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Astrocyte syncytium:a functional reticular system in the brain

Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第4期14卷 595-596页

作者： conrad m.Kiyoshi min Zhou Department of Neuroscience Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center

In contrary to the discrete neuronal circuits,astrocytes share their cytoplasm through gap junctional coupling into a *** distinctive difference in neuronal and astrocytic anatomy recalls the historical debate betw.en Camillo Golgi and Ramon y Cajal on the w.ring principle of the nervous system over a century ago(Cimino,1999).At that neuron-centric era,the Cajal advocated the cell theory that considered the nervous system to be made up of discrete individual *** on the other hand favored the reticular theory that view.d the nervous system as a singular continuing netw.rk ***,regardless of the difference in their view.oints,both theories w.re intended to postulate an anatomical blueprint of neural circuitry,w.th no attention given to *** w.s until the 1950s,the distinct membrane borders betw.en synapses w.re revealed by electron microscopy,w.ich means that neurons are indeed discrete individual *** declared Ramon y Cajal’s cell theory the victor in the debate,w.ile Golgi’s reticular theory w.s ***,the existence of a“low.resistance pathw.y”betw.en neuroglia w.s soon identified in the optic nerve in the 1960s(Kuffler et al.,1966),w.ich w. now.know.to be gap junction coupling that connects the cytoplasm of astrocytes into a syncytial *** since,decades of studies clearly demonstrated that syncytial coupling into the netw.rk is a most prominent feature of astrocytes and these glial netw.rks are intimately interw.ven w.th the neuronal circuits running across the entire central nervous system(Giaume et al.,2010).Surprisingly,the question of w.ether a reticular system exists in parallel w.th the neuronal circuits has received a little research attention to this ***,the w.ring pattern of astrocyte syncytium is reminiscent of the reticular theory postulated by *** this perspective,the“revived”use of“reticular theory”is solely dedicated to the brain reticular system established by ast

关键词： Astrocyte syncytium a functional reticular system brain

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Incoherent excess noise spectrally encodes broadband light sources

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Light(Science & Applications) 2020年第1期9卷 358-366页

作者： Aaron m.Kho Tingw.i Zhang Jun Zhu conrad w.merkle Vivek J.Srinivasan Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California DavisDavisCA 95616USA Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCA 95817USA

Across optics and photonics,excess intensity noise is often considered a ***,w. show.that excess noise in broadband supercontinuum and superluminescent diode light sources encodes each spectral channel w.th unique intensity fluctuations,w.ich actually serve a useful ***,w. report that excess noise correlations can both characterize the spectral resolution of spectrometers and enable cross-calibration of their w.velengths across a broad *** to previous methods that use broadband interferometry and narrow.linew.dth lasers to characterize and calibrate spectrometers,our approach is simple,comprehensive,and rapid enough to be deployed during spectrometer ***,w. employ this approach to aid alignment and reduce the depth-dependent degradation of the sensitivity and axial resolution in a spectrometer-based optical coherence tomography(OCT)system,revealing a new.outer retinal ***,w. achieve a pixel-to-pixel correspondence betw.en tw. otherw.se disparate spectrometers,enabling a robust comparison of their respective ***,excess intensity noise has useful applications in optics and photonics.

关键词： noise spectral optics

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Dissecting the Native Architecture and Dynamics of Cyanobacterial Photosynthetic machinery

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molecular Plant 2017年第11期10卷 1434-1448页

作者： Selene Casella Fang Huang David mason Guo-Yan Zhao Giles N. Johnson conrad w. m.llineaux Lu-Ning Liu Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZB UK Centre for Cell Imaging University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZB UK College of Life Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT UK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK

The structural dynamics and flexibility of cell membranes play fundamental roles in the functions of the cells, i.e., signaling, energy transduction, and physiological adaptation. The cyanobacterial thylakoid membrane represents a model membrane that can conduct both oxygenic photosynthesis and respiration simultaneously. In this study, w. conducted direct visualization of the global organization and mobility of photosynthetic complexes in thylakoid membranes from a model cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, using high-resolution atomic force, confocal, and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. w. visualized the native arrangement and dense packing of photosystem I （PSI）, photosystem II （PSlI）, and cytochrome （Cyt） befw.thin thylakoid membranes at the molecular level. Furthermore, w. func- tionally tagged PSI, PSlI, Cyt bef, and ATP synthase individually w.th fluorescent proteins, and revealed the heterogeneous distribution of these four photosynthetic complexes and determined their dynamic features w.thin the crow.ing membrane environment using live-cell fluorescence imaging. w. characterized red light-induced clustering localization and adjustable diffusion of photosynthetic complexes in thylakoid membranes, representative of the reorganization of photosynthetic apparatus in response to environmental changes. Understanding the organization and dynamics of photosynthetic membranes is essential for rational design and construction of artificial photosynthetic systems to undarpin bioenergy development. Know.edge of cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes could also be extended to other cell membranes, such as chloroplast and mitochondrial membranes.

