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改进科学教育的学理探索

教育科学研究 2024年第8期 13-19页

作者：储朝晖中国教育科学研究院 100088

科学教育在中国长期、大面积发展滞后,遇到的不仅是内容、方法、管理与评价体制机制问题,更深层原因在于科学精神与原理未能在教育学理中得到适合其本质特征与需要的整体性体现。教育学科学化的积极主张和行为与在内容、概念、逻辑等本... 详细信息

科学教育在中国长期、大面积发展滞后,遇到的不仅是内容、方法、管理与评价体制机制问题,更深层原因在于科学精神与原理未能在教育学理中得到适合其本质特征与需要的整体性体现。教育学科学化的积极主张和行为与在内容、概念、逻辑等本质层面忽视、缺乏科学精神的现象共存,众多对科学教育的研究聚焦于规划与行动,少有学理层面的探索,使教育学理缺乏抽象、系统、深刻的科学原理与精神,对科学性体现不明确、不精准、不均衡、不协调,成为科学教育长期落后的深层理论根源。从科学向度探索教育学理是在确认教育的复杂性难以用学科范式完整准确阐述,又不可完全科学化的基础上,选择集成方式从科学、人文多向度形成系统多样性阐释,探索更加符合科学本质、精神,而非仅局限于科学形式的改进与完善路径。教育学理在科学向度上亟需借助更充分的怀疑态度、实证原则、实验方法向高精尖探索和拓展,以提升效能,使之具有不断更新与进步的机能,能够随着快速发展的科技进步和认知水平提升而不断完善,增强探索的科学性,使教育学理探索更好地为科学教育实践改进提供指导。

关键词：科学教育教育学理科学向度

从科技对教育影响的历史看数字化对教育变革的作用

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教育与教学研究 2024年第9期38卷 1-16页

作者：储朝晖中国教育科学研究院北京100088

教育数字化有多种话语形态,需要从单一强势的技术话语中走出,避免师生陷入工具理性窠臼,让所有人在数字化话语中处于相对平等的站立状态。科技对教育影响的历史表明,即便科技发展对教育的影响是巨大而又关键的,但它的影响具有明显的层... 详细信息

教育数字化有多种话语形态,需要从单一强势的技术话语中走出,避免师生陷入工具理性窠臼,让所有人在数字化话语中处于相对平等的站立状态。科技对教育影响的历史表明,即便科技发展对教育的影响是巨大而又关键的,但它的影响具有明显的层级差异。教育作为巨复杂系统不可能彻底科技化、数字化。教育数字化需要在遵从教育原理与规律、坚守教育目的与价值基础上主动积极数字化。在现实中,形式化、功利化、低效的教育数字化危害已经出现,如何有效、适量、恰当地满足使用者自主自愿需求,避免过度抬高数字化而贬低人,需要不断探索。数字化对学生人格的养成造成伤害,技术治理主义对人的本性不断挤压,数字化不断加剧教育的同质化,用大数据方式违逆并损伤学生本能的小数据认知能力与方式,不断增大的数字鸿沟,等等问题,不仅未能引起足够的关注,更没有可行与有效的解决措施。在教育数字化进程中,坚守人的主体性,注重人的成长过程与成长效果,“避免被数字化”成为需要在各方面、各环节严守的底线。教育数字化在技术上可能出现奇点,但通过坚守人本、法治和平权的理念,在均势条件下,以道德规范、群体规则、法律建设和防危害技术的不断提升,确保尽可能减少技术不确定性给人类带来的风险与伤害。

关键词：数字化教育数字化科技历史教育人本性人的主体性

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Preparation and properties of CdS/Au composite nanorods and hollow Au tubes

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2010年第10期55卷 921-926页

作者： YANG zhaohui chu HaiBin JIN Zhong ZHOU WeiWei LI Yan Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China

1-dimensional (1D) metal-semiconductor nano-scale composite superstructures based on Au nanoparticles and CdS nanorods were *** outer surface of CdS nanorods was modified with mercapto-ethylamine (MEA) in *** the aid of MEA,dense and uniform Au nanoparticles were deposited onto the external wall of CdS nanorods through in situ chemical reduction of *** Au nanoparticles induced further electroless deposition and a continuous layer of Au was formed on CdS *** hollow Au tubes were obtained after the inner CdS cores were etched by ***-Vis,FL,XPS,EDX,TEM and SEM measurements were carried out to characterize the produced *** quenching of the defect emission of CdS in CdS-nanorod/Au-nanoparticle hybrid superstructures was detected,which was ascribed to the energy transfer from the exciton of CdS to surface plasma resonance level of Au.

