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STRAW BALES, A POSSIBLE SOLUTION FOR HYGRO-THERMALLY COMFORTABLE DWELLINGS IN CHILE’S CENTRAL VALLEY: PHYSICAL TEST CHAMBERS AND IN SITU MEASUREMENTS

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journal of Green Building 2014年第2期9卷 161-181页

作者： christopher j.Whitman Laboratorio de Energía e Iluminación Facultad de ArquitecturaArte y DiseñoUniversidad Andres BelloCampus Casona de Las CondesFernández Concha 700Las CondesSantiago de Chile

Dwellings in a Mediterranean climate, such as that of Chile’s Central Valley, must provide hygro-thermal comfort both during the cold winters, and the hot days and cool summer nights. Straw, once a material common in Chile’s indigenous and vernacular architecture, could meet these demands when coupled with sufficient thermal mass in the form of earth renders and floor finishes. This article presents measurements of dry bulb temperatures and relative humidity, both in physical test chambers and Chilean straw bale homes. The results of these measurements confirm that straw bale construction could provide hygro-thermal comfort with heating demands 28% less than those of constructions that meet the Chilean thermal building regulations. Straw bale, therefore, could provide a viable solution for comfortable, energy efficient, rural dwellings in Chile’s Central Valley. Whilst over 40 private straw bale projects have been completed in Chile to date, restrictions applying to projects receiving government subsidies prevent this technology being available to those who need it most.

关键词： straw bale hygro-thermal comfort residential energy efficiency Chile

Economics of eBay’s buyer protection plan

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Financial Innovation 2015年第1期1卷 88-107页

作者： j.christopher Westland University of Illinois-Chicago 601 S.Morgan StreetUH2400 ChicagoILUSA

Background:This paper explores the financial viability of eBay’s Buyer Protection ***:We explore their warranty model assuming exponential auction listing and claims times,under competing assumptions of Normal(classical portfolio theory)versus Paretian claims(industry practice)distributions using a normative ***’s model viability was analyzed under three risk metrics–mean-variance risk of classic portfolio theory;value at risk used in regulation such as the Basel Accords;and tail value at risk which is preferred by ***:Five main findings of the research are:(1)long-term financial viability is set by boundary conditions that can be managed in eBay’s contract terms,(2)commonly used but simplistic assumptions of Gaussian distributions of contract failures can be misleading,and keeping the Buyer Protection Plan viable demands more realistic distributions,(3)value at risk measures provide more information about viability than expectations,(4)tail value at risk measures an lead to sudden and extreme variations in fund value over the parameter range and flawed contracting decisions,and(5)tail value at risk is the preferable risk measure for assessing Buyer Protection Plan viability,but it needs to be used with an assumption of Lomax contract failures to support profitable ***:Our analysis showed substantial improvements in claims management when tail value at risk measures were used instead of conventional VaR *** implies that current strategies,and prices for coverage may result in losses to eBay,in current practice.

关键词： Auctions Insurance Risk E-markets Trust Reputation

Efficacy and dose response of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome

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World journal of Gastroenterology 2023年第28期29卷 4451-4465页

作者： christopher j Martoni Shalini Srivastava Anders Damholt Gregory j Leyer Clinical Development Human HealthChr.Hansen A/SHoersholm 2970Denmark Clinical Development Vedic LifesciencesMumbai 400053India Scientific Affairs Human HealthChr.Hansen A/SHoersholm 2970Denmark

BACKGROUND Probiotics have shown promise in alleviating symptoms of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome(IBS-D);however,the certainty of evidence is *** randomized controlled dose-ranging trials are warranted on promising single-strain *** To investigate the clinical efficacy of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum(***)Lpla33(DSM34428)in adults with *** This is a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,multi-center,and doseranging *** hundred and seven adults,18-70 years of age,with IBS-D,according to Rome IV criteria,were allocated(1:1:1)to receive placebo or *** Lpla33 at 1×10^(9)(1B)or 1×10^(10)(10B)colony-forming units/d over an 8-wk intervention *** primary outcome was the change in IBS severity scoring system(IBS-SSS)total score after 8 wk,while secondary and exploratory outcomes included abdominal pain severity,IBS related quality of life,stool and microbial profile,and perceived *** IBS-SSS was significantly reduced,after 8 wk,in participants receiving *** 1B(-128.45±83.30;P<0.001)and *** 10B(-156.77±99.06;P<0.001),compared to placebo(-58.82±74.75).Further,a dose-ranging effect was observed,with a greater absolute reduction in the *** 10B group(P<0.05).A reduction in sub-scores related to abdominal pain,abdominal distension,bowel habits,and quality of life was observed in both *** groups compared to placebo(P<0.001).Further,62.5%and 88.4%of participants administered *** 1B and 10B,respectively,were classified as stool consistency responders based on a reduction in diarrheal stool form,as compared to 26.3%in the placebo group(P<0.001).In contrast,no significant shifts were observed in microbial *** *** Lpla33(DSM34428)is well tolerated and improves IBS symptom severity with a dose-ranging effect and a corresponding normalization of bowel habits in adults with IBS-D.

