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A meta-analysis of global crop water productivity of three leading world crops(wheat,corn,and rice)in the irrigated areas over three decades

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International journal of Digital Earth 2020年第8期13卷 939-975页

作者： daniel j.foley Prasad S.Thenkabail Itiya P.Aneece Pardhasaradhi G.Teluguntla Adam j.Oliphant Western Geographic Science Center United States Geological SurveyFlagstaffAZUSA Bay Area Environmental Research Institute(BAERI) NASA Research ParkMoffett FieldCAUSA

The overarching goal of this study was to perform a comprehensive metaanalysis of irrigated agricultural Crop Water Productivity(CWP)of the world’s three leading crops:wheat,corn,and rice based on three decades of remote sensing and non-remote sensing-based ***,CWP data from 148 crop growing study sites(60 wheat,43 corn,and 45 rice)spread across the world were gathered from published articles spanning 31 different *** was overwhelming evidence of a significant increase in CWP with an increase in latitude for predominately northern hemisphere *** example,corn grown in latitude 40–50°had much higher mean CWP(2.45 kg/m^(3))compared to mean CWP of corn grown in other latitudes such as 30–40°(1.67 kg/m^(3))or 20–30°(0.94 kg/m^(3)).The same trend existed for wheat and rice as *** soils,none of the CWP values,for any of the three crops,were statistically ***,mean CWP in higher latitudes for the same soil was significantly higher than the mean CWP for the same soil in lower *** applied for all three crops *** wheat,the global CWP categories were low(≤0.75 kg/m^(3)),medium(>0.75 to1.25 to≤1.75 kg/m^(3)),and high(>1.75 kg/m^(3)).For rice the global CWP categories were low(≤0.70 kg/m^(3)),medium(>0.70 to≤1.25 kg/m^(3)),and high(>1.25 kg/m^(3)).USA and China are the only two countries that have consistently high CWP for wheat,corn,and *** and India have medium CWP for wheat and ***’s corn,however,has low ***,Turkey,Netherlands,Mexico,and Israel have high CWP for ***,Argentina,and Hungary have high CWP for corn,and Philippines has high CWP for *** other countries have either low or medium CWP for all three *** on data in this study,the highest consumers of water for crop production also have the most potential for water *** countries are USA

关键词： Crop water productivity sustainable agriculture water use/water savings wheat corn rice food and water security

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Mating system and genetic diversity of a rare desert legume Ammopiptanthus nanus (Leguminosae)

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journal of Systematics and Evolution 2009年第1期47卷 57-66页

作者： daniel j CRAWFORD Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research CenterThe University of Kansas

Ammopiptanthus nanus is an endangered evergreen shrub endemic to the deserts of central Asia and plays an important role in delaying further desertification. We examined allozyme variation and AFLP diversity in A. nanus populations and investigated the mating system of this species using progeny arrays assayed for poly-morphic allozyme loci. Mating system analysis in the Keyi’eryongke’er population showed low levels of out-crossing, and strong inbreeding depression. Low levels of genetic variation were detected at both population (allozyme, Pp=14.0%, A=1.14, He=0.031; AFLP, Pp=14.5%, Shannon’s information index I=0.063) and species (allozyme, Pp=21.1%, A=1.21, He=0.040; AFLP, Pp=20.9%, I=0.083) levels; while moderate genetic differentiation existed among populations, as indicated by allozymes (GST=0.081) and AFLP (GST=0.151-0.193). Founder effect, bottlenecks in evolutionary history, the mixed mating system and co-ancestry may have influenced the level of genetic diversity in A. nanus. Markers of both types provide new insights for conservation management, indicating that the Biao’ertuokuoyi and Keyi’eryongke’er populations should be given priority for in situ conservation and regarded as seed sources for ex situ conservation.