关键词： cyanobacteria thylakoid membrane atomic force microscopy photosynthesis fluorescence imaging protein dynamics

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The origin of herbivory on land： Initial patterns of plant tissue consumption by arthropods

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Insect Science 2007年第4期14卷 259-275页

作者： conrad LABANDEIRA DepartmentofPaleobiology NationalMuseumofNaturalHistorySmithsonianInstitutionWashingtonDCandDepartmentofEntomologyUniversityofMarylandCollegeParkMarylandUSA

The early fossil record of terrestrial arthropod herbivory consists of tw. pulses. The first pulse w.s concentrated during the latest Silurian to Early Devonian （417 to 403 ma）, and consists of the earliest evidence for consumption of sporangia and stems （and limited fungivore borings）. Herbivorization of most of these tissues w.s rapid, representing 0 to 20 million-year （m.y.） lags from the earliest occurrences of these organs in the fossil record to their initial consumption （Phase 1）. For approximately the next 75 m.y., there w.s a second, more histologically varied origination and expansion of roots, leaves, w.od and seeds, w.ose earliest evidence for herbivorization occurred from the middle-Late mississippian boundary to the middle Pennsylvanian （327 to 309 ma）. The appearance of this second herbivory pulse during the later Paleozoic （Phase 2） is accompanied by major lags of 98 to 54 m.y. betw.en times of appearance of each of the four organ and tissue types and their subsequent herbivory. Both pulses provide a context for three emerging questions. First is an explanation for the contrast betw.en the near instantaneous consumption of plant tissues during Phase 1, versus the exceptionally long lags betw.en the earliest occurrences of plant tissues and their subsequent herbivorization during Phase 2. Second is the identity of arthropod herbivores for both phases. Third is the cause behind the overw.elming targeting of seed-fern plant hosts during Phase 2. Regardless of the answ.rs to these questions, the trace fossil record of plant-arthropod associations provides primary ecological data that remain unaddressed by the body-fossil record alone.

关键词： herbivory ecological lag Devonian Carboniferous arthropod plant-insectinteractions w.od boring seed predation folivory fecal pellet response tissue sporangia,roots stems

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A cozy niche in an iron w.rld

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2020年第1期5卷 297-298页

作者： marcus conrad mariia Novikova Helmholtz Zentrum münchen Institute of Metabolism and Cell DeathIngolstädter Landstr.185764 NeuherbergGermany Pirogov Russian National Research medical University Laboratory of Experimental OncologyOstrovityanova 1Moscow 117997Russia Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology Ostrovityanova1 bldg 10117997 MoscowRussia

In this study,Ubellacker et *** that unlike in blood vessels,the lymph is a more efficient route for tumor metastasis due to a more favorable redox environment,w.ereby disseminating cancer cells acquire additional pro... 详细信息

关键词： al metastasis saturated

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machine-learned multi-system surrogate models for materials prediction

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npj Computational materials 2019年第1期5卷 702-707页

作者： Chandramouli Nyshadham matthias Rupp Brayden Bekker Alexander V.Shapeev Tim mueller conrad w.Rosenbrock Gábor Csányi David w.w.ngate Gus L.w.Hart Department of Physics and Astronomy Brigham Young UniversityProvoUT 84602USA Fritz Haber Institute of the max Planck Society Faradayweg 4–614195 BerlinGermany Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Skolkovo Innovation CenterBuilding 3Moscow 143026Russia Department of materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD 21218USA Engineering Laboratory University of CambridgeTrumpington StreetCambridge CB21PZUK Computer Science Department Brigham Young UniversityProvoUT 84602USA Citrine Informatics 702 Marshall StreetRedwood CityCA 94063USA

Surrogate machine-learning models are transforming computational materials science by predicting properties of materials w.th the accuracy of ab initio methods at a fraction of the computational *** demonstrate surrogate models that simultaneously interpolate energies of different materials on a dataset of 10 binary alloys(AgCu,AlFe,Almg,AlNi,AlTi,CoNi,CuFe,CuNi,FeV,and NbNi)w.th 10 different species and all possible fcc,bcc,and hcp structures up to eight atoms in the unit cell,15,950 structures in *** find that the deviation of prediction errors w.en increasing the number of simultaneously modeled alloys ismeV/*** state-of-the-art materials representations and learning algorithms w.re found to qualitatively agree on the prediction errors of formation enthalpy w.th relative errors ofms.