关键词： Randomized clinical trial Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome Microbiome Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

Coal bursts that occur during development: A rock mechanics enigma

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International journal of Mining Science and Technology 2018年第1期28卷 35-42页

作者： christopher Mark Safety and Health Administration Pittsburgh 15236USA

Coal bursts are typically associated with highly stressed *** bursts occur during retreat mining(longwall mining or pillar recovery) in highly stressed locations like the tailgate corner of the longwall *** are associated with multiple seam ***, a small but significant percentage of coal bursts have occurred during development or in outby locations unaffected by active *** development bursts have been relatively small, but some have been highly *** theory of coal bursts can be complete if it does not account for this type of *** paper focusses on the development mining coal burst experience in the US, putting it into the context of the entire US coal burst *** first documented development coal burst occurred almost exactly 100 years ago during slope drivage at the Sunnyside Mine in *** subsequently had a long history of bursts, mainly during retreat mining but also during *** Colorado mines have also experienced multiple development ***, but by no means all, of the development bursts in these western US coalfields have been associated with known *** the Central Appalachian coalfields, most development bursts have occurred in multiple seam *** some of these cases, however, there was no retreat mining in either *** paper closes with some lessons from this history, with implications for preventing such events in the future.

关键词： Coal Underground Ground control Bursts Multiple seam

Reviewing the Safe Shipping of Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Cells:A Materials Chemistry Perspective

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Energy Material Advances 2021年第1期2021卷 1-12页

作者： Ashish Rudola christopher j.Wright jerry Barker Faradion Limited The Innovation Centre217 PortobelloSheffield S14DPUK

High energy density lithium-ion(Li-ion)batteries are commonly used *** decades’worth of intense research has led to a good understanding on several aspects of such ***,the issue of their safe storage and transportation is still not widely understood from a materials chemistry *** international regulations require Li-ion cells to be shipped at 30%SOC(State of Charge)or *** this article,the reasons behind this requirement for shipping Li-ion batteries are firstly reviewed and then compared with those of the analogous and recently commercialized sodium-ion(Na-ion)*** such alkali-ion batteries,the safest state from their active materials viewpoint is at 0V or zero energy,and this should be their ideal state for storage/***,a“fully discharged”Li-ion cell used most commonly,composed of graphitebased anode on copper current collector,is not actually at 0V at its rated 0%SOC,contrary to what one might expect—the detailed mechanism behind the reason for this,namely,copper dissolution,and how it negatively affects cycling performance and cell safety,will be summarized *** will be shown that Na-ion cells,capable of using a lighter and cheaper aluminum current collector on the anode,can actually be safely discharged to 0V(true 0%SOC)and beyond,even to reverse polarity(negative voltages).It is anticipated that this article spurs further research on the 0V capability of Na-ion systems,with some suggestions for future studies provided.

关键词： cycling summarized alkali

Wafer Scale Synthesis of Dense Aligned Arrays of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

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Nano Research 2008年第2期1卷 158-165页

作者： Weiwei Zhou christopher Rutherglen Peter j.Burke Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of CaliforniaIrvineCA 92697USA

Here we present an easy one-step approach to pattern uniform catalyst lines for the growth of dense,aligned parallel arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)on quartz wafers by using photolithography or polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)stamp microcontact printing(μCP).By directly doping an FeCl3/methanol solution into Shipley 1827 photoresist or polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),various catalyst lines can be well-patterned on a wafer *** addition,during the chemical vapor deposition(CVD)growth of SWNTs the polymer layers play a very important role in the formation of mono-dispersed *** universal and effi cient method for the patterning growth of SWNTs arrays on a surface is compatible with the micro-electronics industry,thus enabling of the fabrication highly integrated circuits of SWNTs.

关键词： Single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWNTs) chemical vapor deposition(CVD) photolithography microcontact printing(μCP)

Characterizing functional consequences of DNA copy number alterations in breast and ovarian tumors by spaceMap

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journal of Genetics and Genomics 2018年第7期45卷 361-371页

作者： christopher j.Conley Umut Ozbek Pei Wang jie Peng Department of Statistics University of California Davis Department of Population Health Science and Policy Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

