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Importance of gastrin in the pathogenesis and treatment of gastric tumors

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第1期15卷 1-16页

作者： Michael d Burkitt Andrea Varro d.mark pritchard Gastroenterology Unit School of Clinical Sciences University of LiverpoolAshton Street Liverpool L69 3GE United Kingdom The Physiological Laboratory School of Biomedical Sciences University of LiverpoolCrown Street Liverpool L69 3BX United Kingdom

In addition to regulating acid secretion, the gastric antral hormone gastrin regulates several important cellular processes in the gastric epithelium including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, tissue remodelling and angiogenesis. Elevated serum concentrations of this hormone are caused by many conditions, particularly hypochlorhydria (as a result of autoimmune or Helicobacter pylori (H pylori)-induced chronic atrophic gastritis or acid suppressing drugs) and gastrin producing tumors (gastrinomas). There is now accumulating evidence that altered local and plasma concentrations of gastrin may play a role during the development of various gastric tumors. In the absence of H pylori infection, marked hypergastrinemia frequently results in the development of gastric enterochromaffi n cell-like neuroendocrine tumors and surgery to remove the cause of hypergastrinemia may lead to tumor resolution in this condition. In animal models such as transgenic INS-GAS mice, hypergastrinemia has also been shown to act as a cofactor with Helicobacter infection during gastric adenocarcinoma development. However, it is currently unclear as to what extent gastrin also modulates human gastric adenocarcinoma development. Therapeutic approaches targeting hypergastrinemia,such as immunization with G17dT, have been evaluated for the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma, with some promising results. Although the mild hypergastrinemia associated with proton pump inhibitor drug use has been shown to cause ECL-cell hyperplasia and to increase H pylori-induced gastric atrophy, there is currently no convincing evidence that this class of agents contributes towards the development of gastric neuroendocrine tumors or gastric adenocarcinomas in human subjects.

关键词： Helicobacter py/ori Hypergastrinemia Neuroendocrine Gastric carcinoma Proton pumpinhibitor

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Predicting the distribution of the Asian tapir in Peninsular Malaysia using maximum entropy modeling

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Integrative Zoology 2012年第4期7卷 400-406页

作者： Gopalasamy Reuben CLEMENTS d.mark RAYAN Sheema Abdul AZIZ Kae KAWANISHI Carl TRAEHOLT david MAGINTAN Muhammad Fadlli Abdul YAZI Reid TINGLEY Center for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and School of Marine and Tropical Biology James Cook UniversityCairnsAustralia Center for Malaysian Indigenous Studies University of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia WWF Malaysia Petaling JayaMalaysia durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology University of KentCanterburyUK Malaysian Conservation Alliance for Tigers(MYCAT)Secretariat's Office Petaling JayaMalaysia Copenhagen Zoo CopenhagenDenmark department of Wldife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia Kuala LumpurMalaysia School of Biological Sciences University of SydneySydneyAustralia

In 2008,the IUCN threat status of the Asian tapir(Tapirus indicus)was reclasified from‘vulnerable'to‘en-dangered'.The latest distribution map from the IUCN Red List suggests that the tapirs'native range is becom-ing increasingly fragmented in Peninsular Malaysia,but distribution data collected by local researchers sug-gest a more extensive geographical ***,we compile a database of 1261 tapir occurrence records within Peninsular Malaysia,and demonstrate that this species,indeed,has a much broader geographical range than the IUCN range map ***,extreme spatial and temporal bias in these records limits their utility for conservation ***,we used maximum entropy(MaxEnt)modeling to elucidate the potential ex-tent of the Asian tapir's occurrence in Peninsular Malaysia while accounting for bias in existing distribution *** MaxEnt model predicted that the Asian tapir has a wider geographic range than our fine-scale data and the IUCN range map both *** 37%of Peninsular Malaysia contains potentially suit-able tapir *** results justify a revision to the Asian tapir's extent of occurrence in the IUCN Red ***,our modeling demonstrated that selectively logged forests encompass 45%of potentially suitable tapir habitats,underscoring the importance of these habitats for the conservation of this species in Peninsular Malaysia.

关键词： ecological niche IUCN Malayan tapir mammal MaxEnt species distribution model

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Estimating the population density of the Asian tapir (Tapirus indicus) in a selectively logged forest in Peninsular Malaysia

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Integrative Zoology 2012年第4期7卷 373-380页

作者： d.mark RAYAN Shariff Wan MOHAMAd Leejiah dORWARd Sheema Abdul AZIZ Gopalasamy Reuben CLEMENTS Wong Chai Thiam CHRISTOPHER Carl TRAEHOLT david MAGINTAN WWF Malaysia SelangorMalaysia durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology(dICE) University of KentCanterburyUK School of Environmental Science University of East AngliaNorwichNorfolkUK School of Marine and Tropical Biology James Cook UniversityCairnsQueenslandAustralia Center for Malaysian Indigenous Studies University of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia Copenhagen Zoo CopenhagenDenmark department of Wildlife and National Parks Kuala LumpurMalaysia

