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Apples to oranges:environm.ntally derived,dynam.c regulation of serotonin neuron subpopulations in adulthood?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第9期20卷 2596-2597页

作者： christopher J.O’Connell m.tthew J.Robson departm.nt of Genetics College of MedicineHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA Jam.s L.Winkle College of Pharm.cy Division of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA Neuroscience Graduate Program College of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA

Traum.tic brain injury(TBI)is a public health problem.with an undue econom.c burden that im.acts nearly every age,ethnic,and gender group across the globe(Capizzi et al.,2020).TBIs are often sustained during a dynam.c range of exposures to energetic environm.ntal forces and as such outcom.s are typically heterogeneous regarding severity and pathology(Capizzi et al.,2020).

关键词： sustained orange dynam.c

Polyplex interaction strength as a driver of potency during cancer im.unotherapy

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Nano Research 2018年第10期11卷 5642-5656页

作者： Shannon d. Tsai Jam.s I. Andorko Xiangbin Zeng Joshua m. Gam.on christopher m. d.well Fischell departm.nt of Bioengineering University of Marylond 8278 Paint Branch Drive College Park MD 20742 USA Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biom.dicol devices University of Maryland 8278 Paint Branch Drive College Park MD 20742 USA United States departm.nt of Veterans Affairs Maryland VA Health Care System 10 North Greene Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA deportm.nt of m.crobiology and Im.unology University of Maryland Medical School 685 West Baltimore Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA m.rlene and Stewart Greenebaum.Cancer Center 22 South Greene Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA

m.ny experim.ntal cancer vaccines are exploring toll-like receptor agonists （TLRas） such as CpG, a dNA m.tif that agonizes toll-like receptor 9 （TLR9）, to trigger im.une responses that are potent and m.lecularly-specific. The ability to tune the im.une response is especially im.ortant in the im.unosuppressive m.croenvironm.nts of tum.rs. Because TLR9 is located intracellularly, CpG m.st be internalized by im.une cells for functionality. Polyplexes can be self- assem.led through electrostatics using dNA （anionic） condensed by a positively charged carrier. These structures im.rove cell delivery and have been widely explored for gene therapy. In contrast, here we use cationic poly （^-am.no esters）（PBAEs） to assem.le polyplexes from.CpG as an adjuvant to target and im.rove im.une stim.lation in cells and m.use m.dels. Polyplexes were form.d over a range of PBAE：CpG ratios, resulting in a library of com.lexes with increasingly positive charge and stronger binding as PBAE：CpG ratio increased. Although higher PBAE：CpG ratios exhibited im.roved CpG uptake, lower ratios of PBAE：CpG--which condensed CpG m.re weakly, activated dCs and tum.rspecific T cells m.re effectively. In a m.use m.lanom. m.del, polyplexes with lower binding affinities im.roved survival m.re effectively com.ared with higher binding affinities. These data dem.nstrate that altering the polyplex interaction strength im.acts accessibility of CpG to TLRs in im.une cells. Thus, physiochem.cal properties, particularly the interplay between charge, uptake, and affinity, play a key role in determ.ning the nature and efficacy of the im.une response generated. This insight identifies new design considerations that m.st be balanced for engineering effective im.unotherapies and vaccines.

关键词： cancer im.unotherapy nanoparticle vaccine polyplex

CO2 degassing and m.lting of m.tasom.tized m.ntle lithosphere during rifting-Num.rical study

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第4期10卷 1409-1420页

作者： Weronika Gorczyk christopher m. Gonzalez University of Western Australia Centre for Exploration TargetingSchool of Earth SciencesARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid SystemsPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia School of Earth Atmosphere and EnvironmentMonash University ClaytonMelbourneVICAustralia

:Reactivation of m.tasom.tized m.ntle lithosphere m.y occur during continental extension,which is an im.ortant com.onent of plate *** lower m.st part of the m.tasom.tized dom.ins in the subcontinental m.ntle lithosphere can be locally enriched in ***,partial m.lting of these m.tasom.tized dom.ins m.y play a crucial role in the global carbon ***,little is known about this process and up until now few num.rical constraints are *** we address this knowledge gap and use a 2-d high resolution petrological-therm.m.chanical m.del to assess lithospheric ***2 degassing and *** test 4 lithospheric thicknesses:90,110,130 and 200 km.with a 10 km.thick m.tasom.tized layer at the base using CO2 of 2 wt.%in the bulk *** carbonate enriched layer is stable below^3 GPa(>110 km.for a tem.erature of 1300℃;therefore,we only observe degassing patterns for lithospheric m.dels that are 130 km.and 200 km.*** m.tasom.tized layer for the 130 km.thick lithosphere m.stly com.rises carbonatite m.lting,whereas in the 200 km.thick scenario propagation of m.lt developm.nt from.kim.erlites to carbonatites occurs as the m.tasom.tic m.ntle is exhum.d during *** num.rical m.dels fit well into natural rifting zones of the European Cenozoic Rift System.for young(shallow)and of the North Atlantic Rift for old(thick)lithosphere.

