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Eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract and their role in the pathogenesis of major colorectal disorders

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2019年第27期25卷 3503-3526页

作者： alexandre Loktionov DiagNodus Ltd Babraham Research Campus

Eosinophils are currently regarded as versatile mobile cells controlling and regulating multiple biological pathways and responses in health and *** cells store in their specific granules numerous biologically active substances(cytotoxic cationic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines,enzymes) ready for rapid release. The human gut is the main destination of eosinophils that are produced and matured in the bone marrow and then transferred to target tissues through the circulation. In health the most important functions of gut-residing eosinophils comprise their participation in the maintenance of the protective mucosal barrier and interactions with other immune cells in providing immunity to microbiota of the gut lumen. Eosinophils are closely involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),when their cytotoxic granule proteins cause damage to host tissues. However,their roles in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis appear to follow different immune response patterns. Eosinophils in IBD are especially important in altering the structure and protective functions of the mucosal barrier and modulating massive neutrophil influx to the lamina propria followed by transepithelial migration to colorectal mucus. IBD-associated inflammatory process involving eosinophils then appears to expand to the mucus overlaying the internal gut surface. The author hypothesises that immune responses within colorectal mucus as well as ETosis exerted by both neutrophils and eosinophils on the both sides of the colonic epithelial barrier act as additional pathogenetic factors in IBD. Literature analysis also shows an association between elevated eosinophil levels and better colorectal cancer(CRC) prognosis, but mechanisms behind this effect remain to be elucidated. In conclusion, the author emphasises the importance of investigating colorectal mucus in IBD and CRC patients as a previously unexplored milieu of disease-related inflammatory responses.

关键词： Eosinophils Eosinophilopoiesis Gut lamina propria Colorectal mucus Normal human small intestine Normal human colon Inflammatory bowel disease Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis Colorectal cancer

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Biomarkers for detecting colorectal cancer non-invasively: DNA,RNA or proteins?

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2020年第2期12卷 124-148页

作者： alexandre Loktionov Diag Nodus Ltd Babraham Research Campus

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a global problem affecting millions of people *** disease is unique because of its slow progress that makes it preventable and often *** symptoms usually emerge only at advanced stages of the disease,consequently its early detection can be achieved only through active population screening,which markedly reduces mortality due to this *** screening tests that employ non-invasively detectable biomarkers are currently being actively developed and,in most cases,samples of either stool or blood are ***,alternative biological substances that can be collected non-invasively(colorectal mucus,urine,saliva,exhaled air)have now emerged as new sources of diagnostic *** main categories of currently explored CRC biomarkers are:(1)Proteins(comprising widely used haemoglobin);(2)DNA(including mutations and methylation markers);(3)RNA(in particular microRNAs);(4)Low molecular weight metabolites(comprising volatile organic compounds)detectable by metabolomic techniques;and(5)Shifts in gut microbiome *** tests for early CRC detection employing such non-invasive biomarkers have been proposed and clinically *** some of these studies generated promising early results,very few of the proposed tests have been transformed into clinically validated diagnostic/screening *** DNA-based tests as Food and Drug Administration-approved multitarget stool test(marketed as Cologuard®)or blood test for methylated septin 9(marketed as Epi proColon®2.0 CE)show good diagnostic performance but remain too expensive and technically complex to become effective CRC screening *** can be concluded that,despite its deficiencies,the protein(haemoglobin)detection-based faecal immunochemical test(FIT)today presents the most cost-effective option for non-invasive CRC *** combination of non-invasive FIT and confirmatory invasive colonoscopy is the current strategy of choice for CRC ***

关键词： Colorectal cancer screening Biomarkers Non-invasive testing Stool Colorectal mucus Blood

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Dynamical machine learning volumetric reconstruction of objects’ interiors from limited angular views

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Light(Science & Applications) 2021年第5期10卷 824-844页

作者： Iksung Kang alexandre Goy George Barbastathis Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AveCambridgeMAUSA Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology(SMART)Centre 1 Create WaySingapore 117543Singapore Omnisens SA Morges 1110Switzerland

Limited-angle tomography of an interior volume is a challenging, highly ill-posed problem with practical implications in medical and biological imaging, manufacturing, automation, and environmental and food security. Regularizing priors are necessary to reduce artifacts by improving the condition of such problems. Recently, it was shown that one effective way to learn the priors for strongly scattering yet highly structured 3D objects, e.g. layered and Manhattan, is by a static neural network [Goy et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116, 19848–19856 (2019)]. Here, we present a radically different approach where the collection of raw images from multiple angles is viewed analogously to a dynamical system driven by the object-dependent forward scattering operator. The sequence index in the angle of illumination plays the role of discrete time in the dynamical system analogy. Thus, the imaging problem turns into a problem of nonlinear system identification, which also suggests dynamical learning as a better fit to regularize the reconstructions. We devised a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architecture with a novel Separable-Convolution Gated Recurrent Unit (SC-GRU) as the fundamental building block. Through a comprehensive comparison of several quantitative metrics, we show that the dynamic method is suitable for a generic interior-volumetric reconstruction under a limited-angle scheme. We show that this approach accurately reconstructs volume interiors under two conditions: weak scattering, when the Radon transform approximation is applicable and the forward operator well defined;and strong scattering, which is nonlinear with respect to the 3D refractive index distribution and includes uncertainty in the forward operator.