The endangered Asian tapir(Tapirus indicus)is threatened by large-scale habitat loss,forest fragmentation and increased hunting *** planning for this species,however,is hampered by a severe paucity of information on its ecology and population *** present the first Asian tapir population density estimate from a camera trapping study targeting tigers in a selectively logged forest within Peninsular Malaysia using a spatially explicit capture-recapture maximum likelihood based *** a trap effort of 2496 nights,17 individuals were identified corresponding to a density(standard error)estimate of 9.49(2.55)adult ta-pirs/100 *** our results include several caveats,we believe that our density estimate still serves as an important baseline to facilitate the monitoring of tapir population trends in Peninsular *** study also highlights the potential of extracting vital ecological and population information for other cryptic individual-ly identifiable animals from tiger-centric studies,especially with the use of a spatially explicit capture-recapture maximum likelihood based framework.

关键词： abundance camera trap large mammals maximum likelihood based framework Southeast Asia spatially explicit capture recapture(SECR)

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Emerging role of A-kinase anchoring protein 5 signaling in reward circuit function

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第10期20卷 2913-2914页

作者： William J.Flerlage mark L.dell’Acqua Brian M.Cox Fereshteh S.Nugent Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Department of Pharmacology and Molecular TherapeuticsBethesdaMDUSA department of Pharmacology University of Colorado School of MedicineAnschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA

There is a strong evidence supporting the hypothesis of synaptic dysfunction as a major contributor to neural circuit and network disruption underlying emotional and mood dysregulation in psychiatric disorders(Simmons et al.,2024).diverse sets of distinct molecular signaling pathways converge on the synapse to regulate synaptogenesis,synaptic function,and synaptic plasticity in brain regions and circuits through complex interactions organized by numerous multivalent protein scaffolds,including the family of proteins known as A-kinase anchoring proteins(AKAPs).

关键词： function supporting

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Induction of therapeutic hypothermia via the esophagus:a proof of concept study

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World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2012年第2期3卷 118-122页

作者： Erik B.Kulstad d.mark Courtney donald Waller department of Emergency Medicine Advocate Christ Medical Center department of Emergency Medicine Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern University PreLabs LLCOak ParkILUSA

BACKGROUNd:Induction of hypothermia(a 4℃decrease from baseline)improves outcomes in adult cardiac arrest and neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy,and may benefit other conditions as *** used to implement or prevent hypothermia typically require skin contact with blankets or pads or intravascular access with catheter *** study was to evaluate the potential to induce mild therapeutic hypothermia via an esophageal route in a porcine ***:Single-animal proof-of-concept study of a prototype esophageal device in a 70 kg Yorkshire *** measured the rate of temperature change after placement of a prototype device to induce hypothermia via the esophagus,and compared this rate to known temperature changes that occur under similar laboratory conditions without a hypothermic ***:Swine temperature decreased from a starting temperature of 37.8℃to 33.8℃(achieving the goal of a 4℃decrease)in 175 minutes,resulting in a cooling rate of 1.37℃/*** of the esophagus showed normal tissue without evidence of ***:A prototype of an esophageal cooling device induced hypothermia effectively in a large single-swine model.

关键词： Mild therapeutic hypothermia Esophagus Swine Cardiac arrest

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地震活动与断层的相互作用

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地震地质译丛 1992年第5期14卷 27-33页

作者： d.mark 张鸣冈

引言太平洋和北美板块边界的南加利福尼亚地段是一位于过渡构造环境的复杂的剪切带。其张性构造与南面的加利福尼亚湾张开以及东面的盆地山脉区有关,而压性构造则使北面、西面的横断山脉抬升。因此,索尔顿海域的形变机制是非常复杂的。... 详细信息

引言太平洋和北美板块边界的南加利福尼亚地段是一位于过渡构造环境的复杂的剪切带。其张性构造与南面的加利福尼亚湾张开以及东面的盆地山脉区有关,而压性构造则使北面、西面的横断山脉抬升。因此,索尔顿海域的形变机制是非常复杂的。位移主要发生在北西向的大断层系:圣安德烈斯断层,圣加辛托断层以及埃尔西诺断层(图1)。圣加辛托断层是一典型实例,其特征是陡倾右旋断层,地震活动强烈,卫星影像表现为长线性体。此断层主要是两条右旋断层,近似平行于北美板块边界,分支断层相距2—10公里,这就是此断层带的宽度。圣加辛托断层南段的剪切不但由北西向右旋主断层来提供,还由较短的平行于主断层的右旋断层以及北西向的左旋交叉断层来提供。Thatcher 和 Hamilton 指出,逆冲断层和正断层很活跃,正如滑脱断层那样,即地壳中深部位是近水平的倾向断层。主断层滑动速度较快,往往大于交叉断层的速度。研究地区的大地震(图1)

关键词：地震活动性断层相互作用地震

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Addressing nonresponse bias in forest inventory change estimation using response homogeneity classifications

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Forest Ecosystems 2023年第1期10卷 125-131页

作者： James A.Westfall mark d.Nelson U.S.Forest Service Northern Research StationYorkPAUSA U.S.Forest Service Northern Research StationSt.PaulMNUSA

