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Legume Green Manure and Intercropping for High biomass Sorghum Production

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： clark b. neely Francis M. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L. S. Morgan Frank M. Hons William L. Rooney Gerald R. Smith Department of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Department of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legumes were commonly used as green manure crops for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX examined legume integration into high-biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production systems on a Lilbert loamy fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biomass sorghum production system to evaluate impacts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biomass sorghum and their impacts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOC). Main plots were split into crimson clover green manure (CLGM) and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm-season crop rotations: cowpea green manure (CPGM), cowpea-sorghum intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum monocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatments (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were randomized and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGM increased (P sorghum biomass yield (16.5 t DM∙ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatment reduced sorghum yield up to 62% compared to SORG;whereas CPGM increased sorghum yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum biomass yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over time indicated mineralization of organic N and may explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum biomass yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green manure crop but proved to be too competitive for successful intercropping in high-biomass sorghum production systems.

关键词： High-biomass Sorghum Legumes Green Manure Intercrop Cowpea Crimson Clover Soil Organic Carbon Soil Nitrogen

Carbon dioxide enrichment affected flower numbers transiently and increased successful post-pollination development stably but without altering final acorn production in mature pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.)

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Journal of Forestry Research 2024年第4期35卷 1-12页

作者： Ryan McClory Richard H.Ellis Martin Lukac Jo clark Carolina Mayoral Kris M.Hart Andrew R.G.Plackett A.Rob MacKenzie School of Agriculture Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingAgricultureEarley GateWhiteknights RoadPO Box 237Reading RG66EUUK Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 165000Czechia Future Trees Trust Harwell Innovation CentreBuilding 173Curie AvenueHarwellOxford OX110QGUK birmingham Institute of Forest Research University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK School of biosciences University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK School of Geography Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK

Acorn production in oak(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as masting,which provides a natural defence against seed predators but a highly-variable supply of acorns for uses such as in commercial tree planting each *** emissions of greenhouse gases have been very widely reported to influence plant growth and seed or fruit size and quantity via the‘fertilisation effect’that leads to enhanced *** examine if acorn production in mature woodland communities will be affected by further increase in CO_(2),the contents of litter traps from a Free Air Carbon Enrichment(FACE)experiment in deciduous woodland in central England were analysed for numbers of flowers and acorns of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)at different stages of development and their predation levels under ambient and elevated CO_(2) ***-annual variation in acorn numbers was considerable and cyclical between 2015 and 2021,with the greatest numbers of mature acorns in 2015,2017 and 2020 but almost none in *** numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,immature acorns,empty acorn cups,and galls in the litter traps also varied amongst years;comparatively high numbers of enlarged cups were recorded in 2018,suggesting *** at this site is a fruit maturation masting species(i.e.,the extent of abortion of pollinated flowers during acorn development affects mature acorn numbers greatly).Raising the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration by 150μL L^(−1),from early 2017,increased the numbers of immature acorns,and all acorn evidence(empty cups+immature acorns+mature acorns)detected in the litter traps compared to ambient controls by 2021,but did not consistently affect the numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,empty cups,or mature *** number of flowers in the elevated CO_(2) plots’litter traps was greater in 2018 than 2017,one year after CO_(2) enrichment began,whereas numbers declined in ambient *** with CO_(2) also increased the number o

关键词： Quercus robur L. Acorns Masting Pedunculate oak Carbon dioxide

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) binds to phosphatidylserine and competes with annexin V binding on late apoptotic cells

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Protein & Cell 2010年第2期1卷 188-197页

作者： Anne Jäkel Kenneth b.M.Reid Howard clark Department of Pharmacology University of OxfordMansfield RoadOxford OX13QTUK MRC Immunochemistry Unit Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxford OX13QUUK University of Southampton MP 803 Level FSouth BlockSouthampton General HospitalSouthampton SO166YDUK

The role of surfactant protein A(SP-A)in the recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells is well established,but to date,it is still not clear which surface molecules of apoptotic cells are involved in the *** we present evidence that phosphatidylserine(PS)is a relevant binding molecule for human *** binding is Ca^(2+)-dependent and is not inhibited by mannose,suggesting that the sugar-binding site of the carbohydrate recognition domain(CRD)of SP-A is not *** cytometry studies on apoptotic Jurkat cells revealed apparent inhibition of annexin V binding by increasing concentrations of SP-A in late apoptotic but not early apoptotic cells,and this was consistent for Jurkat cells and *** these data,confocal microscopy results show a co-localisation of annexin V and SP-A in late apoptotic but not early apoptotic ***,we cannot conclude that this inhibition is exclusively due to the binding of SP-A to PS on the cell surface,as annexin V is not wholly specific for PS and SP-A also interacts with other phospholipids that might become exposed on the apoptotic cell surface.