关键词： CdS纳米棒金纳米粒子纳米复合材料硫化镉空心表面等离子体共振光电子能谱性能

茉莉酸合成基因正向调控番茄对晚疫病的阶段性抗性

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植物病理学报 2024年第4期54卷 746-755页

作者：江玉霞代丽丽薛晓婧于悦张建荔丁新华钟巍然储昭辉刘海峰作物生物学国家重点实验室山东农业大学农学院泰安271018 山东省蔬菜病虫生物学重点实验山东农业大学植物保护学院泰安271018 杂交水稻国家重点实验室武汉大学生命科学学院武汉430072 特色作物研究所重庆市农业科学院重庆401329 山东蓬勃生物科技有限公司泰安271018

由致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)引起的晚疫病严重危害番茄的产量和品质。番茄对晚疫病存在阶段性抗性,但具体抗性机制尚不清楚。本研究以番茄品种“小汤姆”为供试材料,发现该品种幼苗期(株龄4周)比成株期(株龄8周)更抗晚疫病。利... 详细信息

由致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)引起的晚疫病严重危害番茄的产量和品质。番茄对晚疫病存在阶段性抗性,但具体抗性机制尚不清楚。本研究以番茄品种“小汤姆”为供试材料,发现该品种幼苗期(株龄4周)比成株期(株龄8周)更抗晚疫病。利用RNA测序和实时荧光定量PCR技术富集并验证了幼苗期番茄茉莉酸(Jasmonic acid,JA)生物合成途径中AOS1、AOS2和AOC等基因的转录水平显著高于成株期植株。植物激素检测结果也显示,番茄叶片中JA含量在幼苗期显著高于成株期。在本生烟叶片中瞬时表达AOS1、AOS2、AOC等基因均增强了烟草对晚疫病的抗性,表明这些JA合成相关基因的表达水平和植物对晚疫病的抗性水平之间呈正相关。体外喷施茉莉酸甲酯(Methyl Jasmonate,MeJA)能提高番茄植株对晚疫病的抗性,而喷施JA合成抑制剂DIECA则使番茄更感晚疫病,进一步证明了JA正向调控番茄对晚疫病的抗性。上述结果表明,JA合成相关基因的差异表达在番茄对晚疫病的阶段性抗性中发挥着重要作用。本研究为利用阶段性抗性防治番茄晚疫病提供了重要依据。

关键词：番茄晚疫病阶段性抗性茉莉酸 AOS AOC

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Copper Ion Elicits Defense Response in Arabidopsis thaliana by Activating Salicylate- and Ethylene-Dependent Signaling Pathways

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Molecular Plant 2015年第10期8卷 1550-1553页

作者： Haifeng Liu Baogang Zhang Tao Wu Yiliang Ding Xinhua Ding zhaohui chu State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology Shandong Agricultural University Tai an 271018 Shandong PR China Department of Cell and Developmental Biology John Innes Centre Norwich NR4 7UH UK These authors contributed equally to this article.

Dear Editor,Copper, one of the micronutrients, is essential during vegetative growth, development, and multiplication of plants （Penarrubia et al., 2010）. Copper is widely known for its application in fungicides and bactericides in agriculture since the late 19th century, for example, in the well-known Bordeaux mixture. Previous studies show that the mechanisms of copper ionsmediated antimicrobial activity involve either inhibition of the enzymes participated in fungal spore germination or direct toxicity on the growth of bacteria. Two studies also show that excessive copper is able to activate mitogen-activated protein （MAP） kinase signaling and upregulate defense-related genes in rice （Yeh et al., 2003; Sudo et al., 2008）. In addition, the application of copper was found to suppress the spread of Xanthornonas oryzae pv. oryzae PXO99A strain in rice （Yuan et al., 2010）. These previous studies imply that copper might be involved in regulating the defense response in plants.

关键词： involved regulating response

Putting the Youth to Work

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中印对话（英文版） 2022年第3期 44-47页

作者： chu zhaohui National Institute of Education Sciences in Beijing China

Promoting youth employment at source involves fostering a more open job market and freer labor flow.

