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HMGB1, IL-1α, IL-33 and S100 proteins： dual-function alarmins

Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2017年第1期14卷 43-64页

作者： damien bertheloot Eicke Latz Institute of Innate Immunity University Hospitals University of Bonn 53127 Bonn Germany German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) 53117 Bonn Germany Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester MA 01605 USA

Our immune system is based on the close collaboration of the innate and adaptive immune systems for the rapid detection of any threats to the host. Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules is entrusted to specific germline- encoded signaling receptors. The same receptors have now also emerged as efficient detectors of misplaced or altered self-molecules that signal tissue damage and cell death following, for example, disruption of the blood supply and subsequent hypoxia. Many types of endogenous molecules have been shown to provoke such sterile inflammatory states when released from dying cells. However, a group of proteins referred to as alarmins have both intracellular and extracellular functions which have been the subject of intense research. Indeed, alarmins can either exert beneficial cell housekeeping functions, leading to tissue repair, or provoke deleterious uncontrolled inflammation. This group of proteins includes the high-mobility group box 1 protein （HMGB1）, interleukin （IL）-1α, IL-33 and the Ca^2＋-binding S100 proteins. These dual-function proteins share conserved regulatory mechanisms, such as secretory routes, post-translational modifications and enzymatic processing, that govern their extracellular functions in time and space. Release of alarmins from mesenchymal cells is a highly relevant mechanism by which immune cells can be alerted of tissue damage, and alarmins play a key role in the development of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases and in cancer development.

关键词： alarmin HMGB1 IL-1α IL-33 inflammation S100 proteins

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Necroptosis, pyroptosis and apoptosis: an intricate game of cell death

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2021年第5期18卷 1106-1121页

作者： damien bertheloot Eicke Latz Bernardo S.Franklin Institute of Innate Immunity University Hospitals BonnUniversity of BonnBonnNRWGermany Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases BonnNRWGermany

Cell death is a fundamental physiological process in all living *** roles extend from embryonic development,organ maintenance,and aging to the coordination of immune responses and *** recent years,our understanding of the mechanisms orchestrating cellular death and its consequences on immunity and homeostasis has increased *** modalities of what has become known as‘programmed cell death’have been described,and some key players in these processes have been *** have learned more about the intricacies that fine tune the activity of common players and ultimately shape the different types of cell *** studies have highlighted the complex mechanisms tipping the balance between different cell ***,we summarize the latest discoveries in the three most well understood modalities of cell death,namely,apoptosis,necroptosis,and pyroptosis,highlighting common and unique pathways and their effect on the surrounding cells and the organism as a whole.

关键词： Apoptosis Necroptosis Pyroptosis Inflammation Survival

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