关键词： interior dynamical angular

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Bacteriological Profile of Infections Encountered in a Pneumology Service in a Moderate-Income Country [Pneumology Department of CHU Cocody (Côte d’Ivoire)]

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Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases 2024年第1期14卷 1-11页

作者： Brou Jean Marcel Ahui Alitonde Eudoxie Djegbeton Alima Kone Marc-Olivier Koffi Kouame Clarisse Elogne Mobio Nancy Hermine Benjamin Kouraogo Erick Akouatia Constante Virginie Brou-Gode Kigninlman Horo Boko alexandre Kouassi Ngoran Koffi Pneumology Service Teaching Hospital of Cocody Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Medical School of Abidjan University Félix Houphou&#235t Boigny Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Pasteur Institute of Cô te d’Ivoire Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire

Introduction: Infections represent a real public health problem aggravating the morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study with descriptive purposes over a period of 05 years, in the Pneumology Department of the University Hospital of Cocody. Results: The average age in our population was 42 years. We observed a male predo- minance of 64.5%, with a sex ratio of 1.8. Medical history was dominated by HIV infection (23.5%), followed by tuberculosis (15.6%). Concerning lifestyle, smoking was found in 38% of cases. Symptoms progressed chronically in 80% of cases. An infectious syndrome was found in 75% of cases. Microbial culture was positive in 42% of cases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were encountered in 26.4% of cases each, followed by Echerichia coli in 10.4% of cases. Klebsiella pneumoniae in the first three years topped the list, but gradually. Pseudomonas aeruginosa maintained its leadership over the last three years. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates expressed a resistance rate of 9.8% to ceftazidime and 8.1% to imipenem;to aztreonam (36%), ticarcillin (33.3%) and levofloxacin. These strains were susceptible to fosfomycin (100%), mero- penem (96.6%) and amikacin (96%). For isolated strains of Entero- bacteria- ceae, resistance was observed about ticarcillin (83.3%) and amoxicillin clavula- nic acid (71.2%). Streptococcaceae showed resistance to tetracycline (69.2%) and erythromycin (50%). Over the years there has been an increase in re- sistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid ceftriaxone. The death rate was 14%. Conclusion: The bacterial profile of infections is dominated by germs respon- sible for nosocomial infection with significant mortality.

关键词： Bacterial Pleural Pneumonia Nosocomial Infection Sub-Saharan Africa Antibiotic Therapy

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REAL-TIME OPTICAL MONITORING OF CAPILLARY GRID SPATIAL PATTERN IN EPITHELIUM BY SPATIALLY RESOLVED DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE PROBE

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Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 2012年第2期5卷 10-18页

作者： GUENNADI SAIKO alexandre DOUPLIK Department of Physics Ryerson University TorontoON M5B 2K3Canada Clinical Photonics Lab School of Advanced Optical Technologies(SAOT)Friedrich-Alexander Erlangen-Nuremberg University ErlangenGermany Medical Photonics Engineering Group Chair of Photonics Technologies Friedrich-Alexander Erlangen-Nuremberg University Erlangen Germany

We developed a novel method for real-time monitoring of alteration of the local epithelium vessel/capillary and blood oxygenation spatial pattern in epithelium exploiting a compact fibre sensor system based on spatially and spectrally resolved diffuse *** method is based on collection of spatially resolved diffuse reflectance Re(λ)by fiber *** spatial resolution is provided as a dependence of Re(λ)on a set of distancesρbetween the source and detector(attenuation curve).It is expected that the new method can reasonably extract the minor spatial deviations of oxygenation and local blood volume fraction-parameters,directly related to the local vessel density and capillary spatial patterns in the *** scattering in visible range is naturally taken into account in the proposed method.

关键词： Spatially resolved diffuse reflectance fiber optics biospectroscopy diagnostics shock cancer

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A Penalty-Regularization-Operator Splitting Method for the Numerical Solution of a Scalar Eikonal Equation

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series B 2015年第5期36卷 659-688页

作者： alexandre CABOUSSAT Roland GLOWINSKI Haute Ecole de Gestion de Genève HES-SO//University of Applied Sciences Department of Mathematics University of Houston

In this article, we discuss a numerical method for the computation of the minimal and maximal solutions of a steady scalar Eikonal equation. This method relies on a penalty treatment of the nonlinearity, a biharmonic regularization of the resulting variational problem, and the time discretization by operator-splitting of an initial value problem associated with the Euler-Lagrange equations of the regularized variational problem. A low-order finite element discretization is advocated since it is well-suited to the low regularity of the solutions. Numerical experiments show that the method sketched above can capture efficiently the extremal solutions of various two-dimensional test problems and that it has also the ability of handling easily domains with curved boundaries.

