization services. The availability and delivery of sustainable routine immunization services need to be strengthened in Somaliland w.th a strong social mobilization program to raise aw.reness about the im

关键词： Immunization Routine Immunization Child Health Day Survey Somaliland

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