Estimating amounts of change in forest resources over time is a key function of most national forest inventories(NFI). As this information is used broadly for many management and policy purposes, it is imperative that accurate estimations are made from the survey sample. Robust sampling designs are often used to help ensure representation of the population, but often the full sample is unrealized due to hazardous conditions or possibly lack of land access permission. Potentially, bias may be imparted to the sample if the nonresponse is nonrandom with respect to forest characteristics, which becomes more difficult to assess for change estimation methods that require measurements of the same sample plots at two points in time, i.e., remeasurement. To examine potential nonresponse bias in change estimates, two synthetic populations were constructed: 1) a typical NFI population consisting of both forest and nonforest plots, and 2) a population that mimics a large catastrophic disturbance event within a forested population. Comparisons of estimates under various nonresponse scenarios were made using a standard implementation of post-stratified estimation as well as an alternative approach that groups plots having similar response probabilities(response homogeneity). When using the post-stratified estimators, the amount of change was overestimated for the NFI population and was underestimated for the disturbance population, whereas the response homogeneity approach produced nearly unbiased estimates under the assumption of equal response probability within groups. These outcomes suggest that formal strategies may be needed to obtain accurate change estimates in the presence of nonrandom nonresponse.

关键词： disturbance Post-stratification Land use conversion Sample bias

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THE dEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF PUBLIC SPENdING IN CLASSICAL ATHENS

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Journal of Ancient Civilizations 2019年第2期34卷 229-243,329页

作者： david M pritchard L’Universitéde Lyon/The University of Queensland

This article challenges the famous argument of Lisa Kallet that the Athenian people did not understand public *** argues that the dēmos(“people”)had the necessary general knowledge and the necessary understanding of the state’s budget to make independent financial *** democratic council and politicians kept them well informed on the overall fiscal position of *** adjudicating public debates about the state’s budget they learnt a great deal about public *** time the votes that they cast in such debates came to reflect their own priorities for their *** the sums that Athenian democracy spent on different activities reflected the preferences of,not politicians,as Kallet argued,but the dēmos themselves.

关键词： CLASS argument reflected

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Sex-specific life-history strategies among immature jumping spiders:differences in body parameters and behavior

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Current Zoology 2023年第5期69卷 535-551页

作者： LászlóMezőfi Viktor markó dóraÁgnes Taranyi Gábor markó Institute of Plant Protection Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life SciencesBudapest 1118Hungary Institute of Viticulture and Enology Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life SciencesBudapest 1118Hungary

Selection forces often generate sex-specific differences in various traits closely related to *** in adult spiders(Araneae),sexes often differ in coloration,body size,antipredator,or foraging behavior,such sex-related differences are less pronounced among ***,sex-specific life-history strategies may also be adaptive for ***,we hypothesized that among spiders,immature individuals show different life-history strategies that are expressed as sex-specific differences in body parameters and behavioral features,and also in their *** used immature individuals of a protandrous jumping spider,Carrhotus xanthogramma,and examined sex-related *** results showed that males have higher mass and larger prosoma than *** were more active and more risk tolerant than *** activity increased with time,and larger males tended to capture the prey faster than small ones,while females showed no such ***,females reacted to the threatening abiotic stimuli more with the increasing number of test *** both males and females,individuals with better body conditions tended to be more risk *** showed no sex-specific differences in interindividual behavioral consistency and in intraindividual behavioral variation in the measured behavioral ***,we also found evidence for behavioral syndromes(i.e.,correlation between different behaviors),where in males,only the activity correlated with the risk-taking behavior,but in females,all the measured behavioral traits were *** present study demonstrates that *** sexes follow different life-history strategies even before attaining maturity.

关键词： activity behavioral syndrome boldness intraindividual variability repeatability sexual dimorphism

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Numerical modelling of high-temperature superconducting dynamos:A review

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Superconductivity 2023年第1期5卷 1-16页

作者： mark d Ainslie department of Engineering King’s College LondonStrandLondon WC2R 2LSUnited Kingdom

The high‐temperature superconducting(HTS)dynamo enables injection of large dC currents into a superconducting coil,without the need for thermally‐inefficient current *** of this important advantage,there is significant interest in using such technology to energise superconducting coils in superconducting rotating machines and NMR/MRI *** the extensive experimental work carried out over the past decade,there was–until very recently–considerable confusion and debate regarding the physical origin of the HTS dynamo’s dC output *** modelling has played a key role in elucidating the underlying physics of such devices and several different numerical models have now been developed as useful and cost‐effective tools to not only explain and further examine experimental results,but also optimise and improve dynamo *** review summarises all of the developments in this important area over recent years,including modelling the open‐circuit voltage behaviour in 2d and 3d,the definition of a new benchmark problem for the HTS modelling community,investigating key dynamo parameters,modelling dynamic coil charging behaviour and calculating losses.A view towards the future is provided,including the outstanding challenges and the developments required to address these.

关键词： HTS modelling HTS dynamo HTS flux pump High temperature superconductors Numerical simulation Finite‐element method

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