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Transitioning from paternalism to empowerment of farmers in lowincome countries: Farming components to systems

Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第8期14卷 1490-1499页

作者： david norman Agricultural Economics Department Kansas State University

Reasons for the initiation of farming systems/participatory approaches in non-Green Revolution（i.e., in more heterogeneous and less favourable production environments） areas in low-income countries is followed by a discussion of their *** phases are described along, with a brief description of some of the significant methods in which farmer participation has been sought, accessed and *** enabled/facilitated the evolutionary ***, over the last 40 years there has been a progress in making small-scale farmers much more visible in driving the agricultural research/development agenda through using the four basic stages embodied in the farming systems approach（i.e., descriptive, diagnosis, testing/evaluation and finally dissemination）, much still needs to be *** leads on to a discussion as to some of the barriers still inhibiting true farmer empowerment and why further, such empowerment is imperative, if the agricultural challenges of this century are to be addressed successfully, namely substantially increasing agricultural productivity in an ecologically sustainable *** the heterogeneity of the production environments and that many identified improvements are likely to be incremental rather than revolutionary in nature, this will require farmers＇ intimate involvement in their identification, evaluation and *** in the paper recognizes that there is increasing globalization/commercialization of agriculture and is predicated on the need to consider the whole farmer-research-development continuum involving multiple stakeholders（i.e., farmers, scientists, extension workers, input/output service providers and policymakers）.Such a continuum has been explicitly recognized in the operational plans for the recently reformed international agricultural research（i.e., CGIAR） *** paper concludes with a short discussion on the potential role of formal modelling.

关键词： farming systems research farmer empowerment farmer participatory approaches/techniques globalisation commercialisation conservat

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VR-based digital twin for remote monitoring of mining equipment:Architecture and a case study

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虚拟现实与智能硬件（中英文） 2024年第2期6卷 100-112页

作者： Jovana PLAVŠIĆ Ilija MIŠKOVIĆnorman BKeevil norman B.Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering University of British ColumbiaVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada

Background Traditional methods for monitoring mining equipment rely primarily on visual inspections,which are time-consuming,inefficient,and *** article introduces a novel approach to monitoring mission-critical systems and services in the mining industry by integrating virtual reality(VR)and digital twin(DT)***-based DTs enable remote equipment monitoring,advanced analysis of machine health,enhanced visualization,and improved decision *** This article presents an architecture for VR-based DT development,including the developmental stages,activities,and stakeholders involved.A case study on the condition monitoring of a conveyor belt using real-time synthetic vibration sensor data was conducted using the proposed *** study demonstrated the application of the methodology in remote monitoring and identified the need for further development for implementation in active mining *** article also discusses interdisciplinarity,choice of tools,computational resources,time and cost,human involvement,user acceptance,frequency of inspection,multiuser environment,potential risks,and applications beyond the mining *** The findings of this study provide a foundation for future research in the domain of VR-based DTs for remote equipment monitoring and a novel application area for VR in mining.

关键词： Virtual reality Digital twin Condition monitoring Mining equipment

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Mechanism of cross-level settlements and void accumulation of wide and conventional sleepers in railway ballast

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Railway Engineering Science 2024年第3期32卷 361-383页

作者： Olga Nabochenko Mykola Sysyn norman Krumnow Szabolcs Fischer Institute of Railway Systems and Public Transport Technical University of DresdenDresdenGermany Rhomberg Sersa Deutschland GmbH BerlinGermany Central Campus Győr Széchenyi István UniversityGyorHungary