关键词： surfactant proteins phosphatidylserine apoptotic cells

Surface-bound myeloperoxidase is a ligand for recognition of late apoptotic neutrophils by human lung surfactant proteins A and D

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Protein & Cell 2010年第6期1卷 563-572页

作者： Anne Jäkel Howard clark Kenneth b.M.Reid Robert b.Sim Department of Pharmacology University of OxfordMansfield RoadOxford OX13QTUK University of Southampton School of MedicineDivision of Infection Inflammation&ImmunitySouthampton General HospitalSouthampton SO166YDUK MRC Immunochemistry Unit Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxford OX13QUUK

Surfactant proteins A(SP-A)and D(SP-D),both members of the collectin family,play a well established role in apoptotic cell recognition and *** in vitro data show that SP-A and SP-D interact with apoptotic neutrophils in a distinct ***-A and SP-D bind in a Ca^(2+)-dependent manner to viable and early apoptotic neutrophils whereas the much greater interaction with late apoptotic neutrophils is Ca^(2+)-*** surface molecules on the apoptotic target cells responsible for these interactions had not been identified and this study was done to find candidate target ***(MPO),a specific intracellular defense molecule of neutrophils that becomes exposed on the outside of the cell upon apoptosis,was identified by affinity purification,mass-spectrometry and western blotting as a novel binding molecule for SP-A and *** confirm its role in recognition,it was shown that purified immobilised MPO binds SP-A and SP-D,and that MPO is surface-exposed on late apoptotic ***-A and SP-D inhibit binding of an anti-MPO monoclonal Ab to late apoptotic *** microscopy confirmed that anti-MPO mAb and SP-A/SP-D colocalise on late apoptotic *** was identified as a further potential ligand for SP-A,and neutrophil defensin as a target for both proteins.

关键词： SP-A SP-D myeloperoxidase neutrophils flow cytometry mass spectrometry

GPS monitoring of the crustal motion in southwestern China

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Chinese Science bulletin 1999年第19期44卷 1804-1807页

作者： b.clark burchfiel Robert W.King Leigh H.Royden Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA 02139USAMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USAMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA

Through GPS carrier phases observation in southwestern China during 1991-1997,the velocity field within eastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) and its neighbour regions has been es-’tablished. The velocity of those sites in and west of Chuan-Dian block is mostly 5-10 mm·a-1relative to the fiduciary station CHDU (Chengdu), and the motion in Chuan-Qing and

关键词： eastern Tibetan Plateau global positioning system (GPS) crustal motion and deformation.

Significance of Transients in Soil Temperature Series

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Pedosphere 2007年第6期17卷 766-775页

作者： X. ZHOU N. PERSAUD D. P. bELESKY R. b. clark Department of Crop ＆ Soil Sciences The Pennsylvania State University State College Pennsylvania 16802 （USA） Department of Crop ＆ Soil Environmental Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg Virginia 24061 （USA） USDA//ARS//AFSRC 1224 Airport Road Beaver West Virginia 25813 （USA）

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of observation scale on the estimation of soil thermal *** are usually filtered out and ignored when classical Fourier approaches are used to deconstruct and model temperature time *** was hypothesized that examination of such transients may be more important in identifying and quantifying short-term perturbations in internal soil heat transfer induced by agronomic disturbances. Data-logged temperatures were collected at 10-minute intervals from thermistor probes installed at 10 and 25 cm depths in isolated areas of two grassed *** plot(6T)had been treated twice with 6 Mg ha^(-1)composted turkey litter as *** other plot(NPK)was fertilized at the same time with NPK *** methods were used to analyze the series to obtain apparent soil thermal diffusivity(D-value)at various time *** supported the hypothesis that short-term differences in internal soil heat transfer between the 6T and NPK plots were more manifest and effectively captured by estimated D-values calculated from the monthly and daily partial *** 6T plot had higher soil organic matter content than the NPK plot and had lower apparent soil thermal *** soil temperature amplitudes, required to calculate the mean D-values from partial series,were more effectively obtained using a temperature change rate *** more commonly used Fourier analysis tended to be effective for this purpose when the partial series reasonably presented well-defined diurnal patterns of increasing and decreasing temperatures.

关键词： Fourier analysis organic matter soil temperature series thermal diffusivity

Null Controllability of Some Reaction-Diffusion Systems with Only One Control Force in Moving Domains

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series b 2016年第1期37卷 29-52页

作者： J. LIMACO M. clark A. MARINHO S. b. de MENEZES A. T. LOUREDO Universidade Federal Fluminense IM RJ Brazil Universidade Federal do Piaui DM PI Brazil Universidade Federal do Piaui DM PI Brazil Universidade Federal do Ceara DM CE Brazil Universidade Estadual da Pavaiba DM PB Brazil.

In this article, the authors establish the local null controllability property for semilinear parabolic systems in a domain whose boundary moves in time by a single control force acting on a prescribed subdomain. The proof is based on Kakutani＇s fixed point theorem combined with observability estimates for the associated lineaxized system.

关键词： Kakutani's fixed point theorem Unique continuation Null controllability