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Categorizing methods for integrating machine learning with executable specifications

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2024年第1期67卷 5-19页

作者： david HAREL Raz YERUSHALMI Assaf MARRON Achiya ELYASAF Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Weizmann Institute of Science Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

Deep learning(DL),which includes deep reinforcement learning(DRL),holds great promise for carrying out real-world tasks that human minds seem to cope with quite *** promise is already delivering extremely impressive results in a variety of ***,while DL-enabled systems achieve excellent performance,they are far from *** has been demonstrated,in several domains,that DL systems can err when they encounter cases they had not hitherto ***,the opacity of the produced agents makes it difficult to explain their behavior and ensure that they adhere to various requirements posed by human *** the other end of the software development spectrum of methods,behavioral programming(BP) facilitates orderly system development using self-standing executable modules aligned with how humans intuitively describe desired system *** this paper,we elaborate on different approaches for combining DRL with BP and,more generally,machine learning(ML) with executable specifications(ES).We begin by defining a framework for studying the various approaches,which can also be used to study new emerging approaches not covered *** then briefly review state-of-the-art approaches to integrating ML with ES,continue with a focus on DRL,and then present the merits of integrating ML with *** conclude with guidelines on how this categorization can be used in decision making in system development,and outline future research challenges.

关键词： machine learning artificial intelligence grey box learning domain knowledge rules behavioral programming deep reinforcement learning survey

Uncovering the functional basis of mantids that resemble plants

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第1期67卷 215-216页

作者： Wei Zhang david JLohman State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research School of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Biology Department City College of New YorkCity University of New YorkNew York 10031 USA PhD Program in Biology City University of New YorkNew York 10016 USA Entomology Section National Museum of Natural HistoryManila 1000Philippines

Convergent evolution frequently causes one species to look like another to increase its ***“adaptive resemblance”takes many forms:edible species mimic noxious ones to avoid predation;camouflaged patterns allow an organism to blend into its environment;and being mistaken for an inedible object allows a prey species to masquerade as a twig or dead *** resemblance is relatively common in insects,which comprise around 60%of known species.

关键词： species functional mimic

Soil security and global food security

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2024年第2期11卷 297-302页

作者： david R.MONTGOMERY Department of Earth and Space Sciences University of Washington townSeattleWA 98105USA

Over the course of the postglacial period has managed to add degrade a substantial portion of the world's potential agricultural land. The soil loss and degradation that has repeatedly impacted regional societies around the world resulted from agricultural practices that increased the physical loss of soil(erosion), reduced soil organic matter, changed p H(acidification) or salinity,and disrupted or altered communities of soil life. In the coming century, as continued soil degradation threatens global food security while the global population keeps rising it is imperative that farmers develop and adopt soilhealth building(regenerative) practices to solve a problem that has plagued societies throughout history. Growing evidence suggests that agricultural systems that combine cover crops, reduced tillage, and diverse crop rotations can reduce erosion, enhance soil health and rebuild soil organic matter to cultivate beneficial soil life and harvest both economic and environmental benefits. In the coming post-oil world, global food security would benefit from a global effort to promote soil restoration to help addresses the challenge of sustainably feeding the world, increase soil-based carbon sequestration,protect on-farm biodiversity and reduce off-farm water pollution. Because soil security sets a solid foundation for global food security, agricultural policies and subsidies should be reformed to encourage farmers to adopt regenerative,soil-building practices.

关键词： Agriculture soil security food security regenerative

The great catastrophe: causes of the Permo-Triassic marine mass extinction

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National Science Review 2024年第1期11卷 37-50页

作者： Paul B.Wignall david P.G.Bond School of Earth & Environment University of Leeds School of Environmental Sciences University of Hull

The marine losses during the Permo-Triassic mass extinction were the worst ever experienced. All groups were badly affected, especially amongst the benthos(e.g. brachiopods, corals, bryozoans, foraminifers,ostracods). Planktonic populations underwent a fundamental change with eukaryotic algae being replaced by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, green-sulphur bacteria, sulphate-reducing bacteria and prasinophytes. Detailed studies of boundary sections, especially those in South China, have resolved the crisis to a ～55 kyr interval straddling the Permo-Triassic boundary. Many of the losses occur at the beginning and end of this interval painting a picture of a two-phase extinction. Improved knowledge of the extinction has been supported by numerous geochemical studies that allow diverse proposed extinction mechanisms to be studied. A transition from oxygenated to anoxic-euxinic conditions is seen in most sections globally, although the intensity and timing shows regional variability. Decreased ocean ventilation coincides with rapidly rising temperatures and many extinction scenarios attribute the losses to both anoxia and high *** kill mechanisms include ocean acidification for which there is conflicting support from geochemical proxies and, even less likely, siltation(burial under a massive influx of terrigenous sediment) which lacks substantive sedimentological evidence. The ultimate driver of the catastrophic changes at the end of the Permian was likely Siberian Trap eruptions and their associated carbon dioxide emissions with consequences such as warming, ocean stagnation and acidification. Volcanic winter episodes stemming from Siberian volcanism have also been linked to the crisis, but the short-term nature of these episodes(

关键词： ocean anoxia ocean acidification siltation productivity collapse volcanic winter

Simplified prediction models for acoustic installation effects of train-mounted equipment

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Railway Engineering Science 2024年第2期32卷 125-143页

作者： david Thompson Dong Zhao Giacomo Squicciarini Institute of Sound and Vibration Research University of SouthamptonSouthampton SO171BJUK

Acoustic models of railway vehicles in standstill and pass-by conditions can be used as part of a virtual certification process for new *** each piece of auxiliary equipment,the sound power measured on a test bench is combined with meas-ured or predicted transfer *** is important,however,to allow for installation effects due to shielding by fairings or the train *** the current work,fast-running analytical models are developed to determine these installation *** model for roof-mounted sources takes account of diffraction at the corner of the train body or fairing,using a barrier *** equipment mounted under the train,the acoustic propagation from the sides of the source is based on free-field Green’s *** bottom surfaces are assumed to radiate initially into a cavity under the train,which is modelled with a simple diffuse field *** sound emitted from the gaps at the side of the cavity is then assumed to propagate to the receivers according to free-field Green’s *** show good agreement with a 2.5D boundary element model and with *** uncertainty and parametric uncertainty are *** largest variability occurs due to the height and impedance of the ground,especially for a low *** leads to standard deviations of up to 4 dB at low *** the roof-mounted sources,uncertainty over the location of the corner used in the equivalent barrier model can also lead to large standard deviations.