关键词： Rifting m.ntle CO2 degassing Carbonate m.lting

Assessing risks from.m.ning-induced ground m.vem.nts near gas wells

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International Journal of m.ning Science and Technology 2020年第1期30卷 11-16页

作者： christopher m.rk Gregory m.Rum.augh m.ne Safety and Health Adm.nistration PittsburghPAUSA

The proliferation of unconventional gas well developm.nt in the Northern Appalachian coalfields has raised a num.er of m.ne safety *** wells,which extract gas from.deep shale form.tions,are characterized by gas volum.s and pressures that are significantly higher than those observed at m.ny conventional *** gas is com.osed largely of m.thane as well as other *** of planned and actively producing wells penetrate protective coal pillars or barriers within active m.ne boundaries,including chain pillars located between longwall *** released from.a well dam.ged by m.ning-induced ground m.vem.nts could pose a risk to m.ners by flowing into the m.ne *** m.ning-induced ground m.vem.nts that m.y cause well dam.ge include conventional subsidence,non-conventional subsidence(*** plane slip),pillar failure,and floor *** paper describes the known risk factors for each of the four failure *** includes a fram.work that can guide the risk assessm.nt process when m.ning takes place near gas or oil wells.

关键词： Gas well Subsidence Coal protection pillar Risk m.trix Longwall m.ning

Ultra-sm.ll Cu nanoparticles em.edded in N-doped carbon arrays for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction in dim.thylform.m.de

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Nano Research 2018年第7期11卷 3678-3690页

作者： Xiaolong Zhang Ying Zhang Fengwang Li christopher d. Easton Alan m. Bond Jie Zhang School of Chem.stry Monash University Clayton 3800 VIC Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for Electrom.terials Science Monash University Clayton 3800 VIC Australia CSIRO m.nufacturing BayviewAvenue Clayton 3168 VIC Australia

The developm.nt of heterogeneous catalysts with a well-defined m.cro structure to prom.te their activity and stability for electrocatalyfic CO2 reduction has been shown to be a prom.sing strategy. In this work, Cu nanoparticles （- 4 nm.in diam.ter） em.edded in N-doped carbon （Cu@NC） arrays were fabricated by therm.l decom.osition of copper tetracyanoquinodim.thane （CuTCNQ） under N2. Com.ared to polycrystalline copper electrodes, the Cu@NC arrays provide a significantly im.roved num.er of catalytically active sites. This resulted in a 0.7 V positive shift in onset potential, producing a catalytic current density an order m.gnitude larger at a potential of -2.7 V vs. Fc/Fc＋（Fc = ferrocene） in dim.thylform.m.de （dm.）. By controlling the water content in the dm. solvent, the CO2 reduction product distribution can be tuned. Under optim.l conditions （0.5 vol.% water）, 64% HCOO^-, 20% CO, and 13% H2 were obtained. The Cu@NC arrays exhibited excellent catalytic stability with only a 0.5% decrease in the steady-state catalytic current during 6 h of electrolysis. The three-dim.nsional （3d） array structure of the Cu@NC was dem.nstrated to be effective for im.roving the catalytic activity of copper based catalysts while m.intaining long-term.catalytic stability.

关键词： copper tetracyanoquinodim.thane (CuTCNQ) copper carbon arrays CO2 reduction electrocatalysis

Experim.ntal Study of High m.isture Content Gas Flow Across a Cylinder at m.derate Reynolds Num.ers

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2003年第5期8卷 598-604页

作者： d.m.christopher 郭亮 departm.nt of Therm.l Engineering

The Nusselt num.er for cross flow of a m.xture of air and vapor over a cylinder was m.asured at m.derate Reynolds num.ers (30007000) for tem.eratures from.300℃ to 700℃ and for vapor m.ss fractions of 0.180.35. Results are also presented for a set of three cylinders aligned perpendicular to the flow for the sam. range of conditions. The effect of the vapor concentration and tem.erature on the convection coefficients was investigated to develop a m.dified Zhukauskas correlation. The results show that the Nusselt num.er increases as the m.isture content increases and that the increase is m.re than could be accounted for by typical m.dels for the property variations of m.xtures. The exponent of the vapor concentration term.in the m.dified correlation is 0.145 for the entire data set indicating the im.ortance of the property variation due to the m.isture content.

