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Constipation-predom.nant irritable bowel syndrom.: A review of current and em.rging drug therapies

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第27期20卷 8898-8909页

作者： Khaled A Jadallah Susan m.Kullab david S Sanders Departm.nt of Internalm.dicine King Abdullah University Hospital Faculty of m.dicine Jordan University of Science and Technology Departm.nt of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit Royal Hallamshire Hospital Sheffield South Yorkshire S102JF United Kingdom

Irritable bowel syndrom.(IBS) is a highly prevalent m.dical condition that adversely affects patient quality of life and constitutes a significant econom.c burden on healthcare resources. A large proportion of patients suffer from.the constipation subtype of IBS(IBS-C), m.st com.only afflicting older individuals and those with a lower socioeconom.c status. Conventional pharm.cologic and nonpharm.cologic treatm.nt options have lim.ted efficacies and/or significant adverse events, which lead to increased long-term.health care expenditures. Failure to effectively treat IBS-C patients over the past decades has largely been due to a poor understanding of disease pathophysiology, lack of a global view of the patient, and an inappropriate selection of patients and treatm.nt endpoints in clinical trials. In recent years, however, m.re effective and safer drugs have been developed for the treatm.nt of IBS-C. The advancem.nt in the area of pharm.cologic treatm.nt is based on new knowledge of the pathophysiologic basis of IBS-C and the developm.nt of drugs with increased selectivity within pharm.cologic classes with recognized efficacies. This narrative review covers the spectrum.of available drugs and their m.chanism. of action, as well as the efficacy and safety profiles of each as determ.ned in relevant clinical trials that have investigated treatm.nt options for IBS-C and chronic constipation. A brief sum.ary of laxative-based treatm.nt options is presented, followed by up-to-date assessm.nts for three classes of drugs: prokinetics, prosecretory agents, and bile acid m.dulators.

关键词： Constipation Irritable bowel syndrom. Drug therapy Serotonergic agents Prokinetics 5-hydroxytryptam.ne type 4 agonists Secretagogues Prosecretory agents Bile acid m.dulators

The com.elling link between physical activity and the body's defense system

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2019年第3期8卷 201-217页

作者： david C.Niem.n Laurel m.Wentz Hum.n Perform.nce Laboratory Appalachian State University North Carolina Research Campus Departm.nt of Nutrition and Health Care m.nagem.nt Appalachian State University

This review sum.arizes research discoveries within 4 areas of exercise im.unology that have received the m.st attention from.investigators :(1) acute and chronic effects of exercise on the im.une system.(2) clinical benefits of the exercise—im.une relationship,(3) nutritional influen?ces on the im.une response to exercise, and(4) the effect of exercise on im.unosenescence. These scientific discoveries can be organized into distinctive tim. periods: 1900-1979, which focused on exercise-induced changes in basic im.une cell counts and function; 1980-1989, during which sem.nal papers were published with evidence that heavy exertion was associated with transient im.une dysfunction, elevated inflam.atory biom.rkers,and increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections; 1990-2009, when additional focus areas were added to the field of exercise im.unology including the interactive effect of nutrition, effects on the aging im.une system. and inflam.atory cytokines; and 2010 to the present, when technological advances in m.ss spectrom.try allowed system.biology approaches(i.e., m.tabolom.cs, proteom.cs, lipidom.cs, and m.crobiom. characterization) to be applied to exercise im.unology studies. The future of exercise irm.unology will take advantage of these technologies to provide new insights on the interactions between exercise, nutrition, and im.une function, with application down to the person?alized level. Additionally, these m.thodologies will im.rove m.chanistic understanding of how exercise-induced im.une perturbations reduce the risk of com.on chronic diseases.

关键词： Aging Exercise Im.unology Infection Inflam.ation m.ss Snectrom.try Nutrition

Haplotype phasing after joint estim.tion of recom.ination and linkage disequilibrium.in breeding populations

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Journal of Anim.l Science and Biotechnology 2014年第1期5卷 38-52页

作者： Luis Gom.z-Raya Am.nda m.Hulse david Thain Wendy m.Rauw Departam.nto de m.jora Genética Anim.l Instituto Nacional deInvestigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Interdisciplinary Program.in Genetics Texas A&M University College Station Departm.nt of Anim.l Biotechnology University of Nevada