关键词： AFLP allozyme Ammopiptanthus conservation endangered plant genetic structure outcrossing rate

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Enhanced optical absorption in semiconductor nano- particles enabled by nearfield dielectric scattering

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Nano Research 2017年第4期10卷 1292-1301页

作者： Kowsalya D. Rasamani jonathan j. foley IV Brittney Beidelman Yugang Sun Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901 North 13th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122 USA Department of Chemistry William Paterson University 300 Pompton Road Wayne New Jersey 07470 USA Department of Physics Bryn Mawr College 101 North Merion Avenue Bryn Mawr Pennsylvania 19010 USA

The optical absorption of semiconducting AgBr nanocubes is significantly increased by up to 5 times in the measured spectral range when they are bonded to the surface of dielectric SiO2 nanospheres through electrostatic interaction. The absorption enhancement factor depends on the wavelength and the size of the SiO2 nanoparticles （NPs）. Finite-difference time-domain calculations provide the nearfield intensity mapping of a heterostructure that is composed of a AgBr nanocube in close contact with a SiO2 nanosphere. The electric-field distributions indicate the field enhancement near the SiO2/AgBr interface due to light scattering and absorption enhancement in the AgBr nanocube, implying that the enhanced scattering nearfield increases the absorption cross section of the AgBr nanocube. The absorption cross-section spectra calculated using Mie theory agree with the experimental observations. This discovery sheds light on the utilization of dielectric spherical particles to increase the absorption in semiconductor NPs, thus improving the light-harvesting efficiency for solar-energy conversion.

关键词： enhanced scattering nearfield dielectric scattering absorption enhancement Mie theory

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A compartment and metapopulation model of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in southwestern United States and northern Mexico

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2024年第3期9卷 713-727页

作者： Laura Backus Patrick foley janet foley School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA Department of Biological Sciences California State UniversitySacramentoCAUSA

Rocky Mountain spotted fever(RMSF)is a fatal tick-borne zoonotic disease that has emerged as an epidemic in western North America since the turn of the 21st *** the US south-western border and across northern Mexico,the brown dog tick,Rhipicephalus sanguineus,is responsible for spreading the disease between dogs and *** widespread nature of the disease and the ongoing epidemics contrast with historically sporadic patterns of the *** dogs are amplifying hosts for the Rickettsia rickettsii bacteria,transmission dynamics between dogs and ticks are critical for understanding the *** this paper,we developed a compartment metapopulation model and used it to explore the dynamics and drivers of RMSF in dogs and brown dog ticks in a theoretical region in western North *** discovered that there is an extended lag—as much as two years—between introduction of the pathogen to a naïve population and epidemic-level transmission,suggesting that infected ticks could disseminate extensively before disease is detected.A single large city-size population of dogs was sufficient to maintain the disease over a decade and serve as a source for disease in surrounding smaller *** model is a novel tool that can be used to identify high risk areas and key intervention points for epidemic RMSF spread by brown dog ticks.

关键词： Compartment model Rocky mountain spotted fever SIR model Metapopulation Zoonosis

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Laser cut hole matrices in novel armour plate steel for appliqué battlefield vehicle protection

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2016年第5期12卷 351-359页

作者： daniel j. THOMAS Engineering Manufacturing Centre College of Engineering Swansea University Swansea UK

During this research, experimental rolled homogeneous armour steel was cast, annealed and laser cut to form an appliqué plate. This Martensitic–Bainitic microstructure steel grade was used to test a novel means of engineering lightweight armour. It was determined that a laser cutting speed of 1200 mm/min produced optimum hole formations with limited distortion. The array of holes acts as a double-edged solution, in that they provide weight saving of 45%, providing a protective advantage and increasing the surface area. Data collected were used to generate laser cut-edge hole projections in order to identify the optimum cutting speed, edge condition, cost and deformation performance. These parameters resulted in the generation of a surface, with less stress raising features. This can result in a distribution of stress across the wider surface. Provided that appropriate process parameters are used to generate laser cut edges, then the hardness properties of the surface can be controlled. This is due to compressive residual stresses produced in the near edge region as a result of metallurgical transformations. This way the traverse cutting speed parameter can be adjusted to alter critical surface characteristics and microstructural properties in close proximity to the cut-edge. A relationship was identified between the width of the laser HAZ and the hardness of the cut edge. It is the thickness of the HAZ that is affected by the laser process parameters which can be manipulated with adjusting the traverse cutting speed.