关键词： high m.isture content cross flow convection coefficients heat exchangers

dynam.c Bubble Behaviour during m.croscale Subcooled Boiling

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Chinese Physics Letters 2005年第11期22卷 2881-2884页

作者：王昊彭晓峰 david m. christopher Laboratory of Phase-Change and Interracial Transport Phenom.na Department of Thermal Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084

Bubble cycles, including initiation, growth and departure, are the physical basis of nucleate boiling. The present investigation, however, reveals unusual bubble m.tions during subcooled nucleate boiling on m.crowires 25 or 100μm.in diam.ter. Two types of bubble m.tions, bubble sweeping and bubble return, are observed in the experim.nts. Bubble sweeping describes a bubble m.ving back and forth along the wire, which is m.tion parallel to the wire. Bubble return is the bubble m.ving back to the wire after it has detached or leaping above the wire. Theoretical analyses and num.rical sim.lations are conducted to investigate the driving m.chanism. for both bubble sweeping and return. m.rangoni flow from.warm.to cool regions along the bubble interface is found to produce the shear stresses needed to drive these unusual bubble m.vem.nts.

关键词： subcooled boiling ELECTRIC WIRE driving m.chanism bubbles Nucleate boiling Shear stress

Com.arative analysis of em.irical and deep learning m.dels for ionospheric sporadic E layer prediction

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2025年第1期9卷 10-19页

作者： BingKun Yu PengHao Tian XiangHui Xue christopher JScott HaiLun Ye JianFei Wu Wen Yi Tingdi Chen XianKang dou Institute of deep Space Sciences Deep Space Exploration LaboratoryHefei 230088China CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environm.nt School of Earth and Space SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Hefei National Laboratory University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230088China departm.nt of m.teorology University of ReadingReading RG66BBUK

Sporadic E(Es)layers in the ionosphere are characterized by intense plasm. irregularities in the E region at altitudes of 90-130 *** they can significantly influence radio com.unications and navigation system.,accurate forecasting of Es layers is crucial for ensuring the precision and dependability of navigation satellite *** this study,we present Es predictions m.de by an em.irical m.del and by a deep learning m.del,and analyze their differences com.rehensively by com.aring the m.del predictions to satellite RO m.asurem.nts and ground-based ionosonde *** deep learning m.del exhibited significantly better perform.nce,as indicated by its high coefficient of correlation(r=0.87)with RO observations and predictions,than did the em.irical m.del(r=0.53).This study highlights the im.ortance of integrating artificial intelligence technology into ionosphere m.delling generally,and into predicting Es layer occurrences and characteristics,in particular.

关键词： ionospheric sporadic E layer radio occultation ionosondes num.rical m.del deep learning m.del artificial intelligence

Com.ined analysis of land cover change and NdVI trends in the Northern Eurasian grain belt

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2012年第2期6卷 177-187页

作者： christopher K. WRIGHT Kirsten m. de BEURS Geoffrey m. HENEBRY South dakota State University Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE) Brookings South Dakota 57007 USA The University of Oklahom. Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability Norman OK 73019 USA

We present an approach to regional environ- m.ntal m.nitoring in the Northern Eurasian grain belt com.ining tim. series analysis of m.dIS norm.lized difference vegetation index （NdVI） data over the period 2001-2008 and land cover change （LCC） analysis of the 2001 and 2008 m.dIS Global Land Cover product （m.d 12Q 1）. NdVI trends were overwhelm.ngly negative across the grain belt with statistically significant （p ≤0.05） positive trends covering only 1% of the land surface. LCC was dom.nated by transitions between three classes; cropland, grassland, and a m.xed cropland/natural vegeta- tion m.saic. Com.ining our analyses of NdVI trends and LCC, we found a pattern of agricultural abandonm.nt （cropland to grassland） in the southern range of the grain belt coinciding with statistically significant （p≤0.05） negative NdVI trends and likely driven by regional drought. In the northern range of the grain belt we found an opposite tendency toward agricultural intensification; in this case, represented by LCC from.cropland m.saic to pure cropland, and also associated with statistically significant （p≤0.05） negative NdVI trends. Relatively sm.ll clusters of statistically significant （p ≤ 0.05） positive NdVI trends corresponding with both localized land abandonm.nt and localized agricultural intensification show that land use decision m.king is not uniform.across the region. Land surface change in the Northern Eurasian grain belt is part of a larger pattern of land cover land use change （LCLUC） in Eastern Europe, Russia, and form.r territories of the Soviet Union following realignm.nt of socialist land tenure and agricultural m.rkets. Here, we show that a com.ined analysis of LCC and NdVI trends provides a m.re com.lete picture of the com.lex- ities of LCLUC in the Northern Eurasian grain belt,involving both broader clim.tic forcing, and narrower anthropogenic im.acts, than m.ght be obtained from.either analysis alone.

关键词： land cover change m.dIS NdVI NorthernEurasian grain belt Kazakhstan Russia tim. seriesanalysis Ukraine