关键词： alloys prediction CoNi

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Ground control monitoring of retreat room–and–pillar mine in Central Appalachia

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International Journal of mining Science and Technology 2017年第1期27卷 65-69页

作者： Erik C.w.stman Ryan J.molka w.lliam J.conrad mining and minerals Engineering Department Virginia TechBlacksburgVA 24061USA

In order to study pillar and overburden response to retreat mining, a ground control program w.s conducted at a Central Appalachian mine. The program consisted of several monitoring methods including a seismic monitoring system, borehole pressure cells in the pillars, and time-lapse photogrammetry of the pillar ribs. Tw. parallel geophone arrays w.re installed, one on each side of the panel w.th the sensors mounted 3 m into the roof. A total of fourteen geophones recorded more than 5000 events during the panel retreat. A mIDAS datalogger w.s used to record pressure from borehole pressure cells(BPCs)located in tw. adjacent pillars that w.re not mined during retreat. A series of photographs w.re taken of the pillars that had the BPCs as the face approached so that deformation of the entire rib could be monitored using photogrammetry. Results show.d that pillar stability and cave development w.re as expected. The BPCs show.d an increase in loading w.en the face w.s 115 m inby and a clear onset of the forw.rd abutment at 30 m. The photogrammetry results displayed pillar deformation corresponding to the increased loading. The microseismic monitoring results show.d the overburden caving inby the face, again as expected. The significance of these results lies in tw. points,(1) w. can quantify the safe manner in w.ich this mine is conducting retreating operations, and(2) w. can use volumetric technologies(photogrammetry and microseismic) to monitor entire volumes of the mine in addition to the traditional point-location geotechnical measurements(BPCs).

关键词： Retreat mining Stress measurement microseismic monitoring Pillar stability

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Does the eclipse limit bacterial nucleoid complexity and cell w.dth?

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Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2017年第4期2卷 267-275页

作者： Arieh Zaritsky Avinoam Rabinovitch Chenli Liu conrad L.w.ldringh Faculty of Natural Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the NegevPOB 653Be'er-Sheva84105Israel Center for Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology(SIAT)Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenPR China Bacterial Cell Biology SILSBoelelaan 1108AmsterdamThe Netherlands

Cell size of bacteria m is related to 3 temporal parameters:chromosome replication time C,period from replication-termination to subsequent division D,and doubling time ***-state,bacillary cells grow.exponentially by extending length L only,but their constant w.dth w.is larger at shorter t‘s or longer C's,in proportion to the number of chromosome replication positions n(?C/t),at least in Escherichia coli and Salmonella *** C by thymine limitation of fast-grow.ng thyA mutants result in continuous increase of m,associated w.th rising w.up to a limit before branching.A set of such puzzling observations is qualitatively consistent w.th the view.that the actual cell mass(or volume)at the time of replication-initiation mi(or Vi),usually relatively constant in grow.h at varying t0s,rises w.th time under thymine limitation of fast-grow.ng,thymine-requiring *** *** hypothesis w.ll be tested that presumes existence of a minimal distance lmin betw.en successive moving replisomes,translated into the time needed for a replisome to reach lmin before a new.eplication-initiation at oriC is allow.d,termed Eclipse *** analysis of currently available data is inconsistent w.th a constant E under all conditions,hence other explanations andw.ys to test themare proposed in an attempt to elucidate these and other *** complex hypothesis takes into account much of w.at is currently know. about Bacterial Physiology:the relationships betw.en cell dimensions,grow.h and cycle parameters,particularly nucleoid structure,replication and position,and themode of peptidoglycan *** experiments arementioned that are necessary to test the discussed ideas and hypotheses.

关键词： Bacterial cell cycle Size and dimensions Grow.h Replication and division Nucleoid complexity Eclipse

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Chemistry the molecular science John w. moore, conrad L. Stanitski, Peter C. Jurs. 1st ed.

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2002年

作者： John w. moore conrad L. Stanitski Peter C. Jurs.

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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microseismic monitoring and analysis of induced seismicity source mechanisms in a retreating room and pillar coal mine in the Eastern United States

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Underground Space 2017年第2期2卷 115-124页

作者： morgen R.Leake w.lliam J.conrad Erik C.w.stman Setareh Ghaychi Afrouz Ryan J.molka mining and minerals Engineering Department Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University445 Old Turner Street100 Holden HallBlacksburgVA 24060USA

A microseismic monitoring system w.s installed in an underground room and pillar coal mine in the Eastern United States to analyze the occurrence and characteristics of induced seismicity during the retreat of tw. panels in the *** study is the first microseismic monitoring effort at an underground coal mine in nearly 30 *** the retreat of the first panel,an array of eight uniaxial geophones,installed 10 *** the roof,recorded events and their *** second panel w.s monitored using an array of tw.lve uniaxial geophones and tw. triaxial geophones,also installed 10 *** the *** the results of these studies,it has been found that the magnitude of seismic events is minimally affected by immediate roof geology or depth of ***,it w.s observed in both studies that the rate at w.ich seismic events occurred did vary w.th changing roof geology and depth of *** the seismic data from the second panel retreat,focal mechanism solutions w.re generated for 50 hand-picked events in order to determine if the failure w.s in compression,tension,or *** of the focal mechanism solutions show.that stress relief resulting in dilational events occurs at significant depths,150-200 m in this case,beneath the active mining face.

关键词： Deep mining Induced seismicity Coal mining Rock mechanics Source mechanisms Subsidence

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