关键词： Train noise Auxiliary equipment Acoustic installation effects Virtual certification Uncertainty

Data-Driven Earthquake Multi-impact Modeling: A Comparison of Models

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2024年第3期15卷 421-433页

作者： Hamish Patten Max Anderson Loake david Steinsaltz Information Management International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) Department of Statistics University of Oxford

In this study, a broad range of supervised machine learning and parametric statistical, geospatial, and non-geospatial models were applied to model both aggregated observed impact estimate data and satellite image-derived geolocated building damage data for earthquakes, via regression-and classification-based models, respectively. For the aggregated observational data, models were ranked via predictive performance of mortality, population displacement, building damage, and building destruction for 375 observations across 161 earthquakes in 61 countries. For the satellite image-derived data, models were ranked via classification performance(damaged/unaff ected) of 369,813 geolocated buildings for 26 earthquakes in 15 countries. Grouped k-fold, 3-repeat cross validation was used to ensure out-of-sample predictive performance. Feature importance of several variables used as proxies for vulnerability to disasters indicates covariate utility. The 2023 Türkiye–Syria earthquake event was used to explore model limitations for extreme events. However, applying the AdaBoost model on the 27,032 held-out buildings of the 2023 Türkiye–Syria earthquake event, predictions had an AUC of 0.93. Therefore, without any geospatial, building-specific, or direct satellite image information, this model accurately classified building damage,with significantly improved performance over satellite image trained models found in the literature.

关键词： Disaster risk modeling Earthquake impact models Machine learning Disaster statistics Satellite image-derived building damage

Targeting muscle to treat Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第8期19卷 1653-1654页

作者： david Villarroel-Campos James N.Sleigh Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK UK Dementia Research Institute University College LondonLondonUK

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease(CMT)is a hereditary peripheral neuropathy causing muscle weakness/wasting and sensory dysfunction predominantly in limb *** patients display gait abnormalities,foot deformities,loss of sens... 详细信息

关键词： Marie sensation neuropathy

Cultivating potential:Harnessing plant stem cells for agricultural crop improvement

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Molecular Plant 2024年第1期17卷 50-74页

作者： Penelope Lindsay Kyle W.Swentowsky david Jackson Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring HarborNY 11724USA National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China

Meristems are stem cell-containing structures that produce all plant organs and are therefore important targets for crop *** regulators control the balance and rate of cell divisions within the *** these regulators impacts meristem architecture and,as a consequence,plant *** this review,we discuss genes involved in regulating the shoot apical meristem,inflorescence meristem,axillary meristem,root apical meristem,and vascular cambium in *** highlight several examples showing how crop breeders have manipulated developmental regulators to modify meristem growth and alter crop traits such as inflorescence size and branching *** transformation techniques are another innovation related to plant meristem research because they make crop genome engineering *** discuss recent advances on plant transformation made possible by studying genes controlling meristem ***,we conclude with discussions about how meristem research can contribute to crop improvement in the coming decades.

关键词： meristem crop improvement plant transformation plant breeding crop yield gene editing

Loss to Specialized Cardiology Follow-Up in Adults Living with Congenital Heart Disease

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Congenital Heart Disease 2024年第1期19卷 49-63页

作者： Cheryl Dickson Danielle Osborn david Baker Judith Fethney david S.Celermajer Rachael Cordina Department of Cardiology Royal Prince Alfred HospitalSydneyAustralia Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Westmead HospitalSydneyAustralia Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery The University of SydneySydneyAustralia Sydney Medical School The University of SydneySydneyAustralia

Background:Much has been written about the loss to follow-up in the transition between pediatric and adult Congenital Heart Disease(CHD)care *** less is understood about the loss to follow-up(LTF)after a successful *** is critical too,as patients lost to specialised care are more likely to experience mor-bidity and premature ***:To understand the prevalence and reasons for loss to follow-up(LTF)at a large Australian Adult Congenital Heart Disease(ACHD)***:Patients with moderate or highly complex CHD and gaps in care of>3 years(deﬁned as LTF)were identiﬁed from a comprehensive ACHD *** telephone interviews examined current care and barriers to clinic ***:Overall,407(22%)of ACHD patients(n=1842)were *** mean age at LTF was 31(SD 11.5)years and 54%were male;311(76%)were *** to adults seen regularly,lost patients were younger,with a greater socio-economic disadvantage,and had less complex CHD(p<0.05 for all).We interviewed 59 patients(14%).The top 3 responses for care absences were“feeling well”(61%),losing track of time(36%),and not needing fol-low-up care(25%).Conclusions:A large proportion of the ACHD population becomes lost to specialised cardiac care,even after a successful *** Australian study reports younger age,moderate complexity defects,and socio-economic disadvantage as predictive of loss to *** study highlights the need for novel approaches to patient-centered service delivery even beyond the age of transition and resources to maintain patient engagement within the ACHD service.

关键词： Loss to follow-up follow-up adult congenital heart disease lapse in care gaps in care care gaps care continuity ACHD predictors