The cross-level and twist irregularities are the most dangerous irregularity types that could cause wheel unloading with the risk of derailments and additional maintenance ***,the mechanism of the irregularities initiation and development is *** motivation of the present study was the previous experimental studies on the application of wide sleepers in the ballasted *** long-term track geometry measurements with wide sleepers show an enormous reduction of the vertical longitudinal irregularities compared to the conventional ***,wide sleepers had higher twist and cross-section level *** present paper aims to explain the phenomenon by discrete element method(DEM)modeling the development process of sleeper inhomogeneous support at cross-level depending on the sleeper *** DEM simulations show that the maximal settlement intensity is up to 3.5 times lower for a wide sleeper in comparison with the conventional ***,the cross-level differential settlements are almost the same for both *** particle loading distribution after all loading cycles is concentrated on the smaller area,up to the half sleeper length,with fully unloaded zones under sleeper *** flow limitation under the central part of the sleeper could improve the resilience of wide sleepers to the development of cross-level *** mechanism of initiation of the cross-level irregularity is proposed,which assumes the loss of sleeper support under sleeper *** further growth of inhomogeneous settlements along the sleeper is assumed as a result of the interaction of two processes:ballast flow due to dynamic impact during void closing and on the other side high pressure due to the concentration of the pressure under the middle part of the *** DEM simulation results support the assumption of the mechanism and agree with the experimental studies.

关键词： Wide sleeper Ballasted track Sleeper support inhomogeneity Sleeper foot form Discrete element modeling Void accumulation

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Projected Changes in Extreme Event Indices for Alaska

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2024年第2期14卷 191-209页

作者： John E. Walsh Kyle Redilla norman Shippee Lukas Cheung david Bigelow Ronni Wilcock International Arctic Research Center University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks USA Stantec Ottawa Canada Stantec Montreal Canada Stantec Calgary Canada Two Bears Environmental Consulting Anchorage USA

As climate has warmed in recent decades, Alaska has experienced a variety of high-impact extreme events that include heat waves, wildfires, coastal storms and freezing rain. Because the warming is projected to continue, it is essential to consider future changes when planning adaptation actions and building resilience. In this study, we synthesize information on future changes in extreme events in Alaska from an ensemble of regional climate model simulations performed as part of Arctic-CORDEX (Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment). A set of 13 extreme event indices, based on those developed by the World Climate Research Programme’s Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI), are evaluated from the Arctic-CORDEX output for Alaska. Of the 13 indices, six pertain to temperature, five to total precipitation, one to wind and one to snow. The results for locations in seven different climate zones of Alaska include large increases (5˚C - 10˚C) in the temperature thresholds for the five hottest and coldest days of the year, and large increases in warm spell duration and decreases in cold spell duration. Changes in the cold day temperature threshold are generally larger than the changes in the hot day temperature threshold, consistent with the projections of a stronger warming in winter than in summer in Alaska yearly maximum 1-day and 5-day precipitation amounts as well as the yearly number of consecutive wet days are projected to increase at all locations. The indices for heavy snow days and high-wind days show mixed changes, although the results indicate increases in heavy snow days at the more northern locations and increases in windy days at coastal locations. The changes in the extreme event indices continue through 2100 under the higher-emission (RCP 8.5) emission scenario, while the changes generally stabilize under the lower-emission (RCP 4.5) scenario. .

关键词： Extreme Events Temperature Precipitation Alaska Climate

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Evaluation of Psychosocial Problems Among African University Students in Uganda： Development and Validation of a Screening Instrument

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Psychology Research 2014年第2期4卷 112-131页

作者： norman david Nsereko Seggane Musisi Steven Holtzman Nkumba University Entebbe Uganda Makerere University Kampala Uganda Center for Data Analysis ResearchEducational Testing Service Princeton USA

Establishing the nature of psychosocial problems for effective intervention through quantitative assessment by university counselors in Uganda is impeded for lack of instruments that are developed or validated in their own environments or they are too costly on the market. This has left many vulnerable university students and the university mental health very much compromised. The aim of the study was to develop a psychometrically sound psychosocial instrument that could be used to identify psychosocial problems among university students for professional intervention. An exploratory, cross-sectional study employing random sampling technique with both qualitative and quantitative approaches was used in the development and validation of the instrument. Respondents from university students and key informants were involved. The resulting 17-item USEPP (University Students Evaluation of Psychosocial Problems) was interpreted as a four dimensional measure of psychosocial problems namely, emotional, concerns, trauma experiences, antisocial behavior, and academic concerns among university students. USEPP cut off point was established at 18 and it reported sensitivity at 99.1% (95% CI = 95-100), specificity at 98.03% (95% CI = 96-99) p < 0.0001, +PV = 95, -PV = 96. AUC (area under curve) = 0.997. It has an internal consistency of 0.81. It was validated with HSCL-10 a psychological distress instrument. The validation indicated that USEPP measures psychosocial factors, it discriminates university students with or without psychosocial problems and that it can predict psychological distress. USEPP may be used to screen for psychosocial problems among university students for early intervention and for research purposes.