关键词： Armour steels Defence systems Steel processing Armour engineering

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Melting of hydrous pyroxenites with alkali amphiboles in the continental mantle:*** element compositions of melts and minerals

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Geoscience Frontiers 2024年第1期15卷 50-68页

作者： Stephen F.foley Isra S.Ezad School of Natural Sciences Macquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South Wales 2109Australia Research School of Earth Sciences Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2601Australia

The trace element compositions of melts and minerals from high-pressure experiments on hydrous pyroxenites containing K-richterite are presented. The experiments used mixtures of a third each of the natural minerals clinopyroxene, phlogopite and K-richterite, some with the addition of 5% of an accessory phase ilmenite, rutile or apatite. Although the major element compositions of melts resemble natural lamproites, the trace element contents of most trace elements from the three-mineral mixture are much lower than in lamproites. Apatite is required in the source to provide high abundances of the rare earth elements, and either rutile and/or ilmenite is required to provide the high field strength elements Ti, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf. Phlogopite controls the high levels of Rb, Cs and *** abundances of trace elements in the various starting mixtures vary strongly because of the use of natural minerals, we calculated mineral/melt partition coefficients (DMin/melt) using mineral modes and melting reactions and present trace element patterns for different degrees of partial melting of hydrous pyroxenites. Rb, Cs and Ba are compatible in phlogopite and the partition coefficient ratio phlogopite/K-richterite is high for Ba (136) and Rb (12). All melts have low contents of most of the first row transition elements, particularly Ni and Cu ((0.1-0.01)×primitive mantle). Nickel has high DMin/melt for all the major minerals (12 for K-richterite, 9.2 for phlogopite and 5.6 for Cpx) and so behaves at least as compatibly as in melting of peridotites. Fluorine/chlorine ratios in melts are high and DMin/melt for fluorine decreases in the order apatite (2.2) > phlogopite (1.5) > K-richterite (0.87). The requirement for apatite and at least one Ti-oxide in the source of natural lamproites holds for mica pyroxenites that lack K-richterite. The results are used to model isotopic ageing in hydrous pyroxenite source rocks: phlogopite controls Sr isotopes, so that lamproites with relatively l

关键词： Hydrous pyroxenite Lamproite Trace elements Phlogopite K-richterite Apatite

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The effects of local variations in conditions on carbon storage and release in the continental mantle

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National Science Review 2024年第6期11卷 22-36页

作者： Stephen F.foley Chunfei Chen Dorrit E.jacob School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University Research School of Earth Sciences Australian National University State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources School of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences

Recent advances indicate that the amount of carbon released by gradual degassing from the mantle needs to be revised upwards, whereas the carbon supplied by plumes may have been overestimated in the *** in rock types and oxidation state may be very local and exert strong influences on carbon storage and release mechanisms. Deep subduction may be prevented by diapirism in thick sedimentary packages,whereas carbonates in thinner sequences may be subducted. Carbonates stored in the mantle transition zone will melt when they heat up, recognized by coupled stable isotope systems(e.g. Mg, Zn, Ca). There is no single ‘mantle oxygen fugacity’, particularly in the thermal boundary layer(TBL) and lowermost lithosphere, where very local mixtures of rock types coexist. Carbonate-rich melts from either subduction or melting of the uppermost asthenosphere trap carbon by redox freezing or as carbonate-rich dykes in this zone. Deeply derived, reduced melts may form further diamond reservoirs, recognized as polycrystalline diamonds associated with websteritic silicate minerals. Carbon is released by either edge-driven convection,which tears sections of the TBL and lower lithosphere down so that they melt by a mixture of heating and oxidation, or by lateral advection of solids beneath rifts. Both mechanisms operate at steps in lithosphere thickness and result in carbonate-rich melts, explaining the spatial association of craton edges and carbonate-rich magmatism. High-pressure experiments on individual rock types, and increasingly on reactions between rocks and melts, are fine-tuning our understanding of processes and turning up unexpected results that are not seen in studies of single rocks. Future research should concentrate on elucidating local variations and integrating these with the interpretation of geophysical signals. Global concepts such as average sediment compositions and a uniform mantle oxidation state are not appropriate for small-scale processes; an increa