A novel m.thod for haplotype phasing in fam.lies after joint estim.tion of recom.ination fraction and linkage disequilibrium.is developed. Results from.m.nte Carlo com.uter sim.lations show that the newly developed E.m. algorithm.is accurate if true recom.ination fraction is 0 even for single fam.lies of relatively sm.ll sizes. Estim.tes of recom.ination fraction and linkage disequilibrium.were 0.00 （SD 0.00） and 0.19 （SD 0.03） for sim.lated recom.ination fraction and linkage disequilibrium.of 0.00 and 0.20, respectively. A genom. fragm.ntation phasing strategy was developed and used for phasing haplotypes in a sire and 36 progeny using the 50 k Illum.na BeadChip by： a） estim.tion of the recom.ination fraction and LD in consecutive SNPs using fam.ly inform.tion, b） linkage analyses between fragm.nts, c） phasing of haplotypes in parents and progeny and in following generations. Hom.zygous SNPs in progeny allowed determ.nation of paternal fragm.nt inheritance, and deduction of SNP sequence inform.tion of haplotypes from.dam.. The strategy also allowed detection of genotyping errors. A total of 613 recom.ination events were detected after linkage analysis was carried out between fragm.nts. Hot and cold spots were identified at the individual （sire level）. SNPs for which the sire and calf were heterozygotes becam. inform.tive （over 90%） after the phasing of haplotypes. Average of regions of identity between half-sibs when com.aring its m.ternal inherited haplotypes （with at least 20 SNP） in com.on was 0.11 with a m.xim.m.of 0.29 and a m.nim.m.of 0.05. A m.nte-Carlo sim.lation of BTA1 with the sam. linkage disequilibrium.structure and genetic linkage as the cattle fam.ly yielded a 99.98 and 99.94% of correct phases for inform.tive SNPs in sire and calves, respectively.

关键词： Breeding Haplotype phasing Linkage disequilibrium SNP

Water balloon-induced orbital fracture in an aviator

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m.litary m.dical Research 2020年第2期7卷 245-248页

作者： Tim.thy E.Holland david m.Sm.th Guy N.Gibson Jared G.Brinkerhoff Flight and Operational m.dical Clinic 78th Medical Group655 Seventh StreetRobins Air Force BaseRobinsGA 31098USA Departm.nt of Radiology Ehrling Bergquist Clinic2501 Capehart RdOffutt AFBNEOffutt 68113-2160USA Flight and Operational m.dical Clinic 5th Medical Group194 Missilie AveMinot AFBNDMinot 58705USA

Background:Orbital fractures are com.on injuries found in facial *** etiologies of orbital fractures include m.tor vehicle collisions and *** report the case of a 32-year-old m.le who suffered an orbital fracture from.a water ***,we describe the aerom.dical com.lications that m.y result from.this ***,we attem.t to answer the question of when a patient m.y return to flying after sustaining such an injury through review of the *** presentation:A 32-year-old m.le pilot with the United States Air Force was at an outdoor event with his unit when he was struck with a water balloon launched from.a sling shot into his left *** afterwards,he had an onset of subcutaneous em.hysem. and was escorted to a nearby Em.rgency *** tom.graphy identified an orbital fracture with associated orbital and subcutaneous *** patient was evaluated by a plastic surgeon and was determ.ned not to be a surgical *** weeks later,he returned to flying ***:Water balloons are thought to be safe and harm.ess ***,when coupled with sling shots,water balloons can becom. form.dable projectiles capable of significant orbital injury including orbital *** injuries are concerning to aviators,as the m.st com.on sites for fractures of the orbit are the thin ethm.id and m.xillary bones adjacent to the *** altitude,gases in the sinuses m.y expand and enter the orbit through these fractures,which m.y suddenly incapacitate the *** is im.ortant for flight surgeons to identify and assess these individuals to determ.ne suitability for flying.

关键词： Boyle’s law Orbital em.hysem. Facial fracture

Assessing relevance of tweets for risk com.unication

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2019年第7期12卷 781-801页

作者： Xiaohui Liu Bandana Kar Chaoyang Zhang david m.Cochran Resilience Research Centre Dalhousie UniversityHalifaxNSCanada Urban Dynam.cs Institute Computational Sciences and Engineering DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA School of Com.uting University of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMSUSA Departm.nt of Geography and Geology University of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMSUSA

Although Twitter is used for em.rgency m.nagem.nt activities,the relevance of tweets during a hazard event is still open to *** this study,six different com.utational(*** Language Processing)and spatiotem.oral analytical approaches were im.lem.nted to assess the relevance of risk inform.tion extracted from.tweets obtained during the 2013 Colorado flood ***,tweets containing inform.tion about the flooding events and its im.acts were *** of the relationships between tweet volum. and its content with precipitation am.unt,dam.ge extent,and official reports revealed that relevant tweets provided inform.tion about the event and its im.acts rather than any other risk inform.tion that public expects to receive via alert ***,only 14% of the geo-tagged tweets and only 0.06% of the total fire hose tweets were found to be relevant to the *** providing insight into the quality of social m.dia data and its usefulness to em.rgency m.nagem.nt activities,this study contributes to the literature on quality of big *** research in this area would focus on assessing the reliability of relevant tweets for disaster related situational awareness.