关键词： Eikonal equation Minimal and maximal solutions Regularization methods Penalization of equality constraints Dynamical flow Operator splitting Finite element methods

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REGULARIZATION METHODS FOR THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE DIVERGENCE EQUATION △. u = f＊

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Journal of Computational Mathematics 2012年第4期30卷 354-380页

作者： alexandre Caboussat Roland Glowinski University of Houston Department of Mathematics Houston Texas USA

The problem of finding a L^∞-bounded two-dimensional vector field whose divergence is given in L2 is discussed from the numerical viewpoint. A systematic way to find such a vector field is to introduce a non-smooth variational problem involving a L^∞-norm. To solve this problem from calculus of variations, we use a method relying on a well- chosen augmented Lagrangian functional and on a mixed finite element approximation. An Uzawa algorithm allows to decouple the differential operators from the nonlinearities introduced by the L^∞-norm, and leads to the solution of a sequence of Stokes-like systems and of an infinite family of local nonlinear problems. A simpler method, based on a L2- regularization is also considered. Numerical experiments are performed, making use of appropriate numerical integration techniques when non-smooth data are considered; they allow to compare the merits of the two approaches discussed in this article and to show the ability of the related methods at capturing L^∞bounded solutions.

关键词： Divergence equation Bounded solutions Regularization methods AugmentedLagrangian Uzawa algorithm Nonlinear variational problems.

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Generalized LMMSE Filtering with Out-of-Sequence Observations in Arbitrary Constant Delay

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2019年第6期28卷 1217-1226页

作者： LEI Ming BAEHR christophe JING Zhongliang School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Météo-France National Meteorological Research Centre/CNRS

Focusing on the problem of state estimation in the presence of sensor faults and Out-of-sequence measurement(OOSM) observations synchronously, we derive a formulation of Linear minimum mean squared error(LMMSE) filter with the arbitrary time delay of OOSM, the generalization of the present work lies in simultaneous treatment of correlated faults together with OOSMs that arrive at an arbitrary delay in a linear-optimal manner. The approach is demonstrated in a numerical comparison.

关键词： Out-of-sequence measurement(OOSM) Linear minimum mean squared error(LMMSE) Arbitrary time delay Sensor faults Fault-tolerant estimation Multisensor fusion

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A Pseudo-Kinetic Approach for Helmholtz Equation

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series B 2013年第3期34卷 319-332页

作者： Radjesvarane alexandre Jie LIAO Department of Mathematics Shanghai Jiao Tong University IRENAV Research Institute French Naval AcademyBrest-Lanvoc 29290 France School of Science East China University of Science and Technology

A lattice Boltzmann type pseudo-kinetic model for a non-homogeneous Helmholtz equation is derived in this paper. NumericM results for some model problems show the robustness and efficiency of this lattice Boltzmann type pseudo-kinetic scheme. The computation at each site is determined only by local parameters, and can be easily adapted to solve multiple scattering problems with many scatterers or wave propagation in nonhomogeneous medium without increasing the computational cost.

关键词： Lattice Boltzmann scheme Non-homogeneous Helmholtz equation Discrete velocity

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A note on the regularity of the holes for permeability property through a perforated domain for the 2D Euler equations:Dedicated to Professor Jean-Yves Chemin on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday

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Science China Mathematics 2019年第6期62卷 1121-1142页

作者： christophe Lacave Chao Wang Institut Fourier Université Grenoble AlpesCNRS School of Mathematical Sciences Peking University

For equations of order two with the Dirichlet boundary condition, as the Laplace problem, the Stokes and the Navier-Stokes systems, perforated domains were only studied when the distance between the holes d_ε is equal to or much larger than the size of the holes ε. Such a diluted porous medium is interesting because it contains some cases where we have a non-negligible effect on the solution when(ε, d_ε) →(0, 0).Smaller distances were avoided for mathematical reasons and for these large distances, the geometry of the holes does not affect or rarely affect the asymptotic result. Very recently, it was shown for the 2D-Euler equations that a porous medium is non-negligible only for inter-holes distances much smaller than the sizes of the *** this result, the boundary regularity of holes plays a crucial role, and the permeability criterion depends on the geometry of the lateral boundary. In this paper, we relax slightly the regularity condition, allowing a corner, and we note that a line of irregular obstacles cannot slow down a perfect fluid in any regime such thatε ln d_ε→ 0.

关键词： ideal fluids homogenization in perforated domains shrinking obstacles and the porous medium domains with corners

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