We propose a novel conditional graphical model -- spaceMap -- to construct gene regulatory networks from multiple types of high dimensional omic profiles. A motivating application is to characterize the perturbation of DNA copy number alterations （CNAs） on downstream protein levels in tumors. Through a penalized multivariate regression framework, spaceMap jointly models high dimensional protein levels as responses and high dimensional CNAs as predictors. In this setup, spaceMap infers an undirected network among proteins together with a directed network encoding how CNAs perturb the protein network, spaceMap can be applied to learn other types of regulatory relationships from high dimensional molecular profiles, especially those exhibiting hub structures. Simulation studies show spaceMap has greater power in detecting regulatory relationships over competing methods. Additionally, spaceMap includes a network analysis toolkit for biological interpretation of inferred networks. We applies spaceMap to the CNAs, gene expression and proteomics data sets from CPTAC-TCGA breast （n = 77） and ovarian （n = 174） cancer studies. Each cancer exhibits disruption of＇ion transmembrane transport＇ and ＇regulation from RNA polymerase lI promoter＇ by CNA events unique to each cancer. Moreover, using protein levels as a response yields a more functionally-enriched network than using RNA expressions in both cancer types. The network results also help to pinpoint crucial cancer genes and provide insights on the functional consequences of important CNA in breast and ovarian cancers.

关键词： Integrative genomics Proteogenomics Conditional graphical models Network analysis

Heterozygous carriers of galactocerebrosidase mutations that cause Krabbe disease have impaired microglial function and defective repair of myelin damage

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Neural Regeneration Research 2018年第3期13卷 393-401页

作者： Nicole j.Scott-Hewitt christopher j.Folts Mark D.Noble Department of Biomedical Genetics University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry

This review addresses two puzzling findings related to mutations in galactocerebrosidase （GALC） that cause Krabbe disease （KD）, a severe lysosomal storage disorder characterized by extensive myelin damage in children with mutations in both GALC alleles. First, heterozygous carriers of KD-causing mutations, which include the biological parents of children with KD, exhibit increased risk for developing other diseases. Second, variants in the GALC locus increase the risk of developing multiple sclerosis （MS）, another disease characterized by extensive myelin damage. What explains these correlations？ In studies on cuprizone-induced myelin damage in heterozygous （GALC＋/–） mice carrying one copy of a mutation that causes KD-like disease, the extent of damage was similar in GALC＋/– and wild-type （WT） mice. In contrast, GALC＋/- mice had striking defects in repair of cuprizone-induced damage. We further found unexpected microglial defects in myelin debris clearance and in the ability to up-regulate the Trem2 microglial protein critical for debris uptake. These defects were rescued by exposure to a lysosomal re-acidifying drug discovered in our studies on KD, and which provides multiple clinically relevant benefits in the twitcher （GALC＋/–） mouse model of KD. Thus, heterozygous GALC mutations cause effects on biological function that may help to understand the increased disease risk in heterozygous carriers of such mutations and to understand why GALC variations increase the risk of MS. Our findings indicate that while some genetic risk factors may contribute to complex diseases by increasing the risk of tissue damage, others may do so by compromising tissue repair.

关键词： vulnerability locus multiple sclerosis Krabbe disease galactocerebrosidase microglia myelin repair lysosomal storage disorders heterozygous carriers Trem2 demyelination

Bank erosion in an Andean páramo river system: Implications for hydro-development and carbon dynamics in the neotropical Andes

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journal of Mountain Science 2019年第2期16卷 243-255页

作者： Derek j.MARTIN christopher ELY Beverley C.WEMPLE Department of Geography and Planning Appalachian State University Department of Geography University of Vermont

The páramo of the Northern Andes provide critically important ecosystem services to the Northern Andean region in the form of water provisioning and carbon sequestration, both of which are a result of the páramo?s organic-rich soils. Little is known, however, about the hydro-geomorphic characteristics of the rivers that drain these ecosystems. With impending plans for widespread hydro-development and increasing implementation of carbon-sequestering compensation for ecosystem services programs in the region it is imperative that we develop a thorough understanding of the hydrogeomorphic role that rivers play in this unique ecosystem. The objective of this study was to quantify bank erosion along an Amazonian headwater stream draining a small, relatively undisturbed páramo catchment to gain a better understanding of the natural erosion regime and the resulting sediment contributions from this unique ecosystem. This study implemented a combination of field, laboratory, and Geographic Information Systems techniques to quantify bank erosion rates and determine a bank erosion sediment yield from the Ningar River, a small páramo catchment(22.7 km^2) located in the eastern Andean cordillera of Ecuador. Results show that bank erosion rates range from 3.0 to ≥ 390.0 mm/yr, are highly episodic, and yield at least 487 tons of sediment annually to the Ningar River. These results imply that 1) páramo ecosystems substantially contribute to the sediment load of the Amazon River basin; 2) bank erosion is a potentially significant flux component of basin-scale carbon cycles in páramo ecosystems; and 3) hydrologic alteration campaigns(dam building) will likely critically alter these contributions and concomitantly disconnect a critical source of sediment and nutrients to downstream ecosystems.

关键词： Bank erosion Páramo Fluvial geomorphology Andes