关键词：心理问题社会行为大学生乌干达验证筛选非洲评估

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An overview of marine & utility system for offshore platform

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Engineering Sciences 2013年第4期11卷 41-47页

作者： Ho Jin Jeong david norman Derrick Zhang DMAR Engineering Inc.

Main marine 8, utility （M ＆ U） systems are essential to the routine operation of offshore units, and are extremely important as they are the system that will ensure the basic safety of offshore platforms. This paper gave a general explanation and guideline of the marine ＆ utility systems in offshore projects including their interface with topside, M ＆ U engineering, equipment sizing operation and control.

关键词： marine & utility systems offshore platform

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Diet variability of snappers(Teleostei:Lutjanidae)in a bay-to-reef ecosystem of the Mexican Caribbean

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Water Biology and Security 2024年第1期3卷 53-59页

作者： Leon Felipe Martínez-Juarez Juan J.Schmitter-Soto Nancy Cabanillas-Teran norman Mercado-Silva El Colegio de la Frontera Sur 77014ChetumalQuintana RooMexico Centro de Investigacion en Biodiversidad y Conservacion Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos62209CuernavacaMorelosMexico

Fishes use environmental resources *** ontogenic movements among coastal habitats lead to diverse *** investigated the diets of seven snapper species(Lutjanus apodus,***,***,***,***,***,and Ocyurus chrysurus)in three interconnected coastal environments in the western Caribbean:Río Huach channel,Chetumal/Corozal bay,and the adjacent Xcalak reef *** three encompass all habitats used by the seven species in the study *** diets were mostly composed of fish and crustaceans,but dominance of either group varied among the studied habitats;for example,fish were the main prey for *** from the reef lagoon zone,but second in the *** are piscivorous-invertivorous mesopredators;the species that relied the most on fishes were *** and ***,whereas *** preferred *** content results revealed a high degree of dietary overlap among *** findings suggested a tradeoff in relative weight between fish and crustaceans as the main food source of snappers at these connected areas,supporting the hypothesis of niche *** results can be used as a baseline to further our understanding of the ecology and differences in resource use by snapper species in an area undergoing important anthropogenic changes.

关键词： Resource partitioning Chetumal/Corozal bay Quintana Roo Trophic ecology

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N_2-Ar-He systematics and source of ore-forming fluid in Changkeng Au-Ag deposit, central Guangdong, China

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Science China Earth Sciences 1999年第5期42卷 474-481页

作者：孙晓明孙凯陈炳辉陈敬德 david I.norman Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMT) Socorro NM87801

Changkeng Au-Ag deposit is a newly-discovered new type precious metal deposit. N2-Ar-He systematics studies and 3He/4He and δD-δ180 composition analyses show that the ore-forming fluid of the deposit is composed mainly of formation water (sedimentary brine) but not of meteoric water, which was thought to be source of the ore-forming fluid by most previous researchers. The content of mantle-derived magmatic water in the ore-forming fluid is quite low, usually lower than 10% . According to the source of the ore-forming fluid, the Changkeng Au-Ag deposit should belong to sedimentary brine transformed deposits. From the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous Period, with deposition and accumulation of thick sediments in Sanzhou Basin, the formation water in the sedimentary layers was expelled from the basin because of overburden pressure and increasing temperature. The expelled fluid moved laterally along sedimentary layers to the margin of the basin, and finally moved upward along a gently-dipping interlayer fault. Because of a decline in pressure and temperature, ore minerals were deposited in the fault.

