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Quality control,validation and user feedback of the European Flood Alert System(EFAS)

International Journal of Digital Earth 2011年第S01期4卷 77-90页

作者： Ad De roo Jutta Thielen Peter Salamon Konrad Bogner Sebastien Nobert Hannah Cloke david Demeritt Jalal Younis Milan Kalas Katalin Bodis davide Muraro Florian Pappenberger European Commission Joint Research Centre(JRC)IspraItaly European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast(ECMWF) ReadingUK Department of Geography King’s College LondonLondonUK Czech Hydrometeorological Institute PragueCzech Republic

The quality control,validation and verification of the European Flood Alert System(EFAS)are *** is designed as a flood early warning system at pan-European scale,to complement national systems and provide flood warnings more than 2 days before a *** average 2030 alerts per year are sent out to the EFAS partner network which consists of 24 National hydrological authorities responsible for transnational river *** control of the system includes the evaluation of the hits,misses and false alarms,showing that EFAS has more than 50%of the time ***,the skills of both the meteorological as well as the hydrological forecasts are evaluated,and are included here for a 10-year ***,end-user needs and feedback are systematically *** improvements,such as real-time river discharge updating,are currently implemented.

关键词： flood warning forecasting EFAS probabilistic skill

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Prevalence of visual impairment and refractive errors in an urban area of Mexico

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2019年第10期12卷 1612-1617页

作者： Isabel Signes-Soler david P Pinero Milagro Ines Murillo Silvia Tablada University of Valencia 46100 BurjassotValenciaSpain Vision Without Border 03710 CalpAlicanteSpain Department of Optics Pharmacology and AnatomyUniversity of AlicanteAlicante 03690Spain

AIM: To determine the distribution of refractive errors in a school-age population in Quintana roo(Mexico) in the framework of an international cooperation campaign for the prevention of blindness. METHODS: A sample of 2647 school-age children(ranging from 5 to 14 years old) with a mean age of 9.1±1.9 years old were tested by trained volunteers for distance visual acuity(VA) and refractive errors. The first screening examination included uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA) and VA with a +2.00 D lens. Inclusion criteria for a second complete cycloplegic eye examination performed by an optometrist were UDVA <20/25(0.10 logMAR or 0.8 decimal) and/or VA with +2.00 D ≥20/***: A total of 633(23.9%) children underwent the second complete eye examination. Mean logMAR UDVA was 0.035±0.094(range 1.00 to 0.00 logMAR) for the right eyes and 0.036±0.160(range 1.00 to 0.00 logMAR) for the left eyes. Bilateral amblyopia was found in 17 children(2.7% of refracted eyes;0.64% of the total). The main reason for visual impairment(VI) in the sample analyzed was found to be refractive errors. In 12 children(1.9% of refracted eyes;0.45% of the total) the VI was bilateral and 9(1.4% of refracted eyes;0.34% of the total) achieved a corrected distance visual acuity of 20/25 or better in both eyes. Mean magnitude of sphere and refractive cylinder was +0.20±0.96 D and-0.43±0.85 D in right eyes, and +0.24±1.08 and-0.43±0.83 D in left eyes. The proportion of myopic eyes [standard equivalent(SE) ≤-0.50 D] was 4.6% of the whole sample(5290 eyes). The mean magnitude of myopia was-0.84±3.44 D for the right eyes and-0.82±5.21 D for the left eyes. The proportion of hyperopic patients(SE≥+2.00 D) was 2.4%(15/633), which corresponded to 0.60% of the whole sample(32/5290 eyes). No statistically significant correlation of age to manifest sphere or cylinder was ***: VI due to uncorrected refractive errors can be easily corrected with glasses but it is still a burden to be treated.

关键词： myopia hyperopia refractive error blindness visual impairment

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