关键词： lithospheric mantle carbonate melts deep carbon cycle craton destruction continental rifts

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The PACTUM model:Product analysis of cost and time using mathematics

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International journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 2014年第S1期5卷 51-70页

作者： daniel j.Easters Department of Fashion Marketing Management&Communication School of Art&Design Nottingham Trent University Nottingham NG14BUUK

Establishing a mathematical supply-chain model is a proposition that has received attention due to its inherent benefits of evolving global supply-chain *** paper discusses the prevailing relationships found within apparel supply-chain environments,and contemplates the complex issues indicated for constituting a mathematical *** results identified within the data suggest,that the multifarious nature of global supply-chain activities require a degree of simplification in order to fully dilate the necessary factors which affect,each subsection of the ***,the research findings allowed the division of supply-chain components into subsections,which amassed a coherent method of product development ***,the supply-chain model was found to allow systematic mathematical formulae analysis,of cost and time,within the multiple contexts of each subsection *** paper indicates the supplychain model structure,the mathematics,and considers how product analysis of cost and time can improve the comprehension of product lifecycle management.

关键词： Fashion supply-chain mathematics

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Recent advances in the targeted fluorescent probes for the detection of metastatic bone cancer

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Science China Chemistry 2021年第8期64卷 1283-1296页

作者： Peng Wu daniel j.Siegwart Hu Xiong Research Center for Analytical Sciences Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular RecognitionCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China Department of Biochemistry Simmons Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas75390USA

Tumors of the breast,prostate,and lung are most likely to metastasize to the bone and typically indicates a poor cure and survival rate in cancer *** of metastatic bone cancer in early stage would save many lives and greatly improve patients’quality of ***,bone scintigraphy is often utilized to visualize bone metastases due to its relatively low cost and high ***,a growth number of analytical researches aimed at developing targeted fluorescent probes to noninvasively image bone metastases with improved spatial resolution and specificity has been *** this review,we will summarize and discuss the recent published fluorescent probes on the accurate detection of metastatic bone ***,the design principles of various targeted probes for imaging bone metastases will be presented,highlighting the signal moieties,targeting ligands,and physicochemical properties of the bone-specific ***,the up-to-date bone-targeting fluorescent probes will be summarized and ***,future perspectives and challenges confronting the researchers in this field will be *** believe this review will encourage novel ideas to develop smart targeted molecular probes for bone metastasis imaging,image-guided surgery,and therapeutic imaging materials.

关键词： bone metastasis targeted probes fluorescence imaging smart design bone-targeting moieties

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Overcoming obstacles to implementation: addressing political,institutional and behavioral problems in earthquake hazard mitigation policies

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2002年第1期1卷 152-158页

作者： daniel j.Alesch William j.Petak Department of Public and Environmental Affairs University of Wisconsin-Green BayGreen BayWisconsin54311USA Professor School of Policy Planning and DevelopmentUniversity of Southern California650 Childs WayRoom 201eLos AngelesCalifornia90089-0626USA Professor

This project is aimed at bridging the three planes,from basic research,through enabling processes,to engineered *** the basic research plane,we have been working to improve our collective understanding about obstacles to implementing mitigation practices,owner decision processes (in connection with other MCEER projects),and public policy *** the level of enabling processes,we have been seeking to develop an understanding of how obstacles to greater mitigation can be overcome by improved policy design and *** the engineered systems plane, our work is intended to result in practical guidelines for devising policies and programs with appropriate motivation and incentives for implementing policies and programs once *** phase of the research has been aimed,first,at a thorough,multidisciplinary review of the literature concerning obstacles to ***,the research has focused on advancing the state of the art by developing means for integrating the insights offered by diverse perspectives on the implementation process from the several social,behavioral,and decision *** research establishes a basis for testing our understanding of these processes in the case of hospital retrofit decisions.

关键词： earthquake mitigation earthquake mitigation policies earthquake losses

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