关键词： ore-forming fluid N2-Ar-He systematics 3He/4He and δD-δ18O composition formation water (sedimentary brine) Changkeng Au-Ag deposit.

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Pre-operative visceral adipose tissue radiodensity is a potentially novel prognostic biomarker for early endoscopic post-operative recurrence in Crohn’s disease

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2024年第3期16卷 740-750页

作者： Phillip Gu Shishir Dube norman Gellada So Yung Choi Susan Win Yoo Jin Lee Shaohong Yang Talin Haritunians Gil Y Melmed Eric A Vasiliauskas Niru Bonthala Gaurav Syal Andres J Yarur david Ziring Shervin Rabizadeh Phillip Fleshner Cindy Kallman Suzanne Devkota Stephan R Targan Dalin Li Dermot PB McGovern Department of Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA 90048United States Department of Imaging Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA 90048United States Department of Biostatistics Shared Resource Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA 90048United States Department of Internal Medicine Keimyung University School of MedicineDaegu 42601South Korea Department of Medicine University of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095United States Department of Medicine University of California at San DiegoSan DiegoCA 92093United States Department of Pediatrics Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA 90048United States Department of Surgery Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA 90048United States

BACKGROUND Evidence suggests inflammatory mesenteric fat is involved in post-operative recurrence(POR)of Crohn’s disease(CD).However,its prognostic value is INTRODUCTION Crohn’s disease(CD)is a debilitating chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease(IMID)of the gastrointestinal tract that is increasing in incidence and prevalence globally[1].CD patients often undergo surgery for disease-related complic-ations and/or medically refractory ***,surgery is not curative,and many patients develop post-operative recurrence(POR)of CD with a significant proportion eventually requiring additional *** advances in early detection and therapeutics,the contemporary 10-year risk of surgery has improved from 50%to 26%,but the risk of recurrent surgery has remained unchanged at 30%,suggesting a need to improve post-operative management strategies[2].Presently,there are two accepted strategies to mitigate POR,but each have potential ***,patients start early post-operative pharmacologic prophylaxis within 4-6 wk after *** strategy can potentially overtreat a subset of patient who may not develop long-term disease recurrence off ***,these patients are at risk of medication-related adverse events and the direct and indirect costs associated with therapy with little or no benefit[3].The second strategy is performing early colonoscopy within 6-12 months after surgery and escalating therapy based on FOOTNOTES Author contributions:Gu P is the guarantor of the article and was involved in concept and design,data collection,statistical analysis,drafting of manuscript,and final approval of manuscript;Dube S and Choi SY were involved in statistical analysis,drafting of the manuscript,and final approval of manuscript;Gellada N,Win S,Lee YJ and Yang S were involved in the data collection,drafting of the manuscript,and final approval of manuscript;Haritunians T and Li D were involved in data analysis and interpretation,drafting

关键词： Crohn’s disease Surgery Visceral adipose tissue Mesenteric adipose tissue Creeping fat Computed tomography

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加工设备评述

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橡胶参考资料 1997年第12期27卷 55-57页

作者： david norman 廖晓东

1839年,Charles Goodyear发现了橡胶的硫化方法,从那时起,橡胶工业进入了新时代。早先,橡胶是在双辊炼胶机上混炼,1916年出现了第一台密炼机。多年来,为了改善混炼效果,混炼设备已发生了许多变化,改善了炭黑和硫黄的分散程度,缩短了混... 详细信息

1839年,Charles Goodyear发现了橡胶的硫化方法,从那时起,橡胶工业进入了新时代。早先,橡胶是在双辊炼胶机上混炼,1916年出现了第一台密炼机。多年来,为了改善混炼效果,混炼设备已发生了许多变化,改善了炭黑和硫黄的分散程度,缩短了混炼时间而使温度变化减小,能耗降低。。

关键词：橡胶硫化加工设备

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