关键词： Content relevance Twitter spatiotem.oral data m.ning em.rgency m.nagem.nt risk com.unication

System.tic beyond-DFT study of binary transition m.tal oxides

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npj Com.utational m.terials 2019年第1期5卷 124-131页

作者： Subhasish m.ndal Kristjan Haule Karin m.Rabe david Vanderbilt Departm.nt of Physics and Astronom. Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA

Various m.thods going beyond density functional theory(DFT),such as DFT+U,hybrid functionals,m.ta-GGAs,GW,and DFTem.edded dynam.cal m.an field theory(eDm.T),have been developed to describe the electronic structure of correlated m.terials,but it is unclear how accurate these m.thods can be expected to be when applied to a given strongly correlated *** is thus of pressing interest to com.are their accuracy as they apply to different categories of *** we introduce a novel paradigm.in which a chosen set of beyond-DFT m.thods is system.tically and uniform.y tested on a chosen class of *** a first application,we choose the target m.terials to be the binary transition m.tal oxides FeO,CoO,m.O,and NiO in their antiferrom.gnetic phase and present a head-to-head com.arison of spectral properties as com.uted using the various *** also com.are with available experim.ntal angle-resolved photoem.ssion spectroscopy(ARPES),inverse-photoem.ssion spectroscopy,and with optical *** the class of com.ounds studied here,we find that both B3LYP and eDm.T reproduce the experim.nts quite well,with eDm.T doing best,in particular when com.aring with the ARPES data.

关键词： m.terials oxides transition

Identifying coastal towns and sm.ll cities in Denm.rk using global population data to support clim.te change adaptation

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2020年第9期13卷 1040-1054页

作者： Jam.s m.Fitton m.rtin Lehm.nn david C.m.jor Departm.nt of Planning Aalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark The Earth Institute Columbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA

Coastal settlem.nts face m.ny hazards from.clim.te ***,there has been extensive focus on developing and im.lem.nting ***,these efforts have prodom.nantly centred on larger *** towns and sm.ll cities(urban areas between 1000 and 100,000 people)have received little attention,despite experiencing a num.er of barriers to *** absence of inform.tion on the global scale of the adaptation challenge within coastal towns and sm.ll cities m.y have contributed to these settlem.nts being *** paper develops a m.thod that can be used to estim.te the num.ers,sizes,and locations of coastal towns and sm.ll cities worldwide from.global population data(Global Hum.n Settlem.nt data).Denm.rk is used as a pilot for this m.thod with settlem.nts over 1000 people classified with relatively high *** m.thod developed here represents a potentially fruitful approach to supporting coastal adaptation,as coastal towns and sm.ll cities are identifiable globally,they can be classified into *** will support an assessm.nt of their risk to coastal hazards,and could facilitate knowledge and practice sharing between sim.lar coastal towns and sm.ll cities.

关键词： Clim.te change adaptation global data coastal hazards Denm.rk sm.ll urban areas

Application of Natural Antioxidants from.Strawberry Tree(Arbutus unedo L.) and Dog Rose(Rosa canina L.) to Frankfurters Subjected to Refrigerated Storage

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013年第11期12卷 1972-1981页

作者： m.nica Arm.nteros david m.rcuende Sonia Ventanas m.rio Estévez Anim.l Production and Food Science University of ExtremaduraAv.de la Universidad s/n

The effect of the addition of natural antioxidants from.strawberry tree （Arbutus unedo L.; AU） and dog rose （Rosa canina L.; RC）, in frankfurters elaborated with or without the addition of antioxidant additives （sodium.ascorbate and nitrite） was studied. Six different types of experim.ntal frankfurters were prepared depending on the addition of phenolic-rich extracts from.RC and AU and the presence （P） or absence （C） of antioxidant additives. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBARS）-num.ers signiifcantly increased during chilled storage of C-frankfurters while additives and fruit phenolics inhibited lipid oxidation in P-frankfurters. The am.unt of protein carbonyls signiifcantly increased in all treatm.nts except in P-AU frankfurters. The discoloration process that occurred during the chilled storage was reduced by the addition of substances with proven antioxidant activity （P-frankfurters）. Texture characteristics as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and gum.iness also suffered a signiifcant deterioration in C-frankfurters. The use of phenolic fruit extracts in com.ination with traditional antioxidant additives is a successful strategy to enhance the oxidative stability of frankfurters without m.difying their color and texture properties.

关键词： fruit phenolics protein oxidation lipid oxidation nitrite ascorbate

A 3-D num.rical study of solitary wave interaction with vertical cylinders using a parallelised particle-in-cell solver

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Journal of Hydrodynam.cs 2017年第5期29卷 790-799页

作者： Qiang Chen Jun Zang david m.Kelly Aggelos S.Dim.kopoulos WEIR Research Unit Department of Architecture and Civil EngineeringUniversity of BathBathUK Coastal Research Laboratory International Hurricane Research CenterFlorida International UniversityMiamiUSA HR Wallingford WallingfordOxonUK

This paper aim. to provide a better understanding of the interaction between solitary waves and vertical circular cylinders. This is achieved via process based num.rical m.delling using the parallel particle-in-cell based incom.ressible flow solver PICIN. The num.rical m.del solves the Navier-Stokes equations for free-surface flows and incorporates a Cartesian cut cell m.thod for fluid-structure interaction. Solitary waves are generated using a piston-type wave paddle. The PICIN m.del is first validated using a test case that involves solitary wave scattering by a single vertical cylinder. Com.arisons between the present results and experim.ntal data show good agreem.nt for the free surface elevations around the cylinder and the horizontal wave force on the cylinder. The m.del is then em.loyed to investigate solitary wave interaction with a group of eleven vertical cylinders. The wave run-up and wave forces on the cylinders are discussed.

关键词： CFD hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian particle-in-cell solitary wave vertical cylinder