关键词： flow. foster market

Balanced development of compulsory education:Cornerstone of education equity

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Frontiers of Education in China 2007年第4期2卷 469-493页

作者： ZENG Tianshan DENG Youchao YANG Runyong ZUO Xiaomei chu zhaohui LI Xiejing Educational Policy Analysis Center China National Institute for Educational ResearchBeijing 100046China

Balanced development of compulsory education is not only the cornerstone of education equity,but also the fundamental part for realizing a harmonious *** have been several achievements in balancing the development of compulsory education in China,such as narrowing the gaps in compulsory education between rural,urban,and other ***,the development of compulsory education is still confronted with several issues,including the gaps between rural and urban schools,the gaps between teacher’s situations in rural and urban area,higher drop-out rates of rural compulsory education than that of the national average level,*** on the analysis of these issues and reasons,the suggestions for the policy-makers are as follows:(1)it must be further clarified that governments at all levels must take all responsibilities for the balanced development of compulsory education so as to integrate local authorities’input and the central government’s subsidies;(2)the allocation mechanism of resources for compulsory education should be set up with“qualitative and fair growth”as its aim;(3)The quality standard for compulsory education based on the national curriculum standard should be worked out for playing the role of quality inspection in the fair development of compulsory education,and a relevant system of responsibility should also be established;(4)A national unified card for compulsory education should be adopted,which would help abolish extra fees for non-permanent-resident students receiving compulsory education in other places and(5)civilian-sponsored schools should be encouraged to offer compulsory education.

关键词： compulsory education balanced development education equity

The bacterial effector AvrRxo1 inhibits vitamin B6 biosynthesis to promote infection in rice

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Plant Communications 2022年第3期3卷 89-101页

作者： Haifeng Liu Chongchong Lu Yang Li Tao Wu Baogang Zhang Baoyou Liu Wenjie Feng Qian Xu Hansong Dong Shengyang He zhaohui chu Xinhua Ding State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect PestsCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai an271018 ShandongPR China College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai an271018 ShandongPR China Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA Department of Biology Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072 HubeiPR China

Xanthomonas oryzae ***(Xoc),which causes rice bacterial leaf streak,invades leaves mainly through stomata,which are often closed as a plant immune response against pathogen *** Xoc overcomes stomatal immunity is ***,we show that the effector protein AvrRxo1,an ATPdependent protease,enhances Xoc virulence and inhibits stomatal immunity by targeting and degrading rice OsPDX1(pyridoxal phosphate synthase),thereby reducing vitamin B6(VB6)levels in ***6 is required for the activity of aldehyde oxidase,which catalyzes the last step of abscisic acid(ABA)biosynthesis,and ABA positively regulates rice stomatal immunity against ***,we provide evidence supporting a model in which a major bacterial pathogen inhibits plant stomatal immunity by directly targeting VB6 biosynthesis and consequently inhibiting the biosynthesis of ABA in guard cells to open ***,AvrRxo1-mediated VB6 targeting also explains the poor nutritional quality,including low VB6 levels,of Xoc-infected rice grains.

关键词： rice bacterial leaf streak effector stomatal immunity pyridoxal phosphate synthase vitamin B6(VB6) abscisic acid(ABA)

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杜威与陶行知:走出“投射效应”

北京大学教育评论 2019年第2期17卷 76-90,189页

作者：储朝晖中国教育科学研究院

陶行知与杜威的交往始于1915年陶行知进入哥伦比亚大学,直至陶行知逝世杜威发来唁电。陶行知从杜威那里获得思想和理论启发,在中国推行平民教育,创建晓庄学校、工学团、育才学校,在教育理论和实践中都有所创新。全方位、多视角考察和辨... 详细信息

陶行知与杜威的交往始于1915年陶行知进入哥伦比亚大学,直至陶行知逝世杜威发来唁电。陶行知从杜威那里获得思想和理论启发,在中国推行平民教育,创建晓庄学校、工学团、育才学校,在教育理论和实践中都有所创新。全方位、多视角考察和辨析显示,杜威与陶行知在思想理论上的基本关系是原理与应用。杜威对陶行知思想和事业的影响都是关键性的,没有杜威来华,陶行知和杜威其他中国学生的人生将有所不同。他们在事业上相互支持与激励,成为当时以民主和科学为价值取向推进教育现代化的共同体,大大增强了中国教育的现代性,促进了中国社会现代化进程。

关键词：